A study has been carried out regarding the possibility for application of UV-cured coatings on different pretreated galvanized steel, in coil coating application. In order to address the questions about whether the adhesion will be affected and how, when combining respective coating with a steel substrate. Two types of UV-curable formulations have been applied respectively, acrylate-based free radical formulation and epoxy-based cationic formulation, on five types of steel substrates. In addition, UV-LED was also investigated as an alternative energy source. The aim is to explore the curing of the coatings, the surface topology and hydrophilicity, the material and mechanical properties of coatings and coated systems respectively. It was found that the acrylate coating gives a hydrophilic surface while the epoxy coat is hydrophilic but is more hydrophobic than acrylate. The acrylate resin is not compatible with Standard Ti-pretreatment from PO substrates and the curing of epoxy is inhibited by pretreatment primer in PP substrates. Curing using UV-LED is possible and should be investigated further. No comparison could be made between coating systems acrylate and epoxy, regarding the adhesive performance, due to the failure of obtaining the right thickness for the acrylate coating. / I denna studie undersöktes möjligheten att applicera UV-härdande lacker på olika förbehandlade galvaniserade stålsorter för bandlackering. Detta för att förstå mer om vidhäftningen påverkas av, och på vilket sätt, kombinationen av respektive UV-lack med olika metallsubstrat. Två olika UV-formuleringar, akrylat and epoxy, applicerades på fem olika stålsubtrat och även screeningsstudie på UV-LED utfördes. Målet är att undersöka uthärdning av lackeringar, topologin och hydrofilicitet, material och mekaniska egenskaper hos färglacken och de lackade systemen, samt möjlighet att använda LED-lampa som UV-källan. Resultatet visar att akrylat ger en hydrofil yta medan epoxy är hydrofil men är mer hydrofob än akrylat. Akrylatet är inte kompatibelt med Standard Ti-pretreatment från PO substrat och uthärdning av epoxy inhiberas av förbehandlade primer på PP-prover. Uthärdning med UV-LED är möjligt och bör undersökas ytterligare. Det gick inte att jämföra mellan de två UV-formuleringarna, akrylat och epoxy, på grund av fel tjocklek hos akrylatfilmerna.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae, (ham mite) is difficult for commercial dry cured ham producers to control. This research was conducted to test the efficacy of C8C9C10 fatty acids combined with and without food grade coatings to control mite infestations on dry cured hams. Ham cubes were coated directly or wrapped in nets saturated with combinations of xanthan gum (XG) or carrageenan (CG), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and either propylene glycol or C8C9C10 fatty acid. The use of 10% C8C9C10 with XG and CG + PGA in direct coatings and 1% C8C9C10 with XG or 10% with both XG and CG/PGA in saturated nets inhibited mite population growth. Unexpectedly, the soybean oil solvent effectively controlled mite infestation. Sensory evaluation indicated that 10% C8C9C10 mixed with soybean oil and 100% soybean oil did not impart sensory differences to ham when used as a coating but did impact sensory attributes when used with nets.

Mechanical performance characteristics were compared for 100% polyester treated and untreated weft-knitted mesh fabric that are used to contain dry-ageing hams, commonly referred to as ham nets. The treated net was coated with a patent-pending food-grade chemical solution (40% Propylene Glycol + 1% Propylene Glycol Alginate + 1% Carrageenan) to control ham mites. Both treated and untreated ham nets were compared for mechanical performance characteristics based on the following standards: abrasion resistance (ASTM D4966), elastic recovery (BS EN 14704-1:2005), breaking strength (ASTM D5034-09), and bursting strength (ASTM D3786). Results indicate that the coating had minimal to no impact on the mechanical performance characteristics of ham nets. SEM images also showed no negative effect on the fiber morphology due to the applied chemical solution. Findings support the use of treated ham nets to increase the end-use functionality and provide stakeholders an option for integrated pest management without compromising performance needs.

The relationships between volatile flavor compounds, sensory descriptors and consumer acceptability were determined for eight commercial American dry-cured hams using external preference and flavor mapping. The majority of consumers preferred (p<0.05) hams that had more intense caramelized, smoky, savory and molasses aromas as well as more intense sweet and savory flavors. Sixteen aroma impact compounds were identified from the headspace volatiles of dry-cured hams. The consumers with the highest acceptability scores preferred (p<0.05) hams that were characterized by 4-methyl-2-methoxyphenol (sweet ham), 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (sweet ham), 2-methoxyphenol (smoky, cocoa), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (smoky ham, savory) and 2uranmethanol (burnt meat, vitamin). Fourteen percent of consumers preferred (p<0.05) two hams that were characterized by methional (baked potato). Consumer acceptability scores were lower for hams either characterized by methanethiol (sulfur), carbon disulfide (sulfur), 2-butanone (sweet), 3-methylbutanal (malty, fermented), 2-heptanone (burnt meat, vitamin), hexanal (cut grass), benzeneacetaldehyde (floral), 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom) or characterized by benzaldehyde (burnt meat, cooked meat) and limonene (citrus).

Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a high value-per-acre crop that is intensively managed to optimize the yield of high quality cured leaf. Aerial remote sensing, specifically unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), present flue-cured tobacco producers and researchers with a potential tool for scouting and crop management. A two-year study, conducted in Southside Virginia at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center and on commercial farms, assessed the potential of aerial remote sensing in flue-cured tobacco. The effort encompassed two key objectives. First, examine the use of the enhanced normalized difference vegetation index (ENDVI) for separating flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates. Secondly, develop hyperspectral indices and/or machine learning classification models capable of detecting Phytophthora nicotianae (black shank) incidence in flue-cured tobacco. In 2017, UAV-acquired ENDVI surveys demonstrated the ability to consistently separate between flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates from topping to harvest. In 2018, ENDVI revealed significant differences among N-rates as early as 34 days after transplanting. Two hyperspectral indices were developed to detect black shank incidence based on differences in the spectral profiles of asymptomatic flue-cured tobacco plants compared to those with black shank symptoms. Testing of the indices showed significant differences between the index values of healthy and symptomatic plants (alpha = 0.05). In addition, the indices were able to detect black shank symptoms pre-symptomatically (alpha = 0.09). Subspace linear discriminant analysis, a machine learning classification, was also used for prediction of black shank incidence with up to 85.7% classification accuracy. / Master of Science / Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’s (UAVs) or drones, as they are commonly referred to, may have potential as a tool in flue-cured tobacco research and production. UAVs combined with sensors and cameras provide the opportunity to gather a large amount of data on a particular crop, which may be useful in crop management. Given the intensive management of flue-cured tobacco, producers may benefit from extra insight on how to better assess threats to yield such as under-fertilization and disease pressure. A two-year study was conducted in Southside Virginia at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center and on commercial farms. There were two objectives to this effort. First, assess the ability of UAV-acquired multispectral near-infrared imagery to separate flue-cured tobacco varieties and nitrogen rates. Secondly, develop hyperspectral indices and machine learning models that can accurately predict the incidence of black shank in flue-cured tobacco. Flue-cured tobacco nitrogen rates were significantly different in 2017 from 59 days after transplanting to harvest using UAV-acquired near-infrared imagery. In 2018, heavy rainfall may have led to nitrogen leaching from the soil resulting in nitrogen rates being significantly different as early as 34 days after transplanting. The imagery also showed a significant relationship with variety maturation type in the late stages of crop development during ripening. Two hyperspectral indices were developed and one machine learning model was trained. Each had the ability to detect black shank incidence in fluecured tobacco pre-symptomatically, as well as separated black shank infested plants from healthy plants.

Neste trabalho são reunidos diferentes modelos e técnicas para representar situações experimentais ou observacionais de análise de sobrevivência. Para modelar respostas bivariadas e covariáveis foi proposto o modelo de regressão Kumaraswamy-Weibull bivariado. A presen»ca de indivíduos curados foi considerada sob duas diferentes abordagens, originando o modelo de regressão com fração de cura para dados bivariados por meio de cópulas e o modelo de regressão log-linear bivariado com fração de cura. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram esti- mados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança sujeito a restriçãoo nos parâmetros por meio da função barreira adaptada. Adaptou-se uma análise de sensibilidade de forma a considerar as metodologias de Influência Global, Influência Local e Influência Local Total para verificar vários aspectos que envolvem a formulação e ajuste dos modelos propostos. Utilizou-se um conjunto de dados de insuficiência renal e retinopatia diabética são utilizados para exemplificar a aplicação dos modelos propostos. / This work brought together di®erent models and techniques to represent expe- rimental or observational situations in survival analysis. To model bivariate responses and covariates was proposed Kumaraswamy Weibull bivariate regression model. The presence of cured individuals was considered under two di®erent approaches originating the regression model with a cured fraction for bivariate data through copulas and the log-linear bivariate regression model with cured fraction. The parameters of the models were estimated by ma- ximum likelihood method subject to the restriction on the parameters through the adapted barrier function. A sensitivity analysis was adapted considering the methodologies of Global In°uence, Local In°uence and Total Local In°uence to check various aspects of the formulation and adjustment of the models proposed. Data set of renal failure and diabetic retinopathy are used to exemplify the application of the proposed models.

Two pieces of complementary research dealing with the study of the importance of genetic factors on the quality of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano were carried out for this thesis. The first one compared Serrano dry-cured hams made from typical commercial lines of four representative breeds (Duroc, Landrace, Large White and Piétrain) subjected to the current standard industrial process. Most of the differences in raw material, final composition and rheology were between Piétrain and the other three breeds. Duroc breed showed the most important differences in instrumental colour and appearance, probably caused by its higher intramuscular fat content. The differences between the four breeds in dry-cured ham sensory quality were too small to discriminate them on single traits. However, according to multivariate analyses (PCA), the Large White showed the most appropriate sensory characteristics for dry-cured ham production of the four pure breeds under the processing conditions used, while the Piétrain showed the least appropriate ones. The second piece of research studied the effect of the previously identified PRKAG3 and CAST genetic polymorphisms (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys and CAST Ser638Arg) on the quality traits of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. Associations between the polymorphisms and traits of flavour and texture were found. The PRKAG3 Ile/Ile genotype, the CAST249 Arg/Arg genotype, the CAST638 Arg/Arg genotype and the haplotype CAST 249Arg-638Arg are the most favourable for the production of the Spanish dry-cured ham Jamón Serrano. It can be concluded that the effect of different pure breeds was not strong enough to produce significant perceivable differences between dry-cured hams. In contrast, differences between genotypes of PRKAG3 and CAST polymorphisms on proteolysis and sensory traits indicated that polymorphisms could induce perceivable differences in the sensory quality of dry-cured hams. Accordingly, genetic polymorphisms could be better indicators of material screening in the dry-cured ham industry than breeds. / En aquesta tesi s’han realitzat dos estudis complementaris sobre la importància dels factors genètics sobre la qualitat del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. El primer compara pernils curats elaborats a partir de línies genètiques comerciales de quatre races representatives (Duroc, Landrace, Large White y Piétrain) i sotmesos a un procés industrial estàndard i actual Les majors diferències en els pernils frescos i en la composició i reologia final es van observar entre Piétrain i les altres tres races. La raça Duroc va presentar les principals diferències en color instrumental i aparença sensorial, probablement degut al seu alt contingut de greix intramuscular. Les diferències en característiques sensorials entre les quatre races van ser massa petites per a poder discriminar entre elles en base a característiques individuals. No obstant, considerant les anàlisis multivariades (PCA), la raça Large White va mostrar les característiques sensorials més apropiades per al pernil curat en les condicions de elaboració aquí utilitzades, mentres que la raça Piétrain va mostrar les menys apropiades. El segon estudi analitza l’efecte dels polimorfismes genètics PRKAG3 i CAST, prèviament identificats (PRKAG3 Ile199Val, CAST Arg249Lys i CAST Ser638Arg), sobre les característiques de qualitat del pernil curat espanyol Jamón Serrano. Hi va haver associacions significatives dels genotips PRKAG3, CAST249 i CAST638 i del haplotip CAST amb varis caràcters relacionats amb flavor i textura. Els genotips PRKAG3 Ile/Ile, CAST249 Arg/Arg, CAST638 Arg/Arg i l’haplotip CAST 249Arg-638Arg són els més favorables per a l’elaboració del pernil curat Jamón Serrano. Es pot concloure que l’efecte de la raça no va ser prou fort per a provocar diferències perceptibles entre els pernils curats. Per contra, les diferències entre genotips dels polimorfismes PRKAG3 i CAST poden induir diferències perceptibles en la qualitat sensorial dels pernils curats. En conseqüència, els polimorfismes genètics podrien ser millors indicadors per a la selecció de la matèria prima a les indústries elaboradores de pernil curat que les races.

Objetivo: avaliar a biocompatibilidade de materiais indicados como protetores pulpar no tecido subcutâneo de ratos ao longo do tempo. Métodos: Implantes padronizados de Hidróxido de Cálcio (HC), Cimento de Ionômero de Vidro (CIV) e Adesivo Dentinário Fotoativado (ADF) foram colocados cirurgicamente no dorso de ratos Wistar e deixados por 15 e 30 dias (cada grupo com 5 animais) e os respectivos grupos sham (S). Após a experimentação os animais foram sacrificados e material do dorso dos animais foi retirado para estudo ao microscópio de luz com estereologia e imuno-histoquímica para &#945;-actina de músculo liso (ACML, detecção de miofibroblastos). As pastilhas e a superfície das cápsulas fibrosas foram analisadas quanto a textura, em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com microanálise. Resultados: Houve diferenças na fibrose e no número de mastócitos na região peri-implante dependente do tipo de implante. Não foram detectados miofibroblastos expressando ACML. O menor valor de densidade volumétrica de fibrose intersticial (Vv[f]) ocorreu no grupo HC, e o maior no grupo ADF (diferença significativa em relação ao grupo S, nos dois tempos experimentais, p<0,05). Entretanto, aos 30 dias, houve acréscimo de 30% de Vv[f] do grupo ADF, determinando, neste período, diferença significativa em relação ao grupo HC. Quanto a densidade numérica de mastócitos por área (NA[mastócito]) o menor valor ocorreu no grupo HC sem diferença para o grupo S, mas diferença para o grupo ADF (este com o maior valor de NA[mastócito] nos dois tempos experimentais). O grupo CIV apresentou, para Vv[f] e NA[mastócito], durante toda a experimentação, resultados intermediários aos grupos HC e ADF. Houve fibrose discreta e restrita a área cirúrgica com poucos mastócitos juntos aos vasos no grupo S. Houve correlação positiva para Vv[f] e NA[mastócito], no grupo ADF. Ao MEV viu-se interação, no grupo HC, entre o material da pastilha e sua cápsula fibrótica, mas não nos grupos ADF e CIV. Conclusão: Os materiais estudados induziram a formação de fibrose e migração de mastócitos de modo diferenciado. Os resultados sugerem o HC como o material mais compatível biologicamente dentre os testados neste trabalho. / Purpose: to evaluate the biocompatibility of some pulpar protecting materials in the subcutaneous tissue of rats along the time. Methods: standardized implants of Calcium Hydroxide (CH), Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and Light-cured Dentin Adhesive (LDA) surgically were put in the back of Wistar rats and left by 15 and 30 days (each group with 5 animals) and the respective sham groups (S). After the experimentation the animals were sacrificed and material from the back of the animals was removed for study with light microscope, stereology and immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle alfa-actin (SMAA, myofibroblast detection). The implants and the fibrous capsule surfaces were analyzed with the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) adapted with microanalysis. Results: the fibrosis and the number of mastocytes were different in the implant area depending of the implant type. Myofibroblasts were not detected expressing SMAA. The smallest value of the volume density of interstitial fibrosis (Vv[f]) occured in the CH group, and the largest in the LDA group (the difference was significant in relation to the S group, in the two experimental times, p < 0.05). However, to the 30 days, the Vv[f] of the LDA group increase 30%, being different from the CH group in this period. The numerical density of mastocytes per area (NA[mastocyte]) was smaller in the CH group without difference for the S group, but with difference from the LDA group (this group had the largest NA[mastocyte] value in the two experimental times). The GIC group had, for Vv[f] and NA[mastocyte] all experimentation time, intermediary values ranging from CH to LDA values. There was discreet and restricted fibrosis in the surgical area with few mastocytes associated to vessels in the S group. There was positive correlation for Vv[f] and NA[mastocyte] in the LDA group. In the CH group the SEM observed interaction between the implant material and its fibrotic capsule, but not in the LDA and GIC groups. Conclusion: The studied materials induced the fibrosis formation and mastocytes migration in a differentiated way. The results suggest that CH as the most biologically compatible material among the materials tested in this work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:04:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4552.pdf: 1449121 bytes, checksum: 5d02e70bde72ea9ef3c257c80ceed1dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-03 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this dissertation we propose new models for survival with cure fraction to describe the biological mechanism of the event of interest (cancer) in studies of carcinogenesis in the presence of competing causes latent independent or correlated. The formulation of new models is based on stochastic modeling of the occurrence of tumors through three stages: initiation of a tumor not detectable, promotion and progression of the tumor to a detectable cancer. These models allow a simple pattern of the dynamics of tumor growth, and incorporate into the analysis features of the stage of tumor progression that is not possible in most survival models with cure fraction commonly used. For the proposed models, the inferential process was discussed in terms of classical and Bayesian point of view. Simulations studies were conducted in order to analyze the asymptotical properties of the classical estimation procedure. Real data applications demonstrate of use of the models. / Neste trabalho propomos modelos de sobrevivência com fração de cura para descrever o mecanismo biológico da ocorrência do evento de interesse (câncer) em estudos da carcinogênese na presença de causas competitivas latentes independentes ou correlacionadas. A formulação dos novos modelos é baseada na modelagem estocástica da ocorrência dos tumores através de três estágios: iniciação de um tumor não detectável, promoção e a progressão do tumor até um câncer detectável. Estes modelos permitem um padrão simples da dinâmica de crescimento do tumor, além de incorporarem características do estágio de progressão do tumor, que não é possível na maioria dos modelos de sobrevivência com fração de cura comumente utilizados. Para os modelos propostos, discutimos o processo inferencial do ponto de vista clássico e bayesiano. Estudos de simulações foram feitos com o objetivo de analisar as propriedades assintóticas do processo de estimação clássico. Aplicações a conjuntos de dados reais mostraram a aplicabilidade dos modelos.

The wild fauna represent an option of protein source to Brazil and others countries of Latina America, Europe and Asia. In this context, the greater rhea and others ratites are very valorized in the market, because of the healthy read meat that is introduced what is similar to others sorts of slaughter. This work had the objective to develop and to characterize a cured fermented sausage with rhea meat (Rhea Americana) and the pork meat in the Brazilian market. In the formulations of the cured fermented sausage used five meat combinations (90% rhea, 67,5% rhea / 22,5% pork, 45% rhea / 45% pork, 22,5% rhea / 67,5% pork, 90% pork). The products elaborated were appraised for analysis physicochemical, microbiologics, and sensorials. The results of phisicochemical analyzes sowed that the proctucts elaboreteds were in the vigor law to the salami, therefore water activity varieted from 0,88 to 0,90 (maximum 0,92), umided varieted from 35,93% to 41,07% (maximum 40%), fat varieted from 29,89 from 31,03 (maximum 35%) and protein variated from 29,89% to 31,03% (minimum 20%). The results indicated that all products developed showed secure to the microbiologic seen. The sensorial analyze revealed bigger preference to the cured sausages that contains elevated percentage of the pork meat in relation to the rhea meat, therefore the cured sausages that contains 22,5% of rhea meat and 67,5% of pork meat obtained the best valuation of the colour, smell, texture and savour. The products developed with more proportion of rhea meat in relation to the pork obtained the minor preference for the provers panel, moreover the formulated cured sausages with 90% of rhea meat received undervaluation. Is follow that, in the present work, the cured fermented sausages that have a formulation of 22,5% of rhea meat and 67,5% of pork meat reunited characteristics to be framed into the vigor law of salami and are the most appropriate to be into the Brazilian market as a alternative font of proteins to the human consumption. / A fauna silvestre representa uma opção de fonte protéica para o Brasil e outros países da América Latina, Europa e Ásia. Nesse contexto, a ema e outras ratitas, são muito valorizadas no mercado pela carne vermelha saudável que apresentam, que é similar a outras espécies de abate. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar um embutido curado fermentado contendo carne de ema (Rhea americana) e carne de suíno, no mercado brasileiro. Nas formulações dos embutidos, utilizou-se cinco combinações cárneas (90% ema, 67,5% ema / 22,5% suíno, 45% ema / 45% suíno, 22,5% ema / 67,5% suíno, 90% suíno). Os produtos elaborados foram avaliados por análise físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram que os produtos elaborados estavam dentro da legislação vigente para salame, sendo que a atividade de água variou de 0,88 a 0,90 (máximo 0,92), umidade variou de 35,93% a 41,07% (máximo 40%), gordura variou de 19,67% a 23,53% (máximo 35%) e proteína variou de 29,89% a 31,03% (mínimo 20%). Os produtos desenvolvidos apresentaram-se seguros sob o ponto de vista microbiológico. A análise sensorial revelou maior preferência pelos embutidos contendo percentagem mais elevada de carne de suíno em relação à carne de ema, sendo que os embutidos contendo 22,5% de carne de ema e 67,5% de carne de suíno obtiveram as melhores avaliações da cor, odor, textura e sabor. Os produtos desenvolvidos com maior proporção de carne de ema em relação ao suíno tiveram a menor preferência pelo painel de avaliadores, sendo que os embutidos formulados com 90% de carne de ema receberam as menores avaliações. Conclui-se que no presente trabalho, os embutidos curados fermentados que possuem uma formulação de 22,5% de carne de ema e 67,5% de carne de suíno reuniram características para serem enquadrados na legislação vigente de salame e são os mais adequados para serem lançados no mercado brasileiro como uma fonte alternativa de proteínas para o consumo humano.