Introdução: A incompatibilidade de medicamento resulta de um fenômeno físico-químico causado pela combinação de dois ou mais medicamentos na mesma solução ou misturados em um mesmo recipiente. Pode ser considerado um erro de medicação pelo potencial de comprometer negativamente o tratamento. Objetivo: Estimar a incidência de incompatibilidades potenciais de medicamentos administrados por via intravenosa e fatores associados em pacientes críticos. Método: Coorte retrospectiva conduzida com pacientes internados nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e Semi-intensiva do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 110 indivíduos adultos hospitalizados, por pelo menos 72 horas, nessas unidades e submetidos à terapia intravenosa. A incompatibilidade potencial de medicamento foi analisada em duplas de medicamentos, utilizando-se a ferramenta Trissel´s TM 2 Compatibility IV, através da base de dados Micromedex 2.0®. A variável dependente foi a ocorrência de incompatibilidade. As variáveis independentes foram idade, sexo, procedência, tipo de internação, tempo de permanência, SAPSII, índice de Charlson, carga de trabalho de enfermagem, condição de alta, modo de infusão, número de medicamentos prescritos e de prescritores. Na análise dos dados utilizaram-se os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis, modelo de análise de variância ANOVA e regressão logística, com significância de p 0,05. Resultados: A incidência de incompatibilidade potencial de medicamentos foi de 2,7%. Foram prescritos 72 tipos diferentes de medicamentos que formaram 565 duplas, destas, 44,9%, foram compatíveis e 8,8%, incompatíveis. O aparecimento de precipitação (50,0%) foi a alteração físico-química mais identificada, após as combinações via dispositivo em Y. Na frequência de aparecimento, as duplas de medicamentos incompatíveis formadas por fenitoína (32,0%), diazepam (14,0%), midazolam (10,0%) e dobutamina (8,0%) foram as mais identificadas. Cerca de 70% dos pacientes receberam medicamentos prescritos a critério médico, principalmente durante o período noturno. Os fatores de riscos associados à incompatibilidade foram procedência (RC: 1,506; IC: 0,327 - 6,934); tempo de permanência prolongado nas unidades (RC: 1,175; IC: 1,058 - 1,306); maior número de medicamentos prescritos (RC: 1,395; IC: 1,091 -1,784) e carga elevada de trabalho de enfermagem (RC: 1,060; IC: 1,010 -1,113). Conclusão: O número de medicamentos prescritos aos pacientes críticos, em decorrência da gravidade clínica, aumenta exponencialmente a ocorrência de incompatibilidade e, os expõe a graves consequências. Embora haja outros estudos que identifiquem as incompatibilidades potenciais, observa-se, no cotidiano das unidades críticas, a repetição de rotinas que comprometem a segurança do paciente. A incompatibilidade poderá ser teoricamente diminuída, quando houver ênfase nas medidas preventivas e na contínua educação da equipe multidisciplinar. / Introduction: Drug incompatibility results from a physicochemical phenomenon caused by the combination of two or more drugs in the same solution or mixed in a single container. It can be considered a medication error due to its potential to compromise the treatment. Objective: To estimate the incidence of potential incompatibilities of drugs administered intravenously and associated factors in critically ill patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted with patients in Intensive and Semi-intensive Care Units at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 110 adults hospitalized for, at least 72 hours, in these units and submitted to intravenous therapy. The potential drug incompatibility was analyzed in pairs of drugs, using the TM Trissel\'s 2 Compatibility IV tool through Micromedex 2.0® database. The dependent variable was the occurrence of incompatibility. The independent variables were age, gender, origin, type of admission, length of stay, SAPSII, Charlson index, nursing workload (NAS), discharge condition, infusion mode, number of prescription drugs and prescribers. To analyze the data we used the chi-squared Pearson tests, Fisher Exact test, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA model and logistic regression, with significance p 0.05. Results: The incidence of potential incompatibility of drugs was 2.7%. Seventy-two 72 different types of drugs were prescribed forming 565 pairs of which 44.9% were compatible and 8.8%, incompatible. The precipitation onset (50.0%) was most identified physical-chemical change after the combinations via device Y. In frequency of appearance, the pairs of drugs formed by phenytoin (32.0%), diazepam (14.0%), midazolam (10.0%) and dobutamine (8.0%) were the most identified. About 70% of the patients received prescription drugs to medical criteria, especially during the night. Risk factors associated with the incompatibility were origin (OR: 1.506; CI: 0.327 to 6.934); prolonged length of stay in the units (OR: 1.175; CI: 1.058 to 1.306); greater number of prescribed medications (OR: 1.395; CI: 1.091 -1.784) and high nursing workload (OR: 1.060; CI: 1.010 -1.113). Conclusion: The number of prescription drugs to critically ill patients, due to the clinical severity, exponentially increases the occurrence of incompatibility and exposes them to serious consequences. Although there are other studies that identify the potential incompatibilities, we observe, in the daily life of critical units, repeating routines that compromise patient safety. Incompatibility can be theoretically reduced when there is emphasis on preventive measures and continuous education of the multidisciplinary team

Estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário de grande porte do sul do Brasil com o objetivo geral de analisar associações entre os discriminadores dos fluxogramas do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester (STM) e os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) segundo a taxonomia da NANDA-I em pacientes adultos de uma emergência clínica com prioridade clínica I (emergência) e II (muito urgente). Os objetivos específicos foram identificar as principais queixas, fluxogramas e discriminadores do STM e os DE mais frequentes. A amostra foi constituída de 219 pacientes, sendo 66 com prioridade clínica I e 153 com prioridade clínica II. A coleta de dados foi realizada no prontuário online dos pacientes. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 21.0, com uso do teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado e o modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar a razão de prevalência (RP). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa sob o n° 140145. Os resultados demonstraram como principais queixas dos pacientes a dispneia e a dor. Foi identificado o uso de 14 diferentes fluxogramas do STM, sendo os mais frequentes Dispneia em adulto, Mal estar em adulto e Dor torácica, seguidos de 16 diferentes discriminadores, sendo os mais prevalentes Dor precordial ou cardíaca, Saturação de oxigênio (Sat O2) muito baixa, Respiração inadequada, Pulso anormal e Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre os 14 diferentes DEs reais identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Padrão respiratório ineficaz e Dor aguda. Entre os nove diferentes DEs de risco identificados, os mais prevalentes foram Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, Risco de quedas e Risco de Glicemia instável. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre os discriminadores Dor precordial ou cardíaca e Dor intensa com o DE Dor Aguda (p < 0,001). O discriminador Dor precordial ou cardíaca também apresentou associação significativa com o DE Conforto Prejudicado (p = 0,008). Os discriminadores Sat O2 muito baixa e Respiração inadequada associaram-se significativamente ao DE Padrão respiratório ineficaz (p < 0,001). Pulso anormal apresentou associação significativa com o DE Débito cardíaco diminuído (p = 0,030), assim como Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Alteração súbita da consciência (p = 0,024) com o DE Negligência unilateral. Entre os diagnósticos de risco, os discriminadores Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) e Convulsionando (p = 0,009) associaram-se significativamente ao DE Risco de perfusão tissular cerebral ineficaz, assim como Hipoglicemia associou-se significativamente ao DE Risco de glicemia instável (p < 0,001). O discriminador Convulsionando ainda associou-se ao DE Risco de quedas (p = 0,037). Conclui-se que as associações estatisticamente significativas encontradas entre os discriminadores do STM e os DE estabelecidos estão baseadas em uma adequada coleta de dados do paciente, embora estas sejam etapas executadas em momentos e com objetivos diferentes na emergência. Isso permite um julgamento clínico acurado, que subsidia os enfermeiros para a seleção rápida do cuidado a ser prestado na busca de melhores resultados, além de otimizar o tempo e organizar o trabalho na unidade, favorecendo a segurança do paciente. / Cross-sectional study conducted in a large teaching hospital in the South of Brazil with the overall objective of analyze associations between the discriminators of the Manchester Triage System flowcharts (MTS) and the Nursing Diagnoses (ND) according to the taxonomy of NANDA-I in adult patients of an emergency room with clinical priority I (immediate) and II (very urgent). The specific objectives were to identify the main complaints, flowcharts and discriminators of the MTS and the most frequent ND. The sample was composed of 219 patients, being 66 with clinical priority I and 153 with clinical priority II. Data were collected in online patients’ records. A statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0, with the use of chi-square or Fisher’s exact test and Poisson regression model to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee under the number 140145. The results showed that the main complaints reported by the patients were dyspnea and chest pain. It was identified the use of 14 different flowcharts of the MTS, being the most frequent Dyspnea in adults, Illness in adults and Chest pain, followed by 16 different discriminators, being the most prevalent Precordial chest pain, very low Oxygen saturation (O2 Sat), Inadequate breathing, Abnormal pulse and Acute neurological deficit. Among the 14 different ND which were identified, the most prevalent ones were Ineffective breathing pattern and Acute pain. Among the nine different ND of risk which were identified, the most prevalent were Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion, Risk for falls and Risk for unstable glycemia. There was statistically significant association between Precordial chest pain and Intense pain with ND of Acute Pain (p < 0,001). The discriminator Precordial chest pain has also showed significant association with Impaired comfort (p = 0,008). The discriminator very low O2 Sat and Inadequate breathing associated significantly with Ineffective breathing pattern (p < 0,001). Abnormal pulse showed significant association with Decreased cardiac deficit (p = 0,030) as well as Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Sudden change of consciousness (p = 0,024) with Unilateral neglect. Among risk diagnoses, the discriminator Acute neurological deficit (p < 0,001) and Seizuring (p = 0,009) were significantly associated with Risk for ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion as well as Hypoglycemia was significantly associated with Risk for unstable glycemia (p < 0,001). The discriminator Seizuring was also associated with Risk for falls (p = 0,037). It is concluded that statistically significant associations between the discriminators of the MTS and the established ND are based on an appropriate patient data collection even though they are steps performed in different moments and with different goals in emergency rooms. This allows an accurate clinical evaluation and that subsidizes the nurses for quick selection of care to be provided in the search for better results, besides optimizing time and organizing the work in the unit, promoting patients’ safety. / Estudio transversal realizado en un hospital universitario de gran porte del sur de Brasil con el objetivo general de analizar asociaciones entre los discernidores de los diagramas de flujo del Sistema Triaje de Manchester (STM) y los Diagnósticos de Enfermería (DE) según la taxonomía de NANDA-I en pacientes adultos de una emergencia clínica con prioridad clínica I (emergencia) y II (muy urgente). Los objetivos específicos fueron identificar las principales quejas, diagramas de flujo y discernidores del STM y los DE más frecuentes. La muestra fue constituída por 219 pacientes, siendo 66 con prioridad clínica I y 153 con prioridad clínica II. La colecta de datos fue realizada en el prontuario online de los pacientes. El análisis estadístico fue realizado por el Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 21.0, con el uso del Test Exacto de Fisher o chi-cuadrado y el modelo de regresión de Poisson para estimar la razón de la prevalencia (RP). El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética y Pesquisa con el número 140145. Los resultados demostraron como principales quejas de los pacientes, la disnea y el dolor. Fue identificado el uso de 14 diagramas de flujo diferentes del STM, siendo los más frecuente Disnea en adultos, Malestar en adultos y Dolor toráxica, seguidos por 16 diferentes discernidores, siendo los más prevalentes el Dolor precordial o cardíaco, la Saturación de oxígeno (SAT O2) muy baja, la Respiración inadecuada, el Pulso anormal y el Déficit neurológico agudo. Entre los 14 diferentes DEs reales identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Patrón respiratorio ineficaz y el Dolor agudo. Entre los nueve diferentes DEs de riesgo identificados, los más prevalentes fueron el Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, el Riesgo de caídas y el de Glicemia inestable. Hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los discernidores Dolor precordial o cardíaca y Dolor intenso, con DE Dolor agudo (p < 0,001). El discernidor Dolor precordial o cardíaco también presentó asociación significativa con DE Confort perjudicado (p = 0,008). Los discernidores SAT O2 muy baja y Respiración inadecuada se asociaron significativamente con el DE Patrón respiratorio ineficaz (p < 0,001). El Pulso anormal presentó asociación significativa con el DE Débito cardíaco disminuído (p = 0,030), así como el Déficit neurológico agudo (p < 0,001) y la Alteración súbita de conciencia (p = 0,024) con el DE Negligencia unilateral. Entre los diagnósticos de riesgo, los discernidores Déficit neurológico agudo (p <0,001) y Convulsionando (p = 0,009), se asociaron significativamente al DE Riesgo de perfusión tisular cerebral ineficaz, así como Hipoglicemia se asoció significativamente al DE Riesgo de glicemia inestable (p < 0,001). El discernidor Convulsionando aún se asoció al DE Riesgo de caídas (p = 0,037). Se concluye que las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas encontradas entre los discernidores del STM y los DE establecidos están basadas en una adecuada colecta de datos del paciente a pesar de ser etapas ejecutadas en momentos y con objetivos diferentes en la emergencia. Esto es lo que permite un juicio crítico acurado y que subsidia a los enfermeros para la selección rápida del cuidado que será proporcionado en la búsqueda de mejores resultados, además de optimizar el tiempo y organizar el trabajo en la unidad, favoreciendo la seguridad del paciente.

Introdução: Os pacientes críticos necessitam de um acesso venoso central (AVC) para realização de terapia intravenosa (TIV) prolongada. Dentre as opções de AVC, o cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) vem conquistando espaço, progressivamente, nas organizações hospitalares brasileiras. A passagem de CCIP requer recursos humanos especializados, materiais, medicamentos e soluções específicas tornando-se fundamental a apuração dos custos envolvidos para subsidiar a eficiência alocativa destes insumos. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) do procedimento de passagem de CCIP, realizado por enfermeiros, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica e Neonatal (UTIPN). Método: Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único. O procedimento objeto de estudo foi estruturado em três fases: pré-inserção do cateter, inserção do cateter e pós-inserção do cateter. A amostra constituiu-se da observação não participante de 101 passagens de CCIP na UTIPN. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta (mob), somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções. A moeda brasileira real (R$), utilizada originalmente nos cálculos, foi convertida para a moeda norte-americana dólar (US$). Resultados: Obteve-se o CDM do procedimento ( ) de passagem de CCIP correspondente a US$ 226.60 (DP=82.84), variando entre US$ 99.03 e US$ 530.71, com mediana de US$ 313.21. O CDM com material, US$ 138.81(DP=75.48), e o CDM com mob de enfermeiro, US$ 78.80 (DP=30.75), foram os valores mais expressivos para a composição do . Os kits de cateteres corresponderam aos itens de maior impacto na composição do CDM com material e de maior custo unitário, com destaque para cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR/duas vias (US$ 208.82/unidade); cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 2FR (US$ 74.09/unidade) e cateter epicutâneo + introdutor, kit - 3FR (US$ 70.37/unidade). O CDM com mob da equipe de enfermagem foi mais elevado na Fase 2: inserção do cateter (US$ 43.26 - DP=21.41) e na Fase 1 pré-inserção do cateter (US$ 37.96 - DP=14.89). Houve predomínio do CDM com mob de enfermeiro, especialmente pelo protagonismo dos enfermeiros executantes, US$ 40.40 (DP=20.58) e US$ 34.05 (DP=15.03), respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo de caso além de propiciar a mensuração do de passagem de CCIP, conferiu visibilidade aos insumos consumidos na perspectiva de contribuir com o seu uso racional. Favoreceu inclusive a proposição de estratégias visando incrementar a TIV prolongada, por meio do CCIP, e, consequentemente, auxiliar na contenção/minimização de custos e na diminuição de custos intangíveis aos pacientes. / Introduction: Critical patients require central venous access (CVA) for prolonged intravenous (IVT) therapy. Among the AVC options, the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) has been progressively gaining a position into the Brazilian hospital organizations. The passage of PICC requires specialized human resources, materials, medicines and specific solutions, being crucial to calculate the costs involved to subsidize the allocative efficiency of these inputs. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the PICC procedure performed by nurses, in a Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PNICU). Method: This is a quantitative, exploratory-descriptive single-case study. The procedure was arranged into three phases: \"pre-insertion of the catheter\", \"insertion of the catheter\" and \"post-insertion of the catheter\". The sample consisted of the non-participant observation of 101 PICC passages in the PNICU. The average was calculated by multiplying the time (measured) spent by nurses and nursing technicians by the unit cost of direct labor (dl), adding up to the cost of materials and solutions. The Brazilian Real currency (R $), originally used in the calculations, was converted to the US dollar currency (US $). Results: The ADC of the PICC procedure ( )) corresponded to US $ 226.60 (SD = 82.84), ranging from US $ 99.03 to US $ 530.71, with a median of US $ 313.21. ADC regarding material was US $ 138.81 (SD = 75.48), and ADC regarding nurse dl was US $ 78.80 (SD = 30.75) which were the most significant values for the ( ) composition. The catheter kits corresponded to the items with the highest impact in the composition of the ADC regarding material and with a higher unit cost, with emphasis on epicutaneous catheter + introducer, kit - 2FR / two tracks (US $ 208.82 / unit); Epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 2FR (US $ 74.09 / unit) and epicutaneous catheter + introducer, \"kit\" - 3FR (US $ 70.37 / unit). The ADC regarding dl of the nursing team was higher in Phase 2: \"insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 43.26 - SD = 21.41) and in Phase 1 \"pre-insertion of the catheter\" (US $ 37.96 - SD = 14.89). There was a predominance of the ADC regarding nurse dl, especially due to the leading role of the nurse practitioners, US $ 40.40 (SD = 20.58) and US $ 34.05 (SD = 15.03), respectively. Conclusion: This case study, besides providing the measurement of the PICC passage, allowed visibility to the inputs consumed from the perspective of contributing to its rational use. It also favored the proposition of strategies aimed at increasing the prolonged IVT through PICC and, consequently, to contain / minimize costs and reduce intangible costs to patients.

Abstract Professional practice in critical care settings is characterized by the application of relevant theories, research and evidence-based guidelines to clinical practice. However, critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to evidence-based protocols and guidelines for avoiding ventilator-associated pneumonia are inadequate. The aim of the study was to evaluate critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to best-practice endotracheal suctioning recommendations and ventilator bundles, to develop and validate instruments to evaluate the care of mechanically ventilated patients, and to evaluate the effectiveness of continuing education on critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills, with a focus on ventilator bundles. In the first study, a descriptive and cross-sectional correlation study was conducted to evaluate critical care nurses’ (n&#160;=&#160;40) endotracheal suctioning practices in relation to current best-practice recommendations. In the second study, a descriptive design with a literature review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of educational programmes in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. In the third study, an instruments validation study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Ventilator Bundle Questionnaire (VBQ) and Observation Schedule (VBOS). In the fourth study, the effectiveness of human patient simulation education was evaluated among thirty (n&#160;=&#160;30) critical care nurses who were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups (n&#160;=&#160;15 each). Critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to best-practice endotracheal suctioning recommendations and ventilator bundles continues to be inadequate. However, educational programmes were linked to significant improvements in learning and clinical outcomes. The VBQ and VBOS were developed and shown to have acceptable psychometric properties (CVI 0.99–1.0, ICC 0.93–1.0). After human patient simulation education, the mean skill scores of the intervention group increased significantly (pt*g&#160;=&#160;0.02). Educational programmes may have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and thus, patients’ safety and quality of care, through improvements in nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to evidence-based guidelines in critical care settings. The VBQ and VBOS can provide an objective method measuring whether evidence-based guidelines are being used in clinical practice. In addition, there was a significant transfer of learned skills to clinical practice following human patient simulation education. / Tiivistelmä Teho-osastoilla ammatillinen erityisosaaminen edellyttää tutkitun tiedon, teorioiden sekä näyttöön perustuvien hoitosuositusten soveltamista kliiniseen käytäntöön. Kuitenkin tehohoitajien tiedot ja taidot noudattaa näyttöön perustuvia hoitokäytäntöjä ja suosituksia hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvän keuhkokuumeen ehkäisyksi ovat olleet puutteellisia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida tehohoitajien tietoa ja taitoa noudattaa hyväksi havaittuja hengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä sekä hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä, kehittää ja validoida mittareita hengityslaitehoitoa saavien potilaiden hoidon laadun arvioimiseksi sekä arvioida täydennyskoulutuksen vaikuttavuutta tehohoitajien tietoihin ja taitoihin noudattaa hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä arvioitiin kuvailevan ja korrelatiivisen tutkimusasetelman avulla tehohoitajien (n = 40) alahengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä suhteessa hyväksi havaittuihin toimintakäytäntöihin. Toisessa osatyössä arvioitiin kuvailevan kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla koulutusinterventioiden vaikuttavuutta hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvän keuhkokuumeen ehkäisyssä. Kolmannessa osatyössä kehitettiin ja testattiin hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvä hoitosarjakysely (VBQ) sekä havainnointimittari (VBOS). Neljännessä osatyössä arvioitiin simulaatiokoulutuksen vaikuttavuutta satunnaistetussa koeasetelmassa interventio- (n&#160;=&#160;15) ja kontrolliryhmän (n&#160;=&#160;15) välillä. Tehohoitajien tiedot ja taidot noudattaa hyväksi havaittuja hengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä sekä hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä olivat edelleen puutteellisia. Kuitenkin koulutusinterventioiden vaikuttavuus kliinisiin hoitotuloksiin sekä oppimistuloksiin oli merkittävä. VBQ- ja VBOS-mittareiden psykometriset ominaisuudet osoittautuivat hyväksyttäviksi (CVI 0,99–1,0, ICC 0,93–1,0).Simulaatiokoulutuksen jälkeen interventioryhmän taidot noudattaa hoitosuosituksia lisääntyivät merkittävästi (pt*g&#160;=&#160;0,02). Koulutusinterventioiden kliininen vaikuttavuus potilasturvallisuuden ja hoidon laadun kehittämisessä voi olla merkittävää, kun hoitajien tietoa ja taitoa noudattaa näyttöön perustuvia hoitosuosituksia lisätään kliinisessä tehohoitotyössä. VBQ- ja VBOS-mittarit voivat tarjota objektiivisen tavan arvioida tutkitun tiedon siirtymistä kliiniseen käytäntöön. Simulaatiokoulutuksen jälkeen opittujen taitojen siirtovaikutus kliiniseen käytäntöön oli merkittävä.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is most effective the faster it is able to be administered to a patient that has been affected by stroke. A Stroke Code is a strategy that acute care facilities implement to reduce the time from diagnosing a stroke to administering tPA. The purpose of this study was to determine if the initiation of a Stroke Code in an acute care hospital reduces the door-to-needle time for patients affected by a stroke. In particular, does a Stroke Code reduce door-to-needle times. The research was conducted using data from April 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014 (pre-Stroke Code period) and September 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 (post-Stroke Code period). The population of this study was treated at Holston Valley Medical Center in Kingsport, Tennessee. The analysis revealed a decrease in door-to-needle times after a Stroke Code was implemented at the acute care facility.

Bakgrund: Avvänjning från respirator är en stor del av intensivvården. Där övergången från att andas med hjälp av respirator till att hitta den egna spontana andningen är en komplex uppgift för intensivvårdsjuksköterskan och kräver både tid och kompetens. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans erfarenheter av vuxna patienters avvänjning från respirator. Metod: Kvalitativ design med semistrukturerade intervjufrågor användes. Studien innehöll totalt åtta stycken deltagare från två sjukhus i Sverige. Innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes vid analysen. Resultat: När analysen var klar framkom 5 stycken kategorier. Kategorierna var: Att förbereda och informera patienten, att patienten inte är stressad, att använda avvägningsprotokoll, betydelse av samarbete och kommunikation samt patientens tid i respiratorn har betydelse. Resultatet belyste sjuksköterskans erfarenheter kring en individuell vård, samarbetet och kommunikation. Diskussion: Ett protokoll som efterföljs har visat sig förbättra avvänjningen för patienten, samtidigt bör en individuell planering finnas med. Kommunikationen och närhet med patienten är viktig för att kunna åtgärda oro och stress och skapa trygghet. Slutsats: Resultatet påvisade att det var viktigt med kommunikation mellan intensivvårdssjuksköterskan, patienten och läkaren. Det var också viktigt att ge patienten bra förutsättningar till att lyckas med avvänjningen. / Background: Weaning from the respirator is a large part of intensive care. The transition from breathing with the help of a respirator to finding its own spontaneous breathing is a complex task for the intensive care nurse and requires both time and competence. Aim: To describe the intensive care nurse's experience of adult patients weaning from respirator. Method: Qualitative design with semi-structured interview questions was used. The study included a total of eight participants from two hospitals in Sweden. Content analysis with inductive approach was used in the analysis. Results: When the analysis was completed, five categories. The categories were: Prepering and informing the patient, that the patient is not stressed, using balancing protocols, importance of cooperation and communication and the patient´s time in the respirator is important. The result highlighted the nurseś experiences regarding individual care, cooperation and communication. Discussion: A protocol that was followed has been shown to improve the respitory weaning for the patient while at the same time a individual planning should be involved. Communication and vicinity for the patient are important in order to be able to remedy anxiety and stress and create security. Conclusion: The result showed that communication between the intensive care nurse, the patient and the doctor is important. It is also important to give the patient the best possible conditions to succeed in weaning. / <p>Godkännandedatum: 2019-11-08</p>

Background: “Nurses provide essential care to the millions of people who are hospitalized each year as a result of illness or injury” (Smith, 2012, p. 172). The Institute of Medicine reported approximately 44,000-98,000 patients die annually resulting from a medical error, and health care errors ranked among the top 10 for the leading causes of death in the United States (Smith, 2012). Problem: Nurse competence impacts safe and quality nursing, and several research studies investigated the measurement of nurse competence among nurses in various nursing settings (Flinkman et al., 2016). However, a review of the research revealed limited studies in the emergency department (ED) setting and in the United States (O’Leary, 2012). Method: This study implemented a quantitative nonexperimental research design using the combination of an instrumental case study and a cross-sectional survey for this study’s sample. An Internet-based SurveyMonkey questionnaire collected data on nurse competence from registered nurses (RNs) working in the ED at a San Francisco Bay Area hospital. Part I of the questionnaire integrated Meretoja, Isoaho, and Leino-Kilpi’s (2004) Nurse Competence Scale (NCS) consisting of 73 closed-ended clinical indicators divided into seven competence areas. Participants rated their level of competence and frequency of use for each clinical indicator. Part II of the questionnaire obtained background information about participants. A total of 21 out of 110 potential participants completed the survey. Results: The data analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) provided descriptive and nonparametric correlation statistics. Descriptive statistics described survey respondents. The least and most competent areas were ensuring quality and managing situations, respectively. The most frequent length of nursing experience was at least 60 months and the most frequent number of hours worked was at least 65 hours per 2-week period. Nonparametric correlation statistics, including Kendell’s tau-b and Spearman’s rho, identified significant relationships. A significant relationship existed between the frequency of using clinical skills and level of competence for four of the seven competence areas. A significant relationship existed between the background factor of experience, both as an RN and an ED RN, and level of competence for many clinical indicators. A significant relationship existed between the background factor of hours worked and level of competence for one clinical indicator. Conclusion: Despite the small sample size of 21 survey respondents, this study revealed findings consistent with the existing research on nurse competence. This study offers implications and recommendations for practice relative to nurse competence, nurse competence assessment, and transitions to new settings of nursing practice to support the nursing profession and safe and quality nursing.

Interhospitala överföringar har ökat de senaste åren och tidigare forskning har fokuserat på transportfasen utifrån olika perspektiv. Det saknas däremot forskning kring intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelse av att ta emot och vårda patienter efter interhospital överföring, därför valde vi att fokusera på detta ämne. Syftet med studien är att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskans upplevelser av vårdandet av patienter efter en interhospital överföring. En kvalitativ intervjustudie genomfördes. Nio specialistsjuksköterskor inom intensivvård med erfarenhet av att vårda patienter efter interhospitala överföringar intervjuades. Dataanalysen är baserad på kvalitativ innehållsanalys och resulterade i åtta subteman och tre teman: Upplevelse av kontroll, Upplevelse av ambivalens kring överföringar, Upplevelse av samhörighet med andra. Det upplevs positivt att ta emot och vårda patienter efter interhospital transport när det finns möjlighet till förberedelse, både praktiskt och mentalt. Samma känsla infinner sig när mötet med patienten och anhöriga blir bra och när samarbetet på avdelningen och mellan enheterna är tillfredställande. Dock upplevs viss stress om det finns brister i dokumentation och informationsöverföring eller om mottagandet av patienten och dess närstående känns otillräckligt. Resultatet illustrerar komplexiteten av mottagandet efter överföring och betonar vikten av en bra överlämning. Utvecklingsområden finns såsom enhetliga journalsystem mellan regioner och att undvika interhospitala överföringar på grund av resursbrist. / Interhospital transfers have increased in number over the last years and at this point there is a good amount of research focussed on the transport phase of transfers that even includes different perspectives. There is, however, a lack of research concerned with the aftermath of a patient transfer such as taking over and caring for the patient. We therefore decided to make this the focus of our study. The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of critical nurses of caring for patients after interhospital transfer. We conducted a qualitative interview study where we interviewed nine critical care nurses from two mid-level general intensive care units. Data analysis was performed using qualitative content analysis. This resulted in 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: Experience of control, Ambivalence regarding transfers and Experiencing fellowship. The result demonstrates that critical care nurses have a positive experience of receiving and caring for patients after interhospital transfer given that they had to opportunity to be mentally and practically prepared. Meeting the patient and their family members also generates a positive experience when the cooperation and information transfer between units has been satisfactory. Critical care nurses experience stress when they perceive threats to patient safety such as incomplete transfer of information or documentation or when the encounter with the patient and their family members was marked by problems. The result shows the complexity of taking over patients after transfer and the importance of a high-quality patient handover. Areas of improvement for transfers are seen by introducing a unified national medical record system and avoiding interhospital transfers due to lack of resources.

Le manque de rétention des infirmières en soins critiques au Québec déjà observé depuis plusieurs années perdure et s’est aggravé depuis la pandémie de COVID-19. Les programmes d’orientation à l’embauche permettraient de contribuer à la rétention des infirmières débutant dans ces milieux. À ce jour, cependant, aucune revue de la littérature n’a été effectuée dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre ces effets. Une revue rapide des écrits a été réalisée dans le but de mieux comprendre les effets des programmes d’orientation sur la rétention des infirmières en soins critiques. Les caractéristiques des programmes menant à des effets favorables ont également été recherchées. L’approche de Dobbins (2017) a été utilisée aux fins d’élaboration de cette revue rapide. Sept écrits ont pu être sélectionnés et analysés selon des critères d’inclusion. Les études considérées devaient se rapporter à des programmes ou interventions de formation auprès des infirmières débutant en soins critiques. Les études devaient se dérouler dans un milieu de soins critiques, tel que l’unité de soins intensifs adulte, pédiatrique ou néonatale. L’analyse des études recensées montre une rétention améliorée chez les infirmières après l’implantation d’un programme d’orientation. Les résultats indiquent également des améliorations en ce qui a trait au recrutement, taux de départ, connaissances, satisfaction, coûts et disponibilité des lits. Les programmes d’orientation qui ont eu des effets bénéfiques sur la rétention des infirmières comportent plusieurs éléments : le recourt à la théorie « novice à experte » de Benner (1984), le préceptorat accompagné de mentorat ou le recours à une personne-ressource, la formation des précepteurs, les méthodes évaluant le progrès des recrues et l’emploi de stratégies éducatives variées. Cette revue rapide des écrits a permis d’alimenter la réflexion sur les effets des programmes d’orientation sur la rétention des infirmières en soins critiques, tout en mettant en évidence des pistes pour poursuivre l’étude de ces programmes. / Critical care settings in Quebec are struggling with low retention of nursing staff which has worsened under the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Orientation programs could help to overcome low retention rates. To date, no review of the literature has been carried out with the aim of better understanding these effects. A rapid review of the literature was conducted to better understand the effects of orientation programs on the retention of critical care nurses. Program characteristics leading to positive effects on retention were also investigated. The Dobbins (2017) approach was used for the development of this rapid review. Seven writings were selected and analyzed according to inclusion criteria. The studies considered had to relate to training intervention or orientation programs for nurses new to critical care. Studies had to take place in a critical care setting, such as the adult, pediatric or neonatal intensive care unit. The analysis of the studies reviewed shows improved retention among nurses after implementation of an orientation program. The results also point to improvements in recruitment, attrition rates, knowledge, satisfaction, costs, and bed availability. Orientation programs that have had beneficial effects on the retention of nurses include several elements: the use of Benner’s "novice to expert" theory (1984), preceptorship, mentoring or the use of a resourceful person, training of preceptors, evaluation of the progress of recruits and the use of various educational strategies. This study provides an initial insight into the characteristics of orientation programs to be reviewed in the critical care unit to increase the nurse retention while highlighting avenues for further study of these programs.

The intent of this thesis was to examine compassion fatigue in nurses through analysis of research studies conducted within the past five years in an effort to identify predisposing factors to the experience of compassion fatigue. Individual and institutional factors were identified as well as current strategies to assist with management of compassion fatigue. Findings indicated that being new to practice, having a trait negative affect, being younger in age, having a history of exposure to trauma and working in high emotionally stressful units predisposed individuals to the experience of compassion fatigue. Institutional factors included a lack of managerial support, organizational commitment, group cohesion, work engagement and conflicting expectations of the nurse. Institutional interventions to assist in mitigating compassion fatigue include improving managerial support, developing group cohesion and communication and providing continuing education opportunities. Institutions can also assist by offering training in resiliency techniques such as negative thought pattern identification, meditation, peer-to-peer discussions, journaling about traumatic experiences, identification and maintenance of personal/professional boundaries and physical wellness through exercise and yoga. These proposed interventions address institutional accountability in health care worker wellness as defined by the quadruple aim. Such interventions also address use of Watson’s Caring Theory to emphasize the importance of nurse wellness as essential to creating caring nurse-patient relationships.