L’écoconception d’un produit vise à réduire, dès sa phase de conception, son futur impact environnemental. Dans un contexte fortement concurrentiel, ceci peut être vécu comme une nouvelle contrainte venant s’ajouter à des processus industriels déjà très entravés. Les entreprises souhaitant appliquer de telles démarches sont donc à la recherche de solutions pour faciliter et renforcer l’intégration de l’environnement en conception, mais aussi faire en sorte de la rendre pérenne. L’originalité de cette thèse est d’aborder cette question selon la place des connaissances, et donc des acteurs, en montrant que ces difficultés d’intégration résultent d’un manque de connaissances locales. Nous proposons une réponse selon trois niveaux d’intervention afin d’améliorer ces démarches : (1) la méthode K2stor met en évidence, dans les processus d’écoconception, les défaillances liées à un besoin de connaissances locales, (2) l’approche K2afé crée des situations d’interaction entre acteurs en entreprise afin de construire des connaissances locales cibles et (3) K2alligraphie est un formalisme pour faciliter le partage des raisonnements propres aux modélisations en Analyse de Cycle de Vie entre ses praticiens. Ces trois propositions ont été mises à l’épreuve en milieu industriel ou selon des contextes directement inspirés de données réelles. L’observation et l’analyse de l’usage de ces propositions démontrent leur opérationnalité et leur efficacité. Ceci nous amène finalement à dresser les contours d’une plateforme dédiée à la construction de connaissances locales en écoconception. / In an ecodesign process, designers try to reduce the environmental impact of the product while keeping the usual objectives of competitiveness, quality, and time to market. In a highly competitive context, companies require support to easily and strongly integrate the environment, while, at the same time, keeping a real long term perspective. The originality of this thesis is that it addresses this challenge through knowledge, and thus stakeholder, perspective. We demonstrate how a lack of local knowledge can affect the integration of environmental concerns into the design process. That is why we propose a three step answer to improve the ecodesign approach: (1) K2stor methodology highlights failures linked to a need of local knowledge, (2) K2afé approach creates a social interaction situation between the stakeholders to construct target knowledge and (3) K2alligraphie is a formalism developed to facilitate the sharing of Life Cycle Analysis reasoning between its users. These three proposals have been tested in an industrial context and through observations. The analysis of the usage of these three propositions lead us to confirm their efficiency. Finally, an ecodesign knowledge platform is outlined.

Purpose: To map the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s (reuse, remanufacture and recycle) as well as gain an understanding of  the cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations and companies that work with the 3R’s:      1) What factors play a role in the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s?    2) Which cooperation opportunities do the companies’ see from a sustainability perspective?   Method: The study was based on a multiple case design which consisted interviews. The interviews were based on companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) and companies who are engaged in taking care of the used EEE. The study also contained different literature studies in sustainability, which further lead to the creation of the theoretical framework in cooperation with the purpose of the study. Between the theoretical framework and the study's empiricism an analysis could be carried out, which also contributed to the results of the study.   Result: The study has resulted in the identification of several different factors for the specific 3R’s, together with cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations of EEE and companies that take care of the consumed EEE based on the specific 3R’s. Where economic sustainability, i.e. profit maximization has been the factor that has permeated a large part of the results, together with some influence from environmental considerations.   Implications: The study does not establish a new theory but bases itself on existing theories that have been tested in reality through interviews. During this study, it has been clear that the economic factors are one of the most important elements that determine how companies choose to work. Profit maximization is such a big factor that it also affects and outweighs environmental considerations when placed against each other. Environmental considerations are usually less considered than profit maximization but should weigh at least as much as profit maximization during the decision-making process.   Limitations: • The study is based only on companies located in Sweden. • This study does not address/treat social sustainability or social considerations. • The study is based on producer companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical products as well as companies that work with reuse, remanufacture and recycling of electronic and electrical products.   Key words: Waste management, End of life, supply chain, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle. / Syfte: Att kartlägga företagens användning av de specifika 3R:en (återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning) samt se över samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverkande organisationer och företag som jobbar med de 3R:en: 1)      Vilka faktorer spelar roll för företagens användning av de specifika 3R: en? 2)      Vilka samarbetsmöjligheter ser företagen ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv? Metod: Studien utgick från en flerfallsdesign som bestod av intervjuer. Intervjuer skedde enbart på företag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska utrustningar (EEE) och företag som sysselsätter sig med att ta hand om de konsumerade EEE. Det utfördes även litteraturstudier inom hållbarhet som kunde bana väg för skapandet av studiens teoretiska ramverk utifrån relevanta teorier inom hållbarhet utifrån studiens syfte. Genom ett samarbete mellan det teoretiska ramverket och studiens empiri kunde en analys ske som även bidrog till studiens resultat. Resultat: Studien har resulterat i att flera olika faktorer har identifierats fram för de specifika 3R:en tillsammans med samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverknings organisationer av EEE samt företag som tar hand om de konsumerade EEE utifrån de specifika 3R:en. Där den ekonomiska hållbarheten d.v.s. vinstmaximeringen har varit det som har genomsyrat stora delar av resultat med inflytande av miljömässiga överväganden Implikationer: Studien upprättar ingen ny teori utan tar sin utgångspunkt från redan befintliga teorier som har prövats i verkligheten genom intervjuer. Under denna studiens gång har det varit klart att de ekonomiska faktorerna är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som bestämmer hur företagen väljer att jobba. Vinstmaximeringen är en sådan stor faktor så att det även påverkar och väger tyngre än miljömässiga överväganden när de ställs emot varandra. Miljömässiga överväganden är något som väger mindre när det ställs emot vinstmaximeringen men som bör väga lika mycket som vinstmaximeringen under beslutsfattanden. Avgränsningar: <ul type="disc">Studien baseras endast på företag som är lokaliserade i Sverige. I denna studie behandlas inte den sociala hållbarheten eller sociala överväganden. Studien utgår ifrån producentföretag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska produkter samt företag som jobbar med återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning av elektroniska och elektriska produkter.   Nyckelord: Waste management, End of life, försörjningskedja, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle.

xii, 97 p. / Electricity generated from woody biomass material is generally considered renewable energy and has been considered carbon neutral. However, recent criticism from scientists argues that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile of bioenergy is nuanced and the carbon neutral label is inappropriate. An initial carbon debt is created when a forest is harvested and combusted for bioenergy. Because forests re-grow over a period of years, life cycle analyses show that bioenergy generated from whole trees from forests may not reduce GHG emissions in the short term, as required to combat climate change. State renewable portfolio standards and federal laws and proposed legislation designed to incentivize renewable energy typically define eligible forms of biomass that qualify for these incentives. Most of these definitions are very broad and do not account for GHG emissions from bioenergy. Federal and state laws should incorporate life cycle analyses into definitions of eligible biomass so that these laws incentivize biomass electricity that reduces GHG emissions in the next several decades. / Committee in charge: Roberta Mann, Chairperson; Scott Bridgham, Member

I Sverige släpper byggbranschen ut cirka 10 Mton koloxid varje år, vilket motsvarar 17% av Sveriges totala utsläpp av koldioxid. När det kommer till energianvändningen står byggindustrin för cirka 99 TWh, den energianvändningen motsvarar 32 procent av den totala energianvändningen i Sverige.På grund av den stora miljöpåverkan som byggbranschen bidrar med ville vi i detta arbete jämföra olika material som används i byggnadskonstruktioner för att skapa en uppfattning om vilket material som har lägst miljöpåverkan. För att kunna göra detta inom en rimlig tidsram begränsade vi oss till att studera två stommaterial, betong och trä, i två befintliga byggnader. För att göra denna jämförelse av dessa två stommaterial utfördes en livscykelanalys.De miljöpåverkanskategorier som har studerats är klimatpåverkan och resursanvändning i form av utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter och energianvändning. Arbetet har avgränsats till att endast undersöka de ingående materialen från utvinning av råmaterial och fram till leverans av material på byggarbetsplatsen. I studien har endast de material som krävs för att stommarna skall uppfylla samma brand- och hållfasthetskrav studerats.Resultatet visade att betongstommen hade lägre energiförbrukning och utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter än trästommen. För att stommarna skulle uppfylla samma brand- och hållfasthetskrav krävdes enbart tre material i betongstommen, dessa var plattbärlag, betong och armering. För trästommen krävdes däremot sju olika material, dessa var limträ, kerto-Q, stål, brandgips och normalgips, flytspackel och armering. Detta är något som påverkade resultatet avsevärt, då fler tillverkningsprocesser och transporter togs i beaktning. / The environmental impact caused by companies is a major topic that affects all kind of industries. One big industrial sector which contributes to the environmental impact is the construction industry. In Sweden, the construction industry releases approximately 10 Mton of carbon dioxide every year, which is 17 % of Sweden’s total emission of carbon dioxide. When it comes to the energy use, the construction industry accounts for approximately 99 TWh, this use of energy is 32 % of Sweden’s total use of energy.Because of the big environmental impact that the construction industry contributes with, we wanted to compare different materials used in the construction of houses, to see which material that have the lowest impact on the environment. Due to the time limit we investigated two different houses made from two different framing material, wood and concrete. To be able to evaluate which framing material of the two that have the lowest environmental impact we have made a life cycle analysis.We have chosen to compare the two different framing materials by investigating how much carbon dioxide that are released and how much energy that are used for both concrete and wood when using them as a framing material. The report is limited to only investigate the environmental impact that the two materials contributes with, from the raw material extraction to the delivery of the material to the construction site. In this report we have only, except the framing material itself, looked at the additional material that are needed for the two different framing materials to fulfil the fire and strength demands.The result of the report showed that the concrete construction had both lower use of energy and release of carbon dioxide compared to the wood construction. The wood construction had seven additional materials, when the concrete construction only had three additional materials. This did of course have an impact on the result, since there was more manufacturing processes and transportations to consider in the analysis for the wood construction.Keywords:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4297.pdf: 4397447 bytes, checksum: e5f98b94d72e389281cbc0c54b112024 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The construction industry in Brazil has great importance both socially and economically, but generates more than 50% of municipal solid waste and consuming large quantities of raw materials, energy and water. Thus the sector is strategic under the environmental point of view, since small changes in their processes cause the reduction of environmental impacts. To meet the current housing shortage, many building systems are being employed in the country, among which, the Light Steel Framing (LSF), which consists of a rational building system, and industrial productivity. The aim of this study was to simulate the amount of embodied energy original (EEi) of a standard project aimed at social housing using the LSF as a constructive system, applying the concepts of Life Cycle Analysis of Energy (ACVE). To achieve this goal initially was held to review the literature on sustainability, and LSF construction system ACVE. Following the adjustment was made for a project for social housing in structural masonry designed to LSF. From the specifications for materials and components, their respective values of the quantitative EEi and held the simulation of the quantity of EEi considering three scenarios: project conceived in structural masonry concrete block, masonry, structural ceramic blocks and LSF. Comparing the results of three simulations, it was concluded that the project designed masonry structural ceramic blocks showed the lowest absolute value of the EEi in relation to other systems simulated (117.6 GJ and 3.0 GJ / m² ), with the LSF presented an intermediate value (154.3 GJ and 3.9 GJ / m²), but very close to the masonry of ceramic blocks, while designed masonry concrete blocks had a higher value (262 , 0 GJ and 6.6 GJ / m²), largely due to the high value of IAS adopted for the concrete. It is noteworthy that these results should not be extrapolated as EE values were used for materials and components used in these construction systems referenced in the international literature, which indicates the need to build a national database about. / A indústria de construção civil no Brasil possui grande importância tanto social quanto econômica, porém é geradora de mais de 50% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e consumidora de grande quantidade de matéria-prima, energia e água. Desta forma o setor é estratégico sob o ponto de vista ambiental uma vez que pequenas mudanças em seus processos ocasionam a redução dos impactos ambientais. Para suprir o déficit habitacional atual, vários sistemas construtivos estão sendo empregados no país, dentre os quais, o Light Steel Framing (LSF), que consiste em um sistema construtivo racional, industrializado e com melhor produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu na simulação da quantidade de energia embutida inicial (EEi) de um projeto padrão voltado à habitação de interesse social utilizando o LSF como sistema construtivo, aplicando-se os conceitos de Análise de Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE). Para atingir este objetivo se realizou inicialmente a revisão bibliográfica sobre sustentabilidade, sistema construtivo LSF e ACVE. Na sequência fez-se a adaptação de um projeto para habitação de interesse social concebido em alvenaria estrutural para o LSF. A partir das especificações dos materiais e componentes, dos seus respectivos valores de EEi e dos quantitativos realizou-se a simulação da quantidade de EEi considerando 3 situações: projeto concebido em alvenaria estrutural de blocos de concreto, alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos e LSF. Comparando-se os resultados das três simulações realizadas, concluiu-se que o projeto concebido em alvenaria estrutural de blocos cerâmicos foi o que apresentou menor valor de EEi absoluto em relação aos demais sistemas simulados (117,6 GJ e 3,0 GJ/m²), tendo-se o LSF apresentado um valor intermediário (154,3 GJ e 3,9 GJ/m²), porém bem próximo ao da alvenaria de blocos cerâmicos, enquanto que o concebido em alvenaria de blocos de concreto apresentou maior valor (262,0 GJ e 6,6 GJ/m²), muito em função do elevado valor de EEi adotado para o concreto. Ressalta-se que tais resultados não devem ser extrapolados uma vez que foram utilizados valores de EE para os materiais e componentes aplicados nestes sistemas construtivos referenciados em literatura internacional, o que indica a necessidade de se construir uma base de dados nacional a respeito.

Les activités humaines produisent des eaux usées dont le traitement génère des boues d’épuration urbaines. Ces boues font l’objet de recherches visant à les transformer en produits à forte valeur ajoutée. Elles pourraient ainsi passer d’un statut de déchet fatal au statut de coproduit attendu à l’issue de l’épuration des eaux. Ce changement de paradigme a des conséquences sur l’évaluation environnementale par Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) des produits « boue-sourcés ». La boue devient un coproduit attendu de la station de traitement des eaux et la charge environnementale liée à leur production doit pouvoir être répartie entre coproduits au moyen d’un facteur d’allocation. Cette thèse propose une construction mathématique de ce facteur d’allocation en combinant des paramètres « procédés » et « produits », intégrant de facto les relations causales entre conduite du procédé et obtention des produits, reflétant la réalité technologique du procédé. La résultante se présente sous la forme d’une matrice dont chaque élément associe, pour chaque donnée d’inventaire, un facteur d’allocation à chacun des coproduits générés. Appliquée à la production de fertilisants phosphatés boue-sourcés, l’ACV réalisée a permis de mettre en lumière la contribution majeure de l’étape de production par rapport aux étapes de traitement et valorisation de la boue. Cette méthodologie de construction d’un facteur d’allocation permet toutefois d’attribuer une charge environnementale à chacun des coproduits d’un système de production indivisible et peut également être utilisée de manière pertinente lors de l’évaluation environnementale des procédés de séparation de nature thermique, chimique ou physique. / Human activities produce wastewater that generates sludge, a waste recycled on agricultural soils or for energy recovery. Extensive research is currently undergone on sludge to develop processes that can convert it into products with high-added value. In this context, sludge could move from a fatal waste status to the status of an expected co-product of wastewater treatment. This paradigm shift has implications for the assessment of environmental impacts of "sludge-based" materials with Life Cycle Assessment. Indeed, sludge becomes an expected co-product from the wastewater treatment plant and the environmental burden of their production must be distributed among co-products by means of an allocation factor. This thesis aims at defining a mathematical construction of this allocation factor by combining process- and product-related parameters, integrating de facto the causal relationships between process operations and products generation and the technological reality of the process. The result is a matrix of which each element associates, for each inventory data, an allocation factor to each of the generated co-products. Applied to the production of sludge-based phosphate fertilizers, LCA highlights the major contribution of the production stage compared to the stages of treatment and recovery of the sludge. Nevertheless, the method developed within this thesis to allocate an environmental load to each co-products of an indivisible production system paves the way for a more coherent environmental assessment of waste-based products. This methodology can also be used effectively in the environmental assessment of thermal, chemical or physical separation processes.

Orientador: Vanessa Gomes da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:07:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_FlaviaRuschiMendesde_D.pdf: 3494903 bytes, checksum: a620337e4a546dd5a31d11a4ec3f1919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Pesquisas sobre novas gerações de sistemas de avaliação de edificações sugerem que o nível de sustentabilidade seja sempre avaliado por indicadores. Estudos de avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) apontam o sistema estrutural como um dos principais contribuintes para as cargas ambientais de uma edificação. Não obstante, as estruturas têm recebido atenção insuficiente nestes sistemas de avaliação. No setor de construção civil brasileiro, onde predominam edificações em concreto, dados de avaliação integrada de desempenho ambiental, econômico e social no ciclo de vida das edificações ou de seus subsistemas são, praticamente, inexistentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo demonstrar a hipótese de que um conjunto de indicadores é capaz de integrar aspectos fundamentais de sustentabilidade à tomada de decisão e diferenciar alternativas de sistema estrutural em concreto por seu desempenho técnico-funcional, ambiental e econômico no ciclo de vida da edificação. Critérios definidos com base na literatura filtraram uma lista preliminar de indicadores técnico-funcionais. ACVs do berço ao portão utilizando o software SimaPro 7.3 embasaram o cálculo de indicadores ambientais. Previsões da vida útil (VUe) e estimativas do custo do ciclo de vida (CCV) foram obtidas com o software Life-365 v.2.1.1. Para garantir 50 anos de vida útil de projeto (VUP) e atender ao requisito de durabilidade da ABNT NBR 15575:2013, a VUe foi corrigida por um programa de reparos. Indicadores técnico-funcionais foram calculados com base nas pranchas de projeto estrutural. Processo de análise hierárquica foi usado para definir sua importância relativa. Para a dimensão ambiental, adaptou-se a ponderação hierárquica do sistema de avaliação de impactos EcoIndicator 99. Uma ponderação igualitária foi usada nas duas dimensões para análise de sensibilidade. Cenários de importância relativa entre as dimensões técnico-funcional, ambiental e econômica foram predefinidos para ilustrar potenciais perspectivas de diferentes partes interessadas. Essa estrutura de indicadores e cenários de ponderação foi aplicada a 31 estudos de caso de tipologia vertical em concreto armado e protendido, em ambiente marinho do sudeste brasileiro. Resultados demonstraram a veracidade da hipótese, confirmando (i) que os indicadores mostram diferenças entre as estruturas, tanto no pavimento-tipo quanto na superestrutura, bem como, entre sistemas em concreto armado e protendido, e para os cenários propostos, as estruturas em laje protendida apresentaram desempenho global superior ao das estruturas em concreto armado, exceto quando se privilegia a dimensão ambiental, em que se observa o melhor desempenho desta última; (ii) não haver diferença entre as tipologias residencial e comercial para a finalidade desse estudo; (iii) a validade de considerar o pavimento-tipo representativo da superestrutura para o cálculo dos indicadores, exceto para os ambientais; (iv) haver uma correlação linear significativa entre os indicadores espessura equivalente e densidade de pilares com o número de pavimentos; e (v) que a unidade funcional ¿ m2área estrutural de uso residencial e comercial e VUP de 50 anos ¿ consegue capturar aspectos de durabilidade e função estrutural, aliada à facilidade em coletar dados nos escritórios de projeto, e realizar análises comparativas entre diferentes estruturas de edificações de mesma tipologia. Palavras-chave: indicador de desempenho; sustentabilidade; sistema estrutural em concreto; ACV; CCV / Abstract: Research initiatives for next generation assessment protocols state that buildings sustainability should always be described and assessed with the help of relevant indicators. Life cycle-based studies show the structural system as one of the major contributors to buildings environmental loads. However, structural systems have not gained enough attention in the sustainability/environmental buildings assessment systems so far. Data on integrated sustainability performance of building parts completely lack in the Brazilian building sector where concrete structures predominate. This study aims at checking the hypothesis that a set of indicators can integrate key aspects of sustainability in design decision-making and differentiate concrete structural system's alternatives by their technical-functional, environmental and economic performances in the building life cycle. Data for computing the technical-functional indicators were extracted from structural design drawings and calculation sheets provided by the responsible structural design practices. SimaPro 7.3 life cycle assessment (LCA) platform supported calculation of environmental indicators. Life cycle costs (LCC) and service life (SL) were estimated by Life-365 v.2.1.1 software. In order to reach the Brazilian standard durability requirement, SL was corrected through adoption of a repair program. Analytic hierarchy process was applied to define relative importance of technical-functional indicators. An adaptation of the life-cycle impact analysis method Eco-indicator 99 was used for weighting environmental indicators. Simulating different stakeholders perspectives, weighting scenarios among the technical-functional, environmental and economic performances were defined to streamline identification of a top performing solution. This framework of performance indicators and weighting scenarios were applied to thirty-one case studies of residential and commercial vertical buildings in reinforced and prestressed concrete in a southeast Brazilian marine environment. Results demonstrated the veracity of the hypothesis, confirming that (i) indicators were successful in showing structural systems¿ differences, both at typical floor and superstructure level, as well as between reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. For the proposed scenarios, the overall performance of prestressed structures exceeded all reinforced concrete structures¿ overall performance, except when it favors the environmental dimension, where the best performance of the latter is observed; (ii) there is no difference between commercial and residential typologies for the purpose of this study; (iii) a typical floor is representative of the whole superstructure for calculating technical-functional and economic performance indicators, but not for environmental indicators; (iv) there is a significant correlation between the indicators equivalent thickness and density of columns with the number of building floors; (v) the functional unit ¿ m2structural area for residential and commercial live loads for 50 years design life (DL) ¿ can capture aspects of durability and structural function, with the ease of collecting data in design offices, and performing comparative analyzes between different building structures of the same type. Additionally, for such analysis, the results show (vi) that more information and standardized presentation of quantitative data are needed in structural design drawings to facilitate data collection for indicators¿ calculation. Keywords: performance indicators; sustainability; concrete structural systems; LCA; LCC / Doutorado / Arquitetura e Construção / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

Cette thèse vise à fournir des bases d’informations et des outils qui font actuellement défaut dans l’analyse environnementale des filières biocarburant, en particulier dans l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV). Ce travail comprend deux volets complémentaires. Le premier volet s’intéresse aux filières biocarburants à l’échelle internationale. Une étude descriptive permet de définir le système PEC (Production, Elaboration, Consommation) pour représenter ces filières. Dans cette représentation, un outil de reconstitution des filières basé sur les flux d’échanges internationaux en bioproduits est développé. Appliqué aux consommations de biodiesel de l’Union Européenne (UE), cet outil montre que les surfaces agricoles mobilisées au sein l’UE passent de 72% du total en 2004 à 24 % en 2009. Les surfaces agricoles « distantes » (hors UE) sont à la fois mobilisées par importations de bioproduits (22 à 46%) et à travers les importations directes de biodiesel (0 à 40%). Cet outil produit des matrices d’allocations d’impacts basées sur les consommations nationales, utiles pour l’ACV. Le deuxième volet s'intéresse aux zones de production de matières premières en considérant une échelle locale afin d’intégrer leurs hétérogénéités spatiales et leurs spécificités territoriales. Les zones de production sont localisées dans les principaux pays producteurs approvisionnant les filières biocarburants de l’UE. L’examen de ces situations de production permet d’identifier la nature des impacts locaux in situ et d’en analyser la criticité en fonction du contexte national et territorial. Des approches spatialisées à partir de Systèmes d’Information Géographique (SIG) sont appliquées aux filières bioéthanol au Brésil. Ces approches aboutissent à la caractérisation des zones d’emprises dues aux unités de bioéthanol au Brésil, ainsi qu’à la mesure d’indicateurs propres aux différents bassins de production identifiés (stabilité spatiotemporelle de l’expansion de la canne à sucre). La compréhension des structurations et des interactions à l’échelle des filières couplée à la mise en œuvre d’approches spatialisées conduit à mieux prendre en compte les aspects spatiaux prépondérants dans l’analyse environnementale et les études ACV des biocarburants consommés en Europe. / This work aims to provide informations and tools that are currently lacking in the environmental analysis of biofuels, especially in the life cycle analysis (LCA). This work includes two complementary parts. The first part focuses on biofuels supply chains at international scale. A descriptive study allows us to define the PEC system (Production, Elaboration, Consumption) to represent these supply chains. A tool is developed to describe and quantify PEC entities from biofuel consumption to areas of primary crops production. This tool is applied to biodiesel consumption in the EU using bioproducts flows data taken from international trade databases. It shows that biodiesel consumption involves a rapidly growing contribution of crop areas outside the EU (Non-EU), increasing from 28% in 2004 to 76% in 2009. Non-EU crop areas are indeed simultaneously mobilised through imports of bioproducts (22-46%) and through direct imports of biodiesel (0-40%). This tool eventually produces allocation matrices, based on national consumption, which are useful for LCA. The second part focuses on primary crops areas by considering a local level in order to integrate their spatial heterogeneities and territorial specificities. Primary crop areas in major producing countries supplying EU's biofuel consumptions are localised. Examination of the production situation in important countries allows to identify the nature of in situ local impacts and to study criticality of impacts in the national and territorial context. Then, spatial approaches based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied to bioethanol industries in Brazil. In this approach, about 620 ethanol plants in Brazil are localised using GIS and their supply areas are characterised. This leads to the measurement of specific indicators, such as spatiotemporal patterns of sugarcane expansion. These results are a contribution to the understanding of the structure and interactions among supply chains and to a better consideration of the spatial aspects in environmental analysis and LCA studies of biofuels consumed in Europe.

La consommation globale de plastique renforcé de fibres de carbone (PRFC) est en constante augmentation, ce qui induit la nécessité de créer un secteur de recyclage capable de traiter l’ensemble des fibres de carbone actuellement consommées et qui représente la quantité de déchets à traiter en devenir. Cette thèse porte sur le développement et l'application d’une méthodologie d’évaluation multicritère du développement durable pour la création d’une filière de recyclage des plastiques renforcés de fibres de carbone (PRFC) issus du secteur aéronautique, mais aussi des autres secteurs consommateurs de fibres de carbone tels que l’automobile et l’éolien. Cette méthodologie a pour but d’identifier les indicateurs les plus pertinents ainsi que les méthodes qui leurs sont associés, c'est-à-dire qu’elle vise à la création et l’adaptation d’indicateurs clé de performance du développement durable pour caractériser au mieux les impacts environnementaux et sociaux-économique de cette filière de recyclage. Le résultat final de ce travail est la création d’une méthodologie d’évaluation du développement durable dédiée à la filière de recyclage des fibres de carbone par la considération des différents aspects de celui-ci. Cette méthodologie, aidant à l’identification et la définition des indicateurs clé de performances du développement durable peut être aussi appliquée à d’autres secteurs souhaitant s’implanter en suivant les principes de ce développement. / The global consumption of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is constantly growing since the last decade, leading to the need to create a recycling sector able to manage the amount of carbon fibers currently consumed and representing the amount of waste to be treated in the future. This thesis focus on the creation of a methodology for evaluating the sustainability potential for the implementation of a carbon fiber reinforced plastics recycling (CFRP) sector. CFRP coming from the aeronautics sector as well as other sectors such as the automobile and wind-energy industries. This methodology aims at identifying the most relevant indicators and associated methods, but also aims at the creation and adaptation of indicators to best assess the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of this recycling sector. The final result of this work, is the creation of a sustainability assessment methodology dedicated to the carbon fiber recycling sector, considering the different sustainability pillars. However this methodology also define more widely a tool that helps to identify sustainability performance indicators and that can be applied to other sectors if necessary.

Sverige är berikat med en mycket stor areal av skog, vilket ger oss stora möjligheter till att utnyttja trä som ett närproducerat konstruktionsmaterial. Detta betyder att vi har en stor förnybar källa nära till hands som alltid kan vara tillgänglig om vi använder den på rätt sätt, vilket i sin tur skapar fördelar för miljön och ytterligare intresse till att använda trästommar och träbaserade material i alla möjliga sorts byggnader. När det kommer till byggnadsdelar så görs vissa val av material och byggteknik för att klara av krav på exempelvis ljud, brand, värmeledningsförmåga och bärförmåga. Syftet med detta arbete är att visa vilka inriktningsval och materialval man bör fokusera på ur klimatsynpunkt när det kommet till beslut gällande olika konstruktionslösningar i träbyggnadssystem. I arbetet så är målet att klimatpåverkan från olika väggar av konstruktionsvirke respektive korslimmat trä (KL-trä) studeras i detalj och en översiktlig inblick i bjälklags påverkan ges.   Väggarnas utformning är framtagna av författaren med beräkningar i Excel utifrån specifika krav på U-värde, bärförmåga och brand förutom för KL-träväggarna där brandlastfallet kontrollerades med hjälp av programvaran SPFit2.0. Inga beräkningar görs för ljudkrav utan behandlas endast i text. En funktionell enhet är det ramverk med krav som används för samtliga byggnadsdelar för att göra de jämförbara med varandra. Referensprojektet i studien är en förskola med två våningar och den funktionella enheten som använts är baserad på referensprojektet och därav de krav som ställs på den byggnadstypen. Totalt 60 stycken väggar har studerats och består av både ytterväggar och innerväggar. Resultaten bygger på livscykelanalyser och är framtagna via verktyget Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg (BM). Två stycken bjälklag har studerats varav båda består av KL-trä. Bjälklagen är tagna från existerande projekt som omfattar en förskola med två våningar och som har trästomme.   Resultatet visar att, för att minska klimatpåverkan, kan och bör brandgips undvikas i de studerade stomsystemen. Beklädnader som man bör rikta in sig på ur klimatperspektivet är vanliga gipsskivor och ensamstående träbaserade skivor där möjligheten finns. Cellulosaisolering eller stenull bör användas istället för glasull. Densiteten hos stenullen kan ha en relativt stor negativ påverkan på resultatet och bör hållas låg ur klimatsynpunkt. En optimering ur klimatsynpunkt av väggar i en byggnad är inte en suboptimering, men relativt sett står bjälklag för en större klimatpåverkan än väggarna. Optimeringen av väggar kan resultera i drygt 7 procents reducering av varje våningsplans klimatpåverkan och kan även uppgå till att vara högre. Även olika uppbyggnader av en byggnadsdel inom samma stomsystem kan ge upphov till stora skillnader i byggnadsdelens klimatpåverkan. / Sweden is a country that is enriched by forest. This provides Sweden with the opportunity of having a lot of locally produced wooden building components. In brief, this means that we have a renewable source that will always be accessible if we utilize it in a correct manner. This grants a lot of benefits for the environment and creates a greater interest of practicing wooden building systems and the use of other wooden based materials in all sorts of buildings. When it comes to building components there are different choices that has to be done in order to overcome certain requirements regarding acoustics, fire safety, thermal conductivity and load bearing capacity. The purpose of this study is to show, based on the climatic impact, which decisions and materials to focus on when constructing buildings in wooden building systems. Here, the climatic impact from walls are thoroughly studied and the impact from slabs are given a general insight. The walls are using either cross-laminated timber (CLT) or studs made from construction timber.   The walls are formed by the author and all calculations regarding thermal conductivity, load bearing capacity and fire safety are made in Excel. The only exception is the load bearing capacity during a fire for walls using CLT where the software SPFit2.0 have been used. No calculations regarding acoustics have been made. A functional unit is the frame that forms the requirements that has to be met by every studied building component in order to make the results comparable between the different building components. The reference project for this study is a two-story preschool and the functional unit is based on that reference building. A total of 60 walls have been studied, consisting of both outer and inner walls. The results are based upon life-cycle analysis and are produced from a software called Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg (BM). Only two slabs have been studied whereas both use CLT. The slabs are taken from already existing projects that consists of a two-story preschool using a wooden building system.   The results show that plasterboards designed to withstand fire better are recommended to be avoided in these wooden building systems. Instead, the preferred coverings are regular plasterboards and single wooden based coverings where possible. Cellulose insulation and rockwool are the favored insulation materials rather than glass wool. The density of the rockwool may have a large impact on the result and is recommended to keep low. The optimisation of walls, based on climatic impact, is shown to not be a sub-optimisation, although the majority of the climatic impact comes from slabs. Optimised walls can result in a reduce of 7 percent on every floorplan and may also be higher. Even different variations of walls within the same wooden building system may cause large changes on the climatic impact.