Neste trabalho, procurou-se construir uma aproximação da experiência de um grupo de cultura popular no que diz respeito à transmissão de seus valores e práticas entre as gerações e à transformação deles nesta passagem. Experiência, tal como é compreendida por Benjamin (1985), conta aqui como lente fundamental na medida em que requer do olhar do pesquisador um voltar-se sobre si mesmo, tendo em vista a elaboração do que ele encontra como sua matéria-prima. O trabalho de campo da pesquisa foi feito com o grupo de Jongo do Tamandaré (Guaratinguetá-SP), portador da herança de um ritmo brasileiro de origem africana, que foi tomado como interlocutor, no espírito da pesquisa etnográfica. A etnografia é tomada não como prescrição metodológica, mas como disposição intelectual (Geertz, 1978) a partir da qual o pesquisador se constitui como tradutor de sua própria experiência em campo junto a seus interlocutores, aberto a lógicas insuspeitadas e desconcertantes. No contexto de globalização e do investimento crescente nas ações de salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural imaterial brasileiro, o processo de transmissão da cultura revelou-se como uma esfera de tensões, em que o repertório de saberes da memória coletiva e a linguagem das novas tecnologias disputam entre si e se hibridizam, configurando no grupo pontos de vista diversos e dilemáticos. Porém, para além da aproximação com essas forças de permanência e mudança que se contrapõe e se compõe no seio do grupo, o trabalho de campo suscita sobretudo indagações acerca de como os caminhos de transmissão da cultura criados nessa tensão se situam em relação à necessidade moral de elaboração e transmissão da experiência (Bosi, 1992). Nessa direção, é o próprio sentido mesmo da cultura como modo de estar no mundo (Arendt, 2005) e sua significância na teia de relações humanas que é retomado, tendo em vista uma visada qualitativa dos caminhos e desafios que a cultura popular e seus criadores vêm encontrando para deixarem, na sua passagem pela vida, um rastro (Ricoeur, 1997) / At this assignment, we looked into building an approach from the experience of a group of popular culture in regard to the transmission of its values and practices among generations and also to their transformations at this passage. The experiences as much as it is comprehended by Benjamin (1994), tells us here as something fundamental as it requests from the way we look at it, a quick look at ourselves, having as a target the elaboration from what we found as our raw material. At this research, the field work was done along with the Jongo of Tamandaré group that bears the memories of the Brazilian people that originated from Africa, which, here was taken as the interlocutor in he spirit of this ethnographic research. The ethnography is taken not as a methodological prescription, but as an intellectual disposition (Geertz, 1978) from which the researcher becomes a translator of his own experiences fielded along with his interlocutors, therefore opened to logics that are inconspicuous and sometimes clumsy. In the context of the globalization, and the growing investments in the actions of preserving the abstracted cultural material, the transmission process of the culture came up as a sphere of tensions, in which the collective repertoire of knowledges and memories and the language of the new technologies put up with each other into a fusion, configuring in the group different points of view and dilemmatic. However in order to go beyond this approach with these forces of permanence and changings that many times go against each other in the heart of the group, the field work is based over all in the questionings about how the different ways of transmission of the culture created in this tension is allocated in relation to the moral necessity of elaboration and transmission of backgrounds (Bosi, 1992). Towards it, it is the sense of the culture like the same sense as being in the world (Arendt, 2005) and its meaning in the net of human relations envisioning paths and challenges that the popular culture and its creators are facing in order to leave traces of their lives in the memorabilia of humanity (Ricoeur, 1997)

As idéias cotidianas influenciam a aprendizagem de conceitos científicos e afetam a educação científica da população, de maneira que é imprescindível compreender sua origem e dinâmica de transmissão para o planejamento de políticas educacionais. As teorias de evolução cultural contribuem para o entendimento da origem, fixação e distorções das idéias cotidianas em um grupo social, esclarecendo a dinâmica de propagação das idéias cotidianas. Verificar e documentar a transmissão cultural de conhecimento cotidiano exige a identificação e comparação das idéias cotidianas empregadas pelas pessoas para explicar os fenômenos naturais com os quais entram em contato, de modo a permitir a descrição de padrões. Essa comparação é viabilizada pela codificação das idéias em modelos explicativos delimitados pela descrição de determinados atributos e características da explicação. Esse procedimento torna possível a quantificação e permite o teste de hipóteses de transmissão cultural. Sabendo-se obter e comparar as concepções de uma pessoa é possível investigar toda uma comunidade, rastreando a disseminação dessas idéias, possibilitando assim o estudo da transmissão do conhecimento cotidiano através das gerações. Essa dissertação propõe um protocolo de pesquisa a ser empregado no estudo de transmissão cultural de idéias cotidianas sobre os fenômenos patológicos hereditários a ser realizado em Serrinha dos Pintos e municípios vizinhos (RN), contribuindo para a descrição da diversidade de idéias cotidianas e investigação os processos de transmissão e fixação dessas idéias ao longo das gerações. / The learning of scientific concepts is largely influenced by everyday knowledge. It is therefore necessary to understand its origins and transmission dynamics for the proper planning of educational policies. The theories of cultural evolution contribute to understanding the origin, fixation and distortions of everyday ideas within a social group, explaining the spread dynamics of everyday knowledge. Checking and documenting the cultural transmission of everyday knowledge requires the identification and comparison of ideas used by people to explain natural phenomena with which they come in contact, in order to allow the description of patterns. This comparison is possible by the consolidation of the ideas in explanatory models defined by the description of certain explanation attributes and characteristics. This procedure makes it possible to quantify and allows testing of hypotheses of cultural transmission. The proper collection and comparison of a single person\'s ideas and thoughts enables us to form an idea of the community as a whole and to track the spread of these ideas. Consequently, enables us to study the transmission of everyday knowledge through the generations. This work proposes a research protocol to be used in the study of cultural transmission of ideas on the everyday phenomena of hereditary diseases to be held in Serrinha dos Pintos and neighboring counties (RN), thus contributing to the description of the diversity of everyday ideas and research processes related to the transmission and fixation of these ideas through the generations.

Creating, producing and listening to podcasts has become an increasingly popular way for cultural transmission. Among an infinitely number of genres true crime has been rising in popularity during the last decade. By consuming true crime- podcasts we also affirm the relevance of the cultural exchange. The aim of this study is therefore to examine what this contemporary cultural exchange consists and in what way the transmission affect the actors.  The study was implemented by interviewing creators of true crime- podcasts as well as women consuming numerous podcasts within the genre. By applying Bourdieus theoretical concepts combined with Boltanski and Thevenots theory about orders of worth in the analyses of the empirical material we can acquire a profound understanding of individual practices as well as how they legitimize their actions. From the comprehensive material generated from the interviews we found some distinctive results. First, the creators aim to educade, inform and engender a reflective practice within the consumers. The podcastconsumers assigned that they are listening to true crime- podcast in the purpose of entertainment and the acquisition of information. Also, they keep listening although many of them have experienced feelings of fear and have become more cautious towards their surroundings. The cultural exchange that takes place within the podcast is the creation of meaning and reflection itself.

Psychological research suggests that children acquire cultural concepts through early developing cognitive mechanisms combined with specific cultural learning. An understudied area of cultural acquisition is children’s understanding of non-human minds, such as God. This thesis gives evidence that young children need not anthropomorphize non-human minds in order to understand them. Instead, children have a general “theory of mind” that is tailored through experience to accommodate the various important minds in their cultural environment. The intuitive default is toward super-attributes, making children naturally inclined or “prepared” to acquire god concepts. Four empirical studies were conducted with 75 British and 66 Israeli preschool-aged children. In Study 1, children participated in an ignorance-based theory-of-mind task and were asked to consider the mental states of human and supernatural agents. Children at all ages attributed correct knowledge to the supernatural agents and ignorance to the human agents. In Study 2, children participated in two perception-based theory-of-mind tasks and were asked to consider the perspective of two super-perceiving animals, God, and two human agents. Three-year-olds attributed knowledge to the animals and God and, by age four, children could distinguish among agents correctly. Also, by age four, children recognized that aging limits the perception of human agents but not God’s. In Study 3, children participated in a memory-based theory-of-mind task in which they were asked to consider the memory of God and differently aged agents Children at all ages responded that God would remember something that the children themselves had forgotten. By age five, children responded that a baby and granddad would have forgotten. These results propose that preschool-aged children regard individual constraints when considering mental states. Study 4 focused on children’s notions of immortality. Cultural differences were found. British children attributed immortality to God before correctly attributing mortality to human agents, and Israeli children attributed immortality to God and mortality to humans more consistently than did British children. Collectively, these studies indicate that children do not have to resort to anthropomorphism to reason about non-human agents but instead have the cognitive capacity to represent other types of minds because of early cognitive capacities. It appears that concepts vary in their degree of fit with early-developing human conceptual systems, and hence, vary in their likelihood of successful cultural transmission.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-07-18T12:07:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Thiago Saconatto.pdf: 1486009 bytes, checksum: f522cd5ab54b2b544dc17d30dbf5b6c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T12:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André Thiago Saconatto.pdf: 1486009 bytes, checksum: f522cd5ab54b2b544dc17d30dbf5b6c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cumulative cultural evolution is a phenomenon that has been studied by a different number of areas in science and it suppose not only transmission, but also the progressive accumulation and modification of behavioral repertoire that would allowed knowledge development that would not be possible to be produced by a single individual alone. A relevant question in those studies is which social learning mechanism(s) is/are accountable for cumulative cultural evolution to occur. The goal of this study was to verify the effect from three different transmission forms – access to the final product, access to the process and instruction – in an experimental task in order to determine if cumulative cultural evolution would occur. In order to reach the goal, a structure construction task using modeling clay and reed were used. The structure was evaluated by putting it over a wooden holder with a hole in the middle of it, and 50-gram weights were thrown above the structure, one by one, until it collapse or a weight touched the table. Two hundred graduates and undergraduates students participated in the research. Participants were distributed into four conditions: at the process condition, participants could see others building their structures; at the final product condition, participants could see the finished structure from the previous participant; at the instruction condition, participants had could read an instruction left from the previous participant. At each condition, there were eight groups, with eight participants in each group, and the next one at the building task followed each participant. At the control condition, eight participants did the building task eight times each (one participant was equivalent to a group from the other conditions). None of the participants had access to the structure evaluation result. The study’s result showed that there were not gradual increase in the number of weights held by the structures as the participants were replaced; and in the groups at the process condition there were a statistical significance in relation to control group, and the number of weights held by the structures this condition were smaller than in the other conditions. One hypotheses is the lack of access to the structure evaluation results by the participants to be a crucial point that contributed to the non-occurrence of the cumulative cultural evolution / A evolução cultural cumulativa, que supõe não só a transmissão, mas o acúmulo progressivo e a modificação de repertórios comportamentais – o que permitiria o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos que não são possíveis de serem produzidos por um único indivíduo –, tem sido estudada por diversas áreas do conhecimento. Uma questão relevante nesses estudos diz respeito a qual(ais) mecanismo(s) de aprendizagem social é(são) necessário(s) para que ocorra evolução cultural cumulativa. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de três diferentes formas de transmissão – acesso ao processo, acesso ao produto final e instrução – em uma tarefa experimental sobre a ocorrência ou não de evolução cultural cumulativa. Para isso, foi utilizado uma tarefa de construção de uma estrutura com massa de modelar e palha. A estrutura foi avaliada colocando-a em cima de um suporte de madeira com um buraco no meio, e sobre ela eram jogados, um por um, pesos de 50 gramas, até que ou a estrutura se rompesse ou um peso tocasse a mesa. Participaram do estudo 200 estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação. Os participantes foram distribuídos em quatro condições: na condição processo, os participantes viam um outro construir a estrutura; na condição produto final, os participantes tinham acesso visual à estrutura pronta do participante anterior; já na condição instrução, cada participante tinha acesso a uma instrução escrita deixada pelo participante que o procedera. Em cada uma dessas condições trabalharam oito grupos, com oito participantes cada, sendo que cada participante de um grupo seguia o outro na realização da tarefa. Na condição controle, oito participantes realizaram a tarefa de construir a estrutura por oito vezes seguidas (cada participante equivaleria a um grupo de oito participantes das demais condições). Nenhum participante teve acesso ao resultado da avaliação das estruturas. Os resultados mostraram que não houve, em nenhuma das condições, aumento gradativo do número de pesos suportados pelas estruturas conforme os participantes eram substituídos; e que nos grupos da condição processo houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle, sendo este o grupo em que o número de pesos que as estruturas suportaram foram menores do que nas demais condições. Levanta-se a possibilidade de que o desconhecimento dos participantes em relação ao resultado da avaliação das estruturas seja um fator que contribua para a não ocorrência de evolução cumulativa

O presente trabalho é composto por dois estudos. O primeiro estudo revisa a literatura da área de metacontingências com o objetivo de analisar seus elementos constitutivos, à luz de dados experimentais. O outro estudo, empírico, empregou um procedimento análogo ao de operante livre para investigar os efeitos da manipulação de uma relação condicional entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) e alterações ambientais sobre a seleção e transmissão de CCEs e sobre os desempenhos operantes em dois esquemas de reforço (VI e VR). Os resultados da revisão conceitual evidenciaram elementos comuns aos processos de seleção operante e cultural: o comportamento, como o conjunto de ações de uma ou várias pessoas, seus produtos e variáveis selecionadoras. Os resultados do experimento mostraram que os processos de aquisição, extinção e reaquisição de uma unidade que engloba os comportamentos de três participantes, os culturantes, se assemelham aos processos de aquisição, extinção e reaquisição de operantes. A interação entre seleção operante e cultural dependeu dos desempenhos dos participantes durante a linha de base. Operantes e culturantes foram socialmente transmitidos. A revisão conceitual e os resultados do experimento fortalecem a noção de metacontingência, tanto como uma ferramenta teórica quanto como um procedimento para lidar com fenômenos no terceiro nível de seleção por consequências. Os dados de pesquisas dão consistência ao conceito e este organiza e sistematiza as manipulações experimentais / This work consists of two studies. The first study review the metacontingencies literature in order to analyze the constituent elements in the light of experimental data. The other study, empirical, employed a free-operant-analogous procedure to investigate the effects of manipulating conditional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs) and environmental changes over the selection and transmission of CCEs and on operant performance in two reinforcement schedules (VI and VR). The results of the conceptual review showed common elements to operant and cultural selection processes: the behavior, as the set of actions of one or several individuals, its products and variables of selection. The results of the experiment showed that the processes of acquisition, extinction and reacquisition of a unit that includes the behavior of three participants, the culturants, are similar to the processes of acquisition, extinction and reacquisition of operants. The interaction between operant and cultural selection depended on the participants performances at baseline. Operants and culturants were socially transmitted. The conceptual review and experimental results support the metacontingency notion, both as a theoretical tool and as a procedure for dealing with phenomena on the third level of selection by consequences. Research data give consistency to the concept and it organizes and! systematizes the experimental manipulations

O presente trabalho é composto por dois estudos. O primeiro estudo revisa a literatura da área de metacontingências com o objetivo de analisar seus elementos constitutivos, à luz de dados experimentais. O outro estudo, empírico, empregou um procedimento análogo ao de operante livre para investigar os efeitos da manipulação de uma relação condicional entre contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs) e alterações ambientais sobre a seleção e transmissão de CCEs e sobre os desempenhos operantes em dois esquemas de reforço (VI e VR). Os resultados da revisão conceitual evidenciaram elementos comuns aos processos de seleção operante e cultural: o comportamento, como o conjunto de ações de uma ou várias pessoas, seus produtos e variáveis selecionadoras. Os resultados do experimento mostraram que os processos de aquisição, extinção e reaquisição de uma unidade que engloba os comportamentos de três participantes, os culturantes, se assemelham aos processos de aquisição, extinção e reaquisição de operantes. A interação entre seleção operante e cultural dependeu dos desempenhos dos participantes durante a linha de base. Operantes e culturantes foram socialmente transmitidos. A revisão conceitual e os resultados do experimento fortalecem a noção de metacontingência, tanto como uma ferramenta teórica quanto como um procedimento para lidar com fenômenos no terceiro nível de seleção por consequências. Os dados de pesquisas dão consistência ao conceito e este organiza e sistematiza as manipulações experimentais / This work consists of two studies. The first study review the metacontingencies literature in order to analyze the constituent elements in the light of experimental data. The other study, empirical, employed a free-operant-analogous procedure to investigate the effects of manipulating conditional relationship between interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBCs) and environmental changes over the selection and transmission of CCEs and on operant performance in two reinforcement schedules (VI and VR). The results of the conceptual review showed common elements to operant and cultural selection processes: the behavior, as the set of actions of one or several individuals, its products and variables of selection. The results of the experiment showed that the processes of acquisition, extinction and reacquisition of a unit that includes the behavior of three participants, the culturants, are similar to the processes of acquisition, extinction and reacquisition of operants. The interaction between operant and cultural selection depended on the participants performances at baseline. Operants and culturants were socially transmitted. The conceptual review and experimental results support the metacontingency notion, both as a theoretical tool and as a procedure for dealing with phenomena on the third level of selection by consequences. Research data give consistency to the concept and it organizes and! systematizes the experimental manipulations

abstract: The health situation of indigenous peoples is comparable to that of the world's poorest populations, but with the additional burdens of social and cultural marginalization, geographic and cultural barriers to accessing health services, and, in some areas, appropriation of land and natural resources. Cultural transmission (the transfer of beliefs, ideas, and behaviors from one culture to another) from outsider health institutions should presumably aid in closing this health gap by transferring knowledge, practices, and infrastructure to prevent and treat disease. This study examines the biosocial construction of the disease ecology of tuberculosis (TB) in indigenous communities of the Paraguayan Chaco with varying degrees of cultural transmission from outside institutions (government, religious, and NGOs), to determine the influence of cultural transmission on local disease ecologies. Using a biocultural epidemiological framework for the analysis of human infectious disease ecology, this study employed an interdisciplinary, mixed methods approach to examine the interactions of host, pathogen, and the environment in the Paraguayan Chaco. Three case studies examining aspects of TB disease ecology in indigenous communities are presented: (1) The effective cultural transmission of biomedical knowledge to isolated communities, (2) Public health infrastructure, hygiene, and the prevalence of intestinal parasites: co-morbidities that promote the progression to active TB disease, and (3) Community-level risk factors for TB and indigenous TB burden. Findings from the case studies suggest that greater influence from outside institutions was not associated with greater adoption of biomedical knowledge of TB. The prevalence of helminthiasis was unexpectedly low, but infection with giardia was common, even in a community with cleaner water sources. Communities with a health post were more likely to report active adult TB, while communities with more education were less likely to report active pediatric TB, suggesting that healthcare access is the major determinant of TB detection. More research is needed on the role of non-indigenous community residents and other measures of acculturation or integration in TB outcomes, especially at the household level. Indigenous TB burden in the Chaco is disproportionately high, and better understanding of the mechanisms that produce higher incidence and prevalence of the disease is needed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Social Science and Health 2014

Cette thèse est construite en quatre parties : 1) la contextualisation historique de la transmission non pas du Royaume-Uni mais de la Grande-Bretagne vers l’Écosse ; 2) la transmission culturelle n’est pas un phénomène spontané mais elle peut s’opérer dans le traitement de la criminalité par un effet de pression politique ; 3) la criminologie qui se développe en Europe du dix-neuvième siècle concerne la Grande-Bretagne et affecte l’Écosse bien que celle-ci ait préservé son indépendance judiciaire lors de la signature de la loi d’union de 1707 ; 4) l’étude de la criminalité se concentre sur les enfants mineurs en mettant en opposition l’approche punitive et l’approche welfariste (Children’s Hearing). / This dissertation is built around four parts : 1) an historical contextualisation of the phenomenon of transmission not from the United Kingdom but from Great Britain towards Scotland; 2) cultural transmission is never spontaneous, yet it can be carried out through the handling of crime; 3) criminology, developing in 19th-century Europe, reaches Great Britain and consequently Scotland, although the latter has retained some degree of judicial independence since the passing of the Treaty of Union in 1707; 4) reviewing crime and how to handle it is then focused on children, and how punishment can be opposed to a Welfare approach

Cette dissertation est composée de trois articles traitant de sujets divers. Le premier développe une théorie sur la transmission de normes culturelles. Le second article traite de l'évolution des doctrines religieuses dans une économie productive. Enfin, le dernier article de cette dissertation est un travail joint avec Thierry Verdier. L'article propose une nouvelle approche des élections impliquant un nombre arbitraire de candidats. Cette problématique de recherche est importante non seulement quant à sa complexité théorique, mais aussi parce qu'elle permet d'étudier relativement simplement la structure des marchés politiques.Le premier article présente une théorie sur le développement de l'enfant et les pratiques parentales. Dans le modèle, un parent cherche à transmettre des normes comportementales à son enfant en lui envoyant des signaux, que l'enfant observe de manière imparfaite. L'enfant peut cependant augmenter la qualité des signaux qu'il reçoit en investissant dans l'acquisition de compétences cognitives.Nous établissons que les styles parentaux autoritaires ou permissifs décroissent l'accumulation de compétences cognitives. De plus, puisque les interactions entre parents et enfants visent à transmettre des normes comportementales, l'enfant développe un capital d'appréciation pour le développement de compétences cognitives.Notre perspective culturelle sur la question du développement cognitif fournit une grille d'interprétation utile pour divers résultats établis dans la littérature empirique sur le développement de l'enfant.Le second article propose une théorie de la prohibition religieuse contre l'usure et l'innovation et ses conséquences sur les activités et les occupations économiques.Comme une interdiction économique provenant de la religion majoritaire est soutenue par un risque d'exclusion sociale de ce groupe culturel, elle a moins d'effets sur les minorités religieuses. Cela implique que seules les minorités religieuses choisissent des activités qui vont à l'encontre de la prohibition à l'équilibre.Dans le dernier article, nous présentons une théorie micro-fondée de la concurrence politique à plusieurs candidats prenant une perspective ``d'organisation industrielle" de la politique. Nous présentons d'abord un modèle de vote aléatoire qui utilise des distributions introduites par le mathématicien français Maurice Fréchet et qui portent son nom. Ces distributions permettent d'exprimer les parts de vote des différents candidats comme des ``contest functions'', ce qui permet d'établir un théorème d'existence et d'unicité d'un équilibre des stratégies politiques dans des élections impliquant un nombre arbitraire de candidats.Le cadre analytique s'avère suffisamment souple pour traiter plusieurs applications sur des thèmes liés à la structure endogène des marchés politiques. Nous montrons en particulier que le degré d'information des électeurs sur les plateformes ainsi que les campagnes médiatiques impliquent un degré de fragmentation politique plus faible. / The first chapter of this dissertation presents a theory of child development and parental rearingpractices. In the model, a benevolent parent seeks to transmit cultural norms to her child, whoacquires cognitive skills and develops a capital of appreciation for adopting behaviors that accordwith these norms. Our cultural perspective on the issue of cognitive development provides aninterpretation grid for various results established in the empirical literature. It also permits to identifythe parental characteristics that are conducive to various parenting styles, to child neglect and tochild maltreatment.The second chapter provides a theory of religious prohibition against usury and innovation and itsconsequences on economic activities and occupations. As an economic prohibition from themajority religion is sustained by a threat of social exclusion from that cultural group, it has lesseffects on religious minorities. It then creates an occupational pattern where only the religiousminorities choose activities that transgress the prohibition. By creating resentment against thereligious minorities, this occupational pattern strengthens the diffusion of the majority religion in thepopulation. An economic prohibition is then instigated by the clerics in the majority religion,because it allows them to consolidate their norms and to increase the scope of their control overpopular masses. This work also demonstrates that an economic prohibition lasts longer whenreligious clerics can legitimize secular rulers and when the competition on the religious market isweaker.In the last chapter, we present a microfounded theory of multi-candidate political competition takingan "industrial organization" perspective of politics. The analytical framework is shown to be exibleenough to address several applications on the topics of special interest politics, coalition formationin the legislature in proportional elections, and redistribution under alternative electoral rules