Ruminants are considered the commonest animal reservoir for human infection of Coxiella burnetii, the Q fever causative agent. Considering the recently described importance of human Q fever in Greece, we aimed at providing the first comprehensive direct evidence of C. burnetii in dairy cows in Greece, including the genetic characterization of strains. The 462 examined dairy farms represented all geographical areas of Greece. One bulk tank milk sample was collected from every farm and tested for the presence of C. burnetii. Molecular genotyping of strains, performed directly on samples, revealed the existence of two separate clades characterized by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of type 1 and type 2. The two clades were clearly distinguished in multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) by two discriminative loci: MS30 and MS28. Whereas MLVA profiles of SNP-type 2 clade were closely related to strains described in other European cattle populations, the MLVA profile observed within the SNP type 1 clade highlighted a peculiar genetic signature for Greece, related to genotypes found in sheep and goats in Europe. The shedding of C. burnetii bearing this genotype might have yet undefined human epidemiological consequences. Surveillance of the genetic distribution of C. burnetii from different sources is needed to fully understand the epidemiology of Q fever in Greece.

- Einleitung - Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) ist der Erreger des Q-Fiebers, einer zoonotischen Erkrankung, welche insbesondere kleine und große Wiederkäuer betrifft. Während Tiere meist asymptomatisch erkranken, kann die Erkrankung beim Menschen von akuten grippeähnlichen Symptomen bis hin zur chronischen Organschädigung führen. Die Diagnostik von Q-Fieber im veterinärmedizinischen Bereich wird durch unspezifische Symptome sowie diagnostische Lücken erschwert: Einerseits ist die direkte Diagnostik aufgrund langer Anzuchtzeiten der Bakterien häufig unpraktikabel. Andererseits weisen die Leistungen der Serodiagnostika in Untersuchungen teilweise inakzeptable Spezifitäten und Sensitivitäten auf. - Ziel der Untersuchungen - Ziel war es, das Potential des rekombinant hergestellten C. burnetii Außenmembran-proteins Com1 als diagnostischen Marker zu bestimmen und darauf aufbauend einen indirekten Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) zu entwickeln, welcher die Grundlage für neue, praxistaugliche und verbesserte Serodiagnostika bieten kann. - Material und Methoden - Hierfür wurde die kodierende Sequenz für Com1 von C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase II RSA 439 unter Ausschluss der Signalsequenz mittels Polymerase-Kettenreaktion amplifiziert. Das Amplifikat com1 wurde in ein Expressionsplasmid kloniert und anschließend mittels Transformation in Escherichia coli (E. coli) als Com1 exprimiert. Das Expressionsprodukt wurde nach der Aufreinigung über Nickel-NTA (Nitrilotriessigsäure) mittels SDS-PAGE (Natriumdodecylsulfat-Polyacrylamid-Gelelektrophorese), Coomassie-Blau-Färbung und Western Blot überprüft. Die 96-Well-Mikrotiterplatten wurden mit 1 µg/Well des rekombinanten Proteins beschichtet und 404 Seren von Schafen (111), Ziegen (100) und Rindern (193) auf ihre Reaktion im rekombinanten Com1-ELISA analysiert. Die Seren stammten sowohl aus definierten Ausbrüchen als auch aus Q-Fieber-freien Beständen, geimpften Herden und von Tieren mit fraglichem Infektionshintergrund. Daneben wurden die Seren mit kommerziellen ELISAs getestet und daraufhin in positive und negative Seren eingeteilt. Die OD450-Werte (optische Dichte bei 450 nm) der Seren aus dem rekombinanten Com1-ELISAs wurden in Pivot-Tabellen angeordnet und anschließend in einer ROC-Kurve (receiver operating characteristic) dargestellt, wodurch das Integral als Area under the curve (AUC) berechnet und hinsichtlich der Diskrimination zwischen positiven und negativen Ergebnissen ausgewertet wurde. Nach Festlegung von tierart-spezifischen Cut-off-Werten wurden Sensitivität und Falsch-Positiv-Rate bestimmt. - Ergebnisse - Die ermittelten tierart-spezifischen OD450-Cut-off-Werte betrugen für Schafe 0,32, für Ziegen 0,23 und für Rinder 0,18. Als Spezifität bzw. Sensitivität ergaben sich für Schafe 85 % bzw. 68 %, für Ziegen 94 % bzw. 77 % und für Rinder 71 % bzw. 70 %. Die Diskrimination wurde bei Schafen als „exzellent“, bei Ziegen als „herausragend“ und bei Rindern als „akzeptabel“ eingeschätzt. - Schlussfolgerungen - Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass das Coxiella-Außenmembranprotein Com1 als Basis für die Entwicklung neuer, sensitiverer und spezifischerer (Schnell)-Diagnostika dienen kann, um weitere Q-Fieber-Epidemien einzudämmen und damit das Risiko einer C. burnetii-Infektion für Mensch und Tier zu minimieren. / - Introduction - Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is the causative agent of Q fever, a zoonotic disease with small and large ruminants as the target hosts. While an infection in ruminants is often symptomless, the disease in humans can lead from acute flu-like symptoms to chronic organ damage. In addition to the non-specific symptoms in the veterinary field, for which reason it is difficult to directly conclude on a Q fever outbreak, the detection of infections with C. burnetii is in need of improvement. On the one hand, direct diagnosis is often impracticable due to long cultivation periods of the bacteria. On the other hand, the performance of serodiagnostics shows partially unacceptable specificities and sensitivities. - Objectives - The aim of the study was to determine the potential of the recombinantly produced C. burnetii outer membrane protein Com1 as a diagnostic marker and, subsequently, to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can provide the basis for the development of new and improved serodiagnostics. - Material and methods - For this purpose, primers for com1 were designed in silico and the open reading frame (ORF) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phenol-chloroform-isolated DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from C. burnetii Nine Mile Phase II RSA 439 without signal sequence. After control by gel electrophoresis, the amplified product was cloned into the two-stage gateway system (Invitrogen) and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) TOP10. The expression vector was cloned into E. coli BL21(DE3) and Com1 was expressed. The protein was analyzed after native purification via Nickel-NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), Coomassie blue staining and Western blot and subsequently concentrated. Microtiter plates were coated with the recombinant protein and 404 sera from sheep (111), goats (100) and cattle (193) were tested for their reaction in the recombinant Com1-ELISA. The sera were derived from 36 different flocks, both from defined outbreaks and from Q fever-free flocks, vaccinated herds and from animals with questionable infection background. In addition, the sera were tested with commercial ELISAs and could thus be divided into positive and negative sera. The OD450 values (optical density at 450 nm) of the sera from the recombinant Com1 ELISAs were arranged in pivot tables and then plotted on a ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic), allowing the integral to be calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) and evaluated regarding the discrimination between positive and negative results. After establishing animal species-specific cut-off values, sensitivity and false positive rate were determined. - Results - The animal species-specific OD450 cut-off values determined were 0.32 for sheep, 0.23 for goats and 0.181 for cattle. Specificity and sensitivity were 85 % and 68 % for sheep, 94 % and 77 % for goats and 71 % and 70 % for cattle. Discrimination was assessed as 'excellent' in sheep, 'outstanding' in goats and 'acceptable' in cattle. - Conclusions - The results of this study suggest that the Coxiella outer membrane protein Com1, together with other immunogenic marker proteins, may serve as a basis for the development of new more sensitive and specific diagnostic tools to contain further Q fever epidemics and thus minimize the risk of C. burnetii infection for humans and animals. Com1 could also lay the foundation for direct rapid diagnostics.

Coxiella burnetii est une bactérie zoonotique affectant un grand nombre d’espèces animales. Chez les ruminants domestiques, l’infection est généralement asymptomatique, mais parfois associée à des problèmes reproducteurs. Néanmoins, le cycle de transmission de l’infection chez ceux-ci demeure peu connu. Dans ce contexte, nous avons réalisé une étude auprès de fermes bovines, ovines et caprines dans deux régions administratives du Québec afin d’estimer les prévalences de cette infection et d’identifier les facteurs de risque, aux niveaux individuel et troupeau, associés à la positivité. Nous avons estimé une prévalence de positivité au niveau troupeau de 44.6 % (IC95%=33.0-56.6) chez les bovins, de 70.8 % (IC95% =48.9-87.4) chez les ovins et de 66.7 % (IC95% =22.3-95.7) chez les caprins. Une association a été observée chez les troupeaux bovins entre leur positivité et la densité de petits ruminants par kilomètre carré dans un rayon de cinq kilomètres entourant la ferme. Chez les petits ruminants, une association avec la positivité des troupeaux a été observée avec la taille des troupeaux et la présence d’un chien sur la ferme. Au niveau individuel, le nombre de jours en lait ainsi que l’âge des petits ruminants étaient associés à la positivité, et ce dernier facteur était modulé par l’accès des animaux au pâturage. Aucun agrégat spatial de fermes positives n’a été détecté chez aucune des trois espèces. L’infection par Coxiella burnetii est donc fréquente dans les troupeaux de ruminants domestiques québécois et semble associée à certaines pratiques de régie et à la présence, ou proximité, d’autres animaux domestiques. / Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacteria affecting a vast range of animal species. In domestic ruminants, the infection is usually asymptomatic, but sometimes linked with reproductive disorders. However, the transmission cycle of infection among them remains unclear. In that context, we conducted a study among dairy cattle, sheep and goats farms in two administrative regions of Québec to estimate the infection prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with farms and animals positivity. We estimated a herd prevalence of 44.6 % (95%CI=33.0 to 56.6) in dairy cattle, 70.8 % (95%CI=48.9 to 87.4) in sheep and 66.7 % (95%CI=22.3-95.7) in goats. On dairy cattle farms, we observed an association between their positivity and the density of small ruminants per square kilometer within a five kilometers radius around the farm. In small ruminants, at herd level, we observed an association with positivity and herd’s size and the presence of a dog on the farm. At the individual level, an association with positivity was found with the number of days in milk for small ruminants and their age, but the latter was also modulated by the individual’s previous access to pasture. No spatial cluster of positive farms was detected significant among dairy cattle nor small ruminants. The infection by Coxiella burnetii is therefore common on dodmestic ruminants’ farms in Québec and associated with some farm management practices and the presence, or proximity, of other domestic animals.

Aquesta tesi (mitjançant cinc estudis) va ser destinada a investigar factors que tenen un efecte potencial sobre la salut materna durant la gestació i el postpart temprà, tenint en compte la melatonina com una possible millora de la salut i el rendiment de les vaques. En el primer estudi, els factors que afecten els leucòcits perifèrics de la mare, com un indicador d'estat immune, entre els dies 90-210 de gestació van ser, la interacció entre l'edat de la vaca i Neospora caninum, l'estació, la gestació gemelar, la producció de llet i el temps de mostreig. Seguint el sistema immune matern més enllà en la seva fase més crítica, el segon i el tercer estudis resumeixen els diferents factors que afecten el sistema immunològic de la mare des del dia 220 de gestació fins a 30 dies postpart. El toro d'IA, les glicoproteïnes associades a la gestació (PAG), la interacció N. caninum-C. burnetii, l'estació, l'edat, la gestació gemelar i el temps de mostreig afectaven significativament els leucòcits materns. L'objectiu del quart estudi va ser avaluar la dosi adequada de la melatonina, per provar els seus possibles efectes en la millora de la salut de la mare durant el peripart i la dosi de 332 mg / kg era la més adequada. Finalment, els possibles efectes de la melatonina en millorar la salut materna durant el peripart van ser avaluats en el cinquè estudi. Les vaques tractades amb melatonina tenien menys probabilitat de ser repetidores i de perdre la gestació, i, per tant, tenien menys dies oberts. / Esta tesis (mediante cinco estudios) fue destinada a investigar factores que tienen un efecto potencial sobre la salud materna durante la gestación y el posparto temprano, teniendo en cuenta la melatonina como una posible mejora de la salud y el rendimiento de las vacas. En el primer estudio, los factores que afectan a los leucocitos periféricos de la madre, como un indicador de estado inmune, entre los días 90-210 de gestaion fueron, la interacción entre la edad de la vaca y Neospora caninum, la estación, la gestación gemelar, la producción de leche y el tiempo de muestreo. Siguiendo el sistema inmune materno más allá en su fase más crítica, el segundo y el tercer estudios resumen los diferentes factores que afectan al sistema inmunológico de la madre desde el día 220 de gestación hasta 30 días posparto. El toro de IA, las glicoproteínas asociadas a la gestación (PAG), la interacción N. caninum-C. burnetii, la estación, la edad, la gestación gemelar y el tiempo de muestreo afectaban significativamente los leucocitos maternos. El objetivo del cuarto estudio fue evaluar la dosis adecuada de la melatonina, para probar sus posibles efectos en la mejora de la salud de la madre durante el periparto y la dosis de 332 mg/kg era la más adecuada. Por último, los posibles efectos de la melatonina en mejorar la salud materna durante el periparto fueron evaluados en el quinto estudio. Las vacas tratadas con melatonina tenian menos probabilidad de ser repetidoras y de perder la gestación, y, por lo tanto, tenian menos días abiertos. / This thesis (by means of five studies) aimed at investigating factors that have potential effect on the maternal health during gestation and the early postpartum, plus considering melatonin for improving cows’ health and performance. In the first study, factors affecting maternal peripheral leukocytes, as an indicator to immune status, between Days 90-210 of gestaion were, the interaction between cows’ age and Neospora caninum-seropositivity, season, twin-pregnancy, milk production and time. Following the maternal immune system further in its most critical phase, the second and third studies summarize different factors affecting maternal immune system from gestation Day 220 till 30 days postpartum. Artificial inseminating bull, plasma pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs), N. caninum-C. burnetii interaction, season, age, twin-pregnancy and time were found to significantly affect maternal peripheral leukocytes during that stage. The aim of the forth study was to evaluate proper melatonin dose as subcutaneous implants, for testing its possible effects in enhancing maternal health during the peripartum. Melatonin dose of 332 μg/kg was the most adequate. Finally, possible melatonin effects on enhancing maternal health during the peripartum were evaluated in the fifth study. Melatonin treated cows were found to have less likelihood of repeat breeding syndrome and pregnancy loss, and, therefore, less days open.

Avant propos L'objectif de cette thèse est d'explorer l'inflammation et l'infection au niveau du transcriptome, à l'aide de la technologie des puces à ADN. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps travaillé sur des données publiques. Nous avons construit une base de données de signatures transcriptionnelles annotées, et développé un logiciel modulaire d'analyse. Ce logiciel permet d'explorer aisément les données publiques en effectuant des recherches par nom de gène ou par mots-clés. Nous avons ensuite exploré la modulation temporelle de l'expression des gènes du parenchyme pulmonaire dans un modèle murin d'inflammation aiguë par injection d'acide oléique. Dans un second modèle murin d'infection par Coxiella burnetii, nous avons analysé le rôle du sexe dans la modulation de la réponse transcriptionnelle hépatique, et identifié des voies métaboliques impliquées dans le contrôle de l'infection. Dans un troisième modèle in-vitro d'infection par différentes souches du virus de la grippe, nous avons identifié une signature transcriptionnelle commune de réponse à l'infection. Par une approche bio-informatique originale, cette signature a conduit à l'identification de nouveaux anti-viraux à large spectre, dont l'efficacité a été démontrée in-vitro sur les souches utilisées pour l'analyse, et sur la souche H1N1, responsable de la dernière pandémie grippale. Enfin, nous avons analysé les modulations du transcriptome lors de pneumonies associées à la ventilation mécanique compliquant l'évolution de sujets traumatisés graves admis en réanimation.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-12-26T15:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez.pdf: 8355019 bytes, checksum: dfee6b67fb0314370a761d01a0ee90d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-26T15:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Monica Lemos Ammon Fernandez.pdf: 8355019 bytes, checksum: dfee6b67fb0314370a761d01a0ee90d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Febre Q é uma zoonose cosmopolita causada por Coxiella burnetii, pequena bactéria intracelular obrigatória gram-negativa e pleomórfica da ordem Legionellales. A doença, que ocorre como pequenos surtos ou como casos isolados, tem amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, desde uma doença febril limitada, pneumonia, hepatite a endocardite e meningoencefalite. Carrapatos, animais de fazenda, domésticos e selvagens são reservatórios da infecção. A transmissão para o homem ocorre por inalação de aerossóis provenientes de urina, fezes, leite e produtos de abortamento ou menos comumente pela ingestão de leite cru de animais infectados. No Brasil, desde a primeira descrição de febre Q em 1953, em São Paulo, todos os casos têm sido identificados com base em teste sorológico e os poucos estudos soroepidemiológicos em população de risco apontam para a circulação de C. burnetii. Em 2008 foi possível confirmar um caso de febre Q em um paciente, a partir de análise sorológica e molecular. Com o objetivo de rastrear um foco de infecção por C. burnetii, um estudo epidemiológico descritivo foi desenvolvido na área de ocorrência do primeiro caso no Brasil de febre Q confirmado, em 2008, por análise molecular, no Município de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro. Análises sorológicas e moleculares foram realizadas em amostras biológicas de familiares e de cães, gatos, cabras e equinos existentes na área estudada, em 2009. Amostras de soro foram submetidas ao teste comercial de imunofluorescência indireta (PANBIOTM), título de corte de 64, para a pesquisa de anticorpo anti-C. burnetii, fases I e II. Amostras de sangue dos familiares e dos animais, assim como de leite, fezes e de secreção nasal, vaginal, além dos artrópodes, coletados nos animais, foram submetidas à PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) para a presença da bactéria, utilizando oligonucleotídeos para o gene alvo htpAB. Reatividade foi identificada em amostras de soro da esposa, de 2 dos 13 caninos, 05 de 10 caprinos e 02 das 03 ovinos. O genoma foi recuperado em amostra de sangue e/ou leite ou swab anal de 02 cães e 06 cabras. O sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR amplificados, do soro dos cães e do leite das cabras, mostraram identidade de 99% para as sequências depositadas no GenBank. Embora não seja uma doença de notificação, os dados obtidos confirmam a circulação deste agente zoonótico e servem de alerta para a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica da febre Q, em especial em Itaboraí, devido, entre outros fatores, ao crescente desmatamento com ocupação de vastas áreas e da criação, informal e de caráter familiar, de cabras leiteiras por pequenos proprietários nas diversas áreas do território nacional. / Q fever is a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, a obligate intracellular and pleomorphic, small gram-negative bacterium of Legionellales order. The disease, which can occur as small outbreaks or isolated cases, has a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, from a limited febrile illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, and meningoencephalitis. Ticks, farm animals, domestic and wild are reservoirs of infection. Transmission to humans occurs through inhalation of aerosols from urine, feces, milk and products of abortion or less commonly by ingestion of raw milk from infected animals. In Brazil, since the first description of Q fever in 1953, in Sao Paulo, cases have been identified by serological tests and very few seroepidemiological studies in the population at risk have been performed showing the circulation of C. burnetii. In 2008 it was possible to confirm a case of Q fever in a patient, from molecular and serological analysis. Aiming to track the source of infection for C. burnetii, a descriptive epidemiologic study was developed in the area of occurrence of the first case of Q fever in Brazil in 2008, confirmed by molecular analysis in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro. Serological and molecular analysis was performed on biological samples from family and dogs, cats, goats and horses in the area of studied in 2009. Serum samples were tested with commercial indirect immunofluorescence (PANBIOTM), a cutoff of 64, for the detection of anti-C. burnetii, phases I and II. Blood samples from family members and animals, like milk, feces and nasal discharge, vaginal, and arthropods collected in animals were subjected to PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for the presence of bacteria, using primers for htpAB the target gene. Reactivity was detected in serum samples from his wife, two of the 13 dogs, 05 of 10 goats and 02 of 03 sheeps. The genome was recovered in a sample of blood and / or milk or anal swabs from 02 dogs and 06 goats. The sequencing of the PCR products amplified from the serum of dogs and goats' milk, showed 99% identity to the sequences deposited in GenBank Although not a notifiable disease, our data confirm the circulation of this zoonotic agent and serve as a reminder of the need for surveillance of Q fever, especially in Itaboraí due, among other factors, the increasing deforestation and occupation of vast areas and the creation of informal and familiar character in dairy goats by smallholders in various areas of the country.