京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第18185号 / 医科博第50号 / 新制||医科||4(附属図書館) / 31043 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 松岡 雅雄, 教授 小柳 義夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13112号 / 論医博第2130号 / 新制||医||1022(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 浅野 雅秀, 教授 瀬原 淳子, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les lymphocytes T CD8+ jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le contrôle de l’infection par le VIH suggérant ainsi qu’un vaccin efficace doit induire une réponse cellulaire T CD8+ robuste et durable.En fournissant une source antigénique importante qui fait défaut chez les patients répondeurs aux poly-chimiothérapies antirétrovirales, la vaccination thérapeutique pourrait favoriser ce type de réponse cellulaire, non restaurée par les seuls traitements antirétroviraux. Les cellules dendritiques (DC) autologues, qu’elles soient chargées en virus inactivé, en peptides viraux ou en ARN messagers (ARNm) sont capables d’induire des réponses robustes des cellules T CD8+ contre les antigènes du VIH, faisant de bons candidats vaccins thérapeutiques.Dans ce projet, nous avons étudié l’efficacité d’une vaccination thérapeutique basée sur l’injection de DC autologues transfectées ex vivo avec des ARNm codant les protéines du VIH (projet initié en collaboration avec Guido Vanham, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Anvers). La composante antigénique du vaccin est fournie par les séquences virales endogènes du patient; ainsi nous espérons adapter la spécificité de la réponse immunitaire aux virus autologues. Nous travaillons avec le Macaque cynomolgus comme modèle animal d’infection par les virus d’immunodéficience (SIV), modèle pertinent dans l’approfondissement des connaissances en pathogénèse et en développement vaccinal, notamment pour tester l’innocuité et l’efficacité des vaccins basés sur l’utilisation des DC. La mise au point un système de culture de DC basé sur la prolifération puis la différenciation des progéniteurs hématopoïétiques CD34+, qui nous a permis de générer in vitro des DC matures en nombre suffisant pour la vaccination (au moins 10.106).Nous avons caractérisé ces DC phénotypiquement, avec une attention particulière vis-à-vis de l’expression de lectines de type C et d’autres récepteurs DC-spécifiques. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’état d’activation des DC définit le niveau d’expression de ces molécules. Ces récepteurs membranaires sont impliqués dans la capture et la présentation des antigènes aux effecteurs, ainsi que dans l’orientation de la réponse immune. Le phénotype des DC générées in vitro a été comparé au phénotype de plusieurs population de cellules présentatrices d’antigène présentes in vivo chez le macaque.La transfection avec des ARNm par électroporation est un moyen sûr et efficace de charger les DC en antigènes. Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps l’immunogénicité du vaccin chez des macaques sains. Les résultats montrent qu’une réponse cellulaire de type Th1 (IFN-gamma et interleukine-2) spécifique à Gag est induite dès la première injection et peut être renforcée après les injections suivantes. Nous avons également mis en évidence l’induction de lymphocytes T CD8+ capables de sécréter en réponse à Gag plusieurs de ces cytokines, IFNg, IL2, TNFa, la chimiokine MIP1b, ou encore le marqueur de dégranulation cytotoxique CD107a. En revanche, aucune sécrétion de cytokine de type 2 ni de réponse anticorps spécifique de Gag n'a pu être mise en évidence.La seconde partie de notre projet a consisté en l’étude d’une stratégie de vaccination par ciblage des DC in vivo avec des protéines de fusion DC-spécifiques associées à des antigènes. Ce travail a été mené en collaboration avec le Baylor Insitute for Immunology Research (BIIR) à Dallas. Nous avons tout d’abord sélectionné les meilleurs clones d’Ac spécifiques de molécules humaines pour leur réactivité croisée avec les molécules du macaque cynomolgus. L’immunogénicité de protéines de fusion (dirigées contre LOX-1 et DC-ASGPR couplées à Gag du VIH ou HA1 de Influenza), a ensuite été évaluée in vivo chez le macaque. Ces travaux ont confirmé in vivo que l’induction de différents profils de réponses immunitaires Ag-spécifiques (Th1 et IL10) est possible par ciblage in vivo des DC avec des protéines de fusion dirigées contre différentes molécules (LOX-1 et DC-ASGPR). / Current treatments against HIV infection would benefit from the development of complementary immunotherapeutic strategies. Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in the induction of immune responses. In this thesis, we examine the use of the DC in therapeutic vaccination. Ex vivo loading of DC with messenger RNA encoding viral proteins and in vivo loading of DC by targeting antigen to DC-specific endocytic receptors are two strategies evaluated in healthy macaque.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 1954. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T18:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) monique_lima_ipec_dout_2014.pdf: 9316756 bytes, checksum: 6817ee76c11bc8b988d293e2c9b5bd82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-18 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e foi declarada emergência em saúde pública mundial pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A tuberculose persiste como um problema de saúde mundial, em parte, porque os indivíduos infectados, muitas vezes, não aderem ao longo tratamento de forma devida. A ampla vacinação com a BCG reduziu a ocorrência das formas mais graves de tuberculose em crianças, porém, a forma adulta pulmonar é responsável pela principal causa de morte no mundo. A validação de novas vacinas para utilização na clínica humana, passa pela necessidade de se testá-las, ainda em fase pré-clínica, em modelo animal que desenvolva e reproduza de forma semelhante a doença humana. Avaliamos, neste estudo, os aspectos referentes à segurança do método de eletroporação e a imunogenicidade da vacina pVAX-hsp65, administrada em 3 doses com intervalo de 1 mês cada, em macacos cynomolgus Foram realizadas análises clínicas, hemograma, teste de função renal, hepática, além da avaliação das subpopulações celulares (TCD4, TCD8, NK, linfócitos B, células dendríticas mielóide e plasmacitóide), marcador de ativação celular (HLA-DR e CD69), grânulos citotóxicos (granzima B/perforina), citocinas (IFN-\03B3, TNF-\03B1, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 e IL-6), marcadores de proliferação (Ki-67) e ligados a apoptose (BcL-2). A vacina se mostrou segura, sem causar efeitos adversos relacionados ao local da inoculação, não induziu disfunção hepática ou renal nem alterações hematológicas. A vacinação não induziu conversão ao teste tuberculínico. Observamos um aumento de células T CD4+ de memória central, o que caracteriza ativação celular. A indução preferencial de células dendriticas com perfil plasmacitóide foi evidenciada de forma transitória O perfil de citocinas gerado após a vacinação foi preferencialmente induzido pela ix expressão de IFN-\03B3 em células NK e uma tendência ao aumento em linfócitos T CD4 e CD8, o que levaria ao controle da erplicação bacteriana pela presença de resposta inflamatória do tipo Th1. O controle desta resposta pode também estar sendo realizada pela exuberante resposta de TNF-\03B1 e IL-6 que modularia a formação do granuloma e contenção da micobatéria. Assim, nossos resultados apontam para a formação de uma resposta protetora periférica induzida pela vacina pVAX-hsp65 em macacos cynomolgus / Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and was declared a public health emergency by World Health Organization. Tuberculosis remains a worldwide health problem, partly because infected individuals often refuse the long- treatment. Widespread vaccination with BCG reduced the occurrence of severe forms of tuberculosis in children; however, pulmonary tuberculosis in adult is the main cause of death worldwide. To validate new vaccines for clinical use in human, preclinical tests in animal model to reproduce human disease is necessary. Our mean goal was to evaluated, the safety and immunogenicity of a new vaccine pVAX-hsp65, administrated by electroporation in cynomolgus monkeys in three doses with one month apart. Clinical analyzes were performed: Red and white blood cells count, renal and liver functional test, evaluation of lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, NK, B lymphocytes, and myeloid and plasmacytoide dendritic cells), markers for cell activation (HLA-DR and CD69), activation of cytotoxic granules (granzyme B / perforin), cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, Il-4, IL-5 and IL-6), proliferation (Ki-67) and anti-apoptosis (BCL-2) markers. The vaccine proved to be safe, with no adverse effects related to the inoculation site and did not induce liver or kidney dysfunction or hematological changes. The vaccination did not convert the tuberculin skin test. We observed an enhancement of central memory TCD4 lymphocytes which indicates cell activation. The preferential induction of plasmacytoide dendritic cells was transient. The profile of cytokines generated after vaccination was preferentially induced by IFN-γ expression in NK cells, showing a tendency to increase in TCD4+ and CD8+ cells, which would lead to control of bacterial growth by induction of a protective Th1 response. The robust immune response observed may either be controlled by secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 that are able to modulate the granuloma maturation and mycobacteria elimination. Thus, our results indicates that the pVAX-hsp65 vaccination, was able to induce a peripheral protective immune respose in cynomolgus monkeys

Le virus Lassa entraine une fièvre hémorragique endémique en Afrique de l’Ouest et représente un problème de santé publique. Les connaissances sur la pathogénèse et les réponses immunitaires associées à la maladie sont partielles. Nous avons suivi les paramètres pathologiques, virologiques et immunologiques associés aux infections létales et non létales du LASV chez le singe cynomolgus. Le tableau clinique a été caractérisé par une dépression, une anorexie, une perte de poids et une asthénie chez les animaux survivants, tandis que ces mêmes symptômes ont été accompagnés de fièvre, de difficultés respiratoires et d’épistaxis chez les animaux infectés par une dose létale. Seuls ces derniers ont montré une perturbation des paramètres de coagulation, une rhabdomyolyse et une hausse des marqueurs de lésions rénales. Nous avons observé un tropisme radicalement différent en fonction de la sévérité de la maladie, avec une dissémination virale dans les organes plus importante et plus rapide chez les animaux décédés, la présence de particules infectieuses plus nombreuses et des modifications anatomopathologiques plus sévères. Une réponse immunitaire innée et adaptative précoce et puissante a été associée avec le contrôle de l’infection et la survie tandis que les infections fatales ont été caractérisées par une réponse inflammatoire ressemblant au choc septique, une défaillance de la réponse immunitaire ainsi qu’une réplication virale incontrôlée. Cette étude permet d’améliorer nos connaissances de la pathogénèse de la fièvre de Lassa et d’apporter des marqueurs d’infection prédictifs de la maladie / Lassa virus causes a hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa and represents a threat for civilians. The pathogenesis and the immune responses associated with the disease are poorly understood. We followed pathological, virological and immunological parameters associated with fatal and non-fatal Lassa virus infection in the cynomolgus monkey. The clinical picture was characterized by depression, anorexia, weight loss and asthenia in survivors whereas the same symptoms were supported by fever, respiratory difficulties and epistaxis in animals infected with the lethal dose. Only fatalities have shown coagulation parameters dysfunction, rhabdomyolysis and an increase of renal function markers. We observed a different viral tropism in a function of the disease severity, with viral dissemination in organs that was more important and faster in fatalities, the appearance of numerous infectious particles number and more severe pathologic changes. Early and robust innate and adaptive immune response has been associated with the control of infection and recovery whereas fatal infections were characterized by a sepsis like inflammatory response, defective immune response as well as uncontrolled viral replication. This study sheds light on the pathogenesis of Lassa fever and reveals infection markers predictive of the disease outcome

Submitted by Tatiana Oliveira (tsilva@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-06-02T21:57:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 debora_rl_santos_ioc_bp_0004_2010.pdf: 851931 bytes, checksum: 53ba90215d519794dc32572e27e887e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-02T21:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 debora_rl_santos_ioc_bp_0004_2010.pdf: 851931 bytes, checksum: 53ba90215d519794dc32572e27e887e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Vírus da hepatite E (HEV) detectados em amostras de origem animal vêm sendo associados a casos humanos esporádicos de hepatite E aguda em regiões não endêmicas. No Brasil, a alta prevalência de anticorpos anti-HEV em suínos foi demonstrada em granjas comerciais sugerindo a grande disseminação deste vírus em rebanhos suinícolos. A fim de se comprovar a circulação do HEV no país três investigações foram conduzidas a partir de amostras obtidas de suínos, do ambiente, e de humanos. No primeiro estudo, foi realizado o acompanhamento sorológico de 26 animais desde o nascimento até a idade do abate em uma granja comercial e de 47 animais de uma fazenda modelo nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Mato Grosso, respectivamente. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de pocilgas de animais de diferentes faixas etárias. Ao fim deste estudo, a maioria dos animais era sororeativa para anti-HEV. Pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), o genoma parcial do HEV foi detectado e as amostras classificadas no genótipo 3, o mesmo que circula em outras populações suínas tanto de regiões endêmicas quanto não-endêmicas. Posteriormente, para se avaliar a incidência de animais com infecção corrente durante o abate, um estudo foi conduzido em três abatedouros fiscalizados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (SIE). Pela técnica de PCR em tempo real, o HEV foi detectado em 9,6% das amostras obtidas de animais.Foram realizadas coletas de efluentes não tratados dos abatedouros estudados e o genoma do HEV foi detectado em três pontos de coleta de um abatedouro. A quantificação média observada foi de 101 a 105 cópias/mL para as amostras animais de bile e de 102 cópias/mL para as amostras ambientais. A detecção do genoma parcial pela técnica de nested RT-PCR foi realizada, para caracterização molecular das amostras. Estas foram classificadas no genótipo 3 subtipo 3b do HEV, agrupando-se com as amostras caracterizadas do estudo anterior sugerindo a circulação endêmica do HEV no Rio de Janeiro. Em um estudo retrospectivo realizado com pacientes agudos de hepatite não A-C atendidos no Grupo de Atendimento para Hepatites Virais do IOC/Fiocruz foi identificado o primeiro caso humano confirmado de hepatite E do Brasil. Esta amostra agrupou-se no genótipo 3 subtipo 3b, também relacionada às amostras obtidas de suínos da granja e dos abatedouros. De acordo as informações epidemiológicas do paciente, o consumo de carne de porco pode ter sido a fonte de infecção. Os estudos apresentados foram os primeiros que constataram a circulação do HEV em suínos, amostras ambientais e em humanos no Brasil. / Hepatitis E virus (HEV) detected in samples of animal origin have been associated with sporadic human cases of acute hepatitis E in non-endemic regions. In Brazil, the high prevalence of anti-HEV in pigs on commercial farms has been demonstrated suggesting the wide spread of this virus in herds suinícolos. In order to check the movement of the country HEV three investigations were conducted on samples obtained from pigs, environmental, and human. In the first study, we performed a serological monitoring of 26 animals from birth until the age of slaughter at a commercial farm and 47 animals on a model farm in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Mato Grosso, respectively. Stool samples were collected from pens of animals of different ages. At the end of this study, the majority of animals was sororeativa for anti-HEV. The technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a partial genome of HEV has been detected and classified the samples with genotype 3, which runs the same in other populations of both pork and non-endemic regions endemic. Subsequently, to evaluate the incidence of infected animals during slaughter chain, a study was conducted in three slaughterhouses inspected by the State Inspection Service of Rio de Janeiro (SIE). By PCR in real time, HEV was detected in 9.6% of samples of sampled animais.Foram of untreated effluent from slaughterhouses and studied HEV genome was detected in three sampling points of a slaughterhouse. Quantification was observed mean 101-105 copies / mL for animals samples of bile and 102 copies / mL for environmental samples. The detection of partial genome by the technique of nested RT-PCR was performed for molecular characterization of the samples. These were classified as genotype 3 HEV subtype 3b, grouping with samples characterized in the previous study suggesting the endemic circulation of HEV in Rio de Janeiro. In a retrospective study of patients with acute hepatitis non-AC treated at Care Group for Viral Hepatitis of the IOC / Fiocruz was identified the first confirmed human case of hepatitis E in Brazil. This sample was grouped with genotype 3 subtype 3b, also related to the samples obtained from pigs on the farm and the slaughterhouse. According to epidemiological information of the patient, the consumption of pork may have been the source of infection. The studies presented were the first who observed the circulation of HEV in swine, human and environmental samples in Brazil.

Whilst there has been a recent increase in interest in using positive reinforcement training for laboratory-housed primates, there remains a reluctance to put into practice training programmes. Much of this reticence seems to stem from lack of expertise in the running of training programmes, and a perception that training requires a large time investment, with concurrent staff costs. The aim of this thesis was to provide practical recommendations for the use of training programmes in laboratories, providing primate users and carestaff with background information needed to successfully implement training programmes whilst improving the welfare of the animals in their care. Training was carried out with two species, cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in three different research laboratories to ensure practicability was as wide ranging as possible. Training success and the time investment required were closely related to the primate's temperament, most notably an individual's willingness to interact with humans, in both common marmosets and cynomolgus macaques. Age and sex however had no effect on an individual's trainability. The training of common marmosets was more successful than that with cynomolgus macaques, possibly due to differences in early experience and socialisation. Positive reinforcement training helped both species to cope with the stress of cage change or cleaning, with the monkeys showing less anxiety-related behaviour following the training programme than before. Involving two trainers in the training process did not affect the speed at which common marmosets learned to cooperate with transport box training, but behavioural observations showed that initial training sessions with a new trainer led to animals experiencing some anxiety. This however was relatively transient. Whilst the training of common marmosets to cooperate with hand capture was possible, there seemed little benefit in doing so as the monkeys did not show a reduced behavioural or physiological stress response to trained capture as compared to hand capture prior to training. However strong evidence was found that following both training and positive human interactions the marmosets coped better with capture and stress was reduced. It is recommended that an increased use of early socialisation would benefit laboratory-housed primates, and would also help improve the success of training. Further, the time investment required shows that training is practicable in the laboratory for both species, and that positive reinforcement training is an important way of improving their welfare likely through reducing boredom and fear.