La cellule est l’élément fondamental de la vie. Plus d’une vingtaine de trillions de cellules forment les organes et tissus de notre corps. Ces cellules sont de taille spécifique puisqu’elles ont des fonctions précises au sein de leur tissu respectif. Dans la plupart des cas, les cellules doivent proliférer en se divisant pour se renouveler et ainsi assurer le bon fonctionnement d’un organisme. La dernière étape de la division cellulaire, la cytokinèse, est exécutée par la contraction d’un anneau contractile d’actomyosine, nécessaire pour effectuer la séparation physique de la cellule en deux cellules filles. La première partie des travaux décrits dans cet ouvrage portent sur la caractérisation de la cytokinèse en utilisant, comme modèle in vivo, les cellules précurseur de la vulve (VPCs) du nématode C. elegans. Notre étude révèle que plusieurs aspects de l’anneau d’actomyosine s’ajustent en fonction de la taille de la cellule. Entre autres, la largeur de l’anneau contractile, juste avant sa constriction, s’ajuste en fonction de la longueur des VPCs. De plus, la rapidité avec laquelle l’anneau se contracte dépend de la circonférence de la cellule. Ces découvertes nous ont amené à nous demander comment la cellule régule sa taille? Les cellules en prolifération maintiennent leur taille en homéostasie en équilibrant leur taux de croissance et de division cellulaire. Afin d’interroger les gènes impliqués dans le maintien de la taille cellulaire du mammifère, nous avons utilisé la technologie CRISPR/Cas9, afin d’éliminer par délétion tous les gènes humains, à raison d’un par cellule, pour identifier ceux qui causent une augmentation ou une diminution de la taille cellulaire. Cette étude nous a permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes déjà connus régulant la croissance cellulaire. De plus, nous avons identifié un groupe de gènes, incluant TLE4 un corépresseur de la transcription que nous avons caractérisé, n’ayant jamais été associé avec une fonction de contrôle de la taille cellulaire chez les mammifères. En somme, nos travaux ont contribué à l’approfondissement des connaissances sur la division cellulaire, plus précisément la cytokinèse, et des gènes impliqués dans le maintien de la taille cellulaire. Une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement de ces deux évènements cellulaires est essentielle puisque leur dérégulation peut entrainer plusieurs pathologies, incluant le cancer. / Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life. The human body contains over twenty trillion cells that make up the different tissues and organs of our bodies. Cells within organs are of specific sizes to perform their specialized functions. In most cases, these cells must divide to proliferate and replenish the population of cells essential for proper organism function. The final stage of cellular division, termed cytokinesis, entails the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring that drives the dramatic cell shape changes required to physically partition the cell into two daughter cells. The first part of the work presented in this thesis addresses the characterization of cytokinesis in the epithelial vulval precursor cells (VPCs) of the nematode worm C. elegans. This study principally revealed that several aspects of cytokinesis scale with cell size. For instance, I observed that the breadth of the actomyosin ring scaled with VPC length. In addition, the speed of contractile ring constriction scaled with the circumference of VPCs. These scaling events raised the more general question as to how cells regulate their size. Proliferating cells attain cell size homeostasis by balancing cell growth and cell division. In order to define the molecular regulators of size in human cells a genome-wide approach was taken. Recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to perform the first pooled knockout screens for human cell size regulators in the NALM-6 pre-B lymphocytic cell line. These screens revealed many genes that affect the size of NALM-6 cells, a number of which were previously known to be involved in growth regulation. In addition, these screens revealed the identity of many genes with no previously established functions associated with cell size regulation. Amongst the previously unknown regulators, I characterized the function of a co-repressor of transcription, TLE4, which I showed functions as a regulator of the B-cell lineage. This work contributes to the knowledge of the mechanics of cytokinesis in C. elegans epithelial cells and of the genes that coordinate cell size in humans. These results provide insights into cell growth and division in normal cells and how these processes may be perturbed in cancer and other diseases.

Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018 / Background: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed among woman in South Africa, and a more resilient effort should be focused on treatment improvements. Worldwide, proton therapy is increasingly used as a radiation treatment alternative to photon therapy for breast cancer, mostly to decrease the risk for radiation-induced cardiovascular toxicity. This in vitro study aims to determine a better understanding of the radiosensitivity of both tumour and normal breast cell lines to clinical proton irradiation. In addition, we propose to investigate whether the increase in linear energy transfer (LET) towards the distal part of the proton beam results in an increase in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for both cell lines. Methods: Malignant (MCF-7) and non-malignant (MCF-10A) breast cells were irradiated at different water equivalent depths in a 200 MeV proton beam at NRF iThemba LABS using a custom-made Perspex phantom: the entrance plateau, 3 points on the Bragg peak, the D80% and the D40%. A cytokinesis-block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was performed and Micronuclei (MNi) were manually counted in binucleated cells (BNCs) using fluorescent microscopy. Reference dosimetry was carried out with a Markus chamber and irradiations were performed with a clinical proton beam generated at NRF iThemba LABS that was degraded to a R50 (half-value depths) range of 120 mm, with a field size of 10 cm x 10 cm and a 50 mm SOBP. The phantom could be adjusted to accommodate different perspex plates depending on the depth required within the proton beam. Cells were then exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 Gy doses for each cell line independently and for each dose point. Results and Discussion: For the CBMN results, a program was developed on Matlab platform to calculate the 95% confidence ellipse on the co-variance parameters α and β. These values were determined by fitting the linear quadratic dose response curve to the average number of radiation induced MNi per 1000 BN cells. The ellipse region around a coordinate (the average MN frequency) for both MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells at the plateau region was defined by the mean estimate of the α-value and the β-value that were plotted on the X-axis and Y-axis respectively. The ratio of the two parameters, α/β, is a measure of the impact of fractionation to determine the biological effective dose. In fractionated proton therapy, the MCF10A cells will repair less between two fractions compared to the MCF7 cells. This is not an indication of therapeutic gain from a fractioned treatment protocol. For this reason, the hypofractionated stereotactic treatment protocols that can be applied with protons could be to the befit of the breast cancer patient. The above argument is based only on the radiosensitivity of the two cell lines exposed in the plateau region. Further analysis of the 95% confidence ellipse of both cell lines also showed a clear increase of the alpha value toward the distal portion of the beam and indicates an increase in energy transfer in this region. The gradual increase in α and β parameters with depth for protons for both cells is of clinical importance, since it implicates a non-homogeneous dose within the targeted area and an unwanted high dose behind the targeted area. Distal energy modulation could be investigated especially with larger breast tumours. RBE was calculated as the ratio of the dose at the different positions to the dose at the entrance plateau position (reference) to obtain an equal level of biological effect. A statistically significant difference in radiosensitivity could be observed between malignant and non-malignant cells at all positions (p<0.05). The variation in RBE was between 0.99 to 1.99 and 0.92 to 1.6 for the MCF-7 and MCF10A cell respectively. Conclusions: There is a variation in RBE along the depth-dose profile of a clinical proton beam. In addition, there is difference in radiosensitivity between the cancerous cells and the normal breast cells. While this study highlights a variation in sensitivity between cells it could be used by the modelling community to further develop biologically motivated treatment planning for proton therapy.

No description available.

Almost all animal cells maintain a thin layer of actin filaments and associated proteins underneath the cell membrane. The actomyosin cortex is subject to internal stress patterns which result from the spatiotemporally regulated activity of non-muscle myosin II motors in the actin network. We study how these active stresses drive changes in cell shape and flows within the cortical layer, and how these cytoskeletal deformations and flows govern processes such as cell migration, cell division and organelle transport. Following a continuum mechanics approach, we develop theoretical descriptions for three different cellular processes, to obtain - in collaboration with experimental groups - a detailed and quantitative understanding of the underlying cytoskeletal mechanics. We investigate the forces and cortex flows involved in adhesion-independent cell migration in confinement. Many types of cell migration rely on the extension of protrusions at the leading edge, where the cells attach to the substrate with specific focal adhesions, and pull themselves forward, exerting stresses in the kPa range. In confined environments however, cells exhibit migration modes which are independent of specific adhesions. Combining hydrodynamic theory, microfluidics and quantitative imaging of motile, non-adherent carcinosarcoma cells, we analyze the mechanical behavior of cells during adhesion-independent migration. We find that the accumulation of active myosin motors in the rear part of these cells results in a retrograde cortical flow as well as the contraction of the cell body in the rear and expansion in the front, and we describe how both processes contribute to the translocation of the cells, depending on the geometric and mechanical parameters of the system. Importantly, we find that the involved propulsive forces are several orders of magnitude lower than during adhesive motility while the achieved migration velocities are similar. Moreover, the distribution of forces on the substrate during non-adhesive migration is fundamentally different, giving rise to a positive force dipole. In contrast to adhesive migration modes, non-adhesive cells move by exerting pushing forces at the rear, acting to expand rather than contract their substrate as they move. These differences may strongly affect hydrodynamic and/or deformational interactions between collectively migrating cells. In addition to the work outlined above, we study contractile ring formation in the actin cytoskeleton before and during cell division. While in disordered actin networks, myosin motor activity gives rise to isotropic stresses, the alignment of actin filaments in the cortex during cell division introduces a preferred direction for motor-filament interactions, resulting in anisotropies in the cortical stress. Actin filaments align in myosin-dependent shear flows, resulting in possible feedback between motor activity, cortical flows and actin organization. We investigate how the mechanical interplay of these different cortical properties gives rise to the formation of a cleavage furrow during cell division, describing the level of actin filament alignment at different points on the cortex with a nematic order parameter, in analogy to liquid crystal physics. We show that cortical anisotropies arising from shear-flow induced alignment patterns are sufficient to drive the ingression of cellular furrows, even in the absence of localized biochemical myosin up-regulation. This mechanism explains the characteristic appearance of pseudocleavage furrows in polarizing cells. Finally, we study the characteristic nuclear movements in pseudostratified epithelia during development. These tissues consist of highly proliferative, tightly packed and elongated cells, with nuclei actively travelling to the apical side of the epithelium before each cell division. We explore how cytoskeletal properties act together with the mechanics of the surrounding tissue to control the shape of single cells embedded in the epithelium, and investigate potential mechanisms underlying the observed nuclear movements. These findings form a theoretical basis for a more detailed characterization of processes in pseudostratified epithelia. Taken together, we present a continuum mechanics description of the actomyosin cell cortex, and successfully apply it to several different cell biological processes. Combining our theory with experimental work from collaborating groups, we provide new insights into different aspects of cell mechanics.

Les septines sont des protéines conservées de la levure à l’homme qui sont impliquées dans divers processus cellulaires tels que la cytokinèse, le transport vésiculaire et l’organisation du cortex cellulaire. Il existe 13 gènes de septines retrouvés en plusieurs isoformes chez l’humain, et seulement cinq chez Drosophila melanogaster, Sep1, Sep2, Pnut, Sep4 et Sep5, ce qui en fait un modèle idéal vu son génome simple. Les septines sont composées d’un domaine de liaison au GTP très conservé entre les espèces, dont le rôle reste à ce jour ambiguë, ainsi que de régions N et C-terminales variables. Les septines s’assemblent entre elles pour former un hexamère, composé de Sep1, Sep2 et Pnut chez Drosophila melanogaster, via l’interface N-C et G des septines. Ces hexamères s’assemblent bout à bout afin de former les filaments de septines. Ces filaments peuvent ensuite se regrouper et s’assembler en structures hautement ordonnées telles que des anneaux, des tubes, des faisceaux de filaments, des cages et elles sont retrouvées au sillon de clivage durant la cytokinèse. Le but était de déchiffrer les mécanismes d’assemblage des filaments de septines qui mènent à la formation des différentes structures, afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’interaction entre les septines. Au sein des cellules S2 de Drosophila melanogaster, les septines sont retrouvées à trois structures hautement ordonnées et dépendantes de Pnut endogène : des tubes cytoplasmiques, des anneaux cytoplasmiques et le sillon de clivage durant la cytokinèse. Notre hypothèse est qu’il existe plusieurs mécanismes qui régissent la formation des structures hautement ordonnées et que ceux-ci sont dépendants des régions N et C terminales variables des septines qui sont impliquées dans plusieurs interactions. Divers mutants de Sep1, Sep2 et Pnut tronqués en N et en C-terminal ont été fusionnés à une protéine fluorescente et caractérisés par microscopie confocale. La localisation de ces mutants a été répertoriée et analysée en présence des septines endogènes ou lors de la déplétion de celles-ci. Nos résultats suggèrent que le domaine de liaison au GTP est suffisant pour le recrutement des septines au sillon de clivage durant la cytokinèse, mais que la région N-terminale est requise la formation des tubes et des anneaux cytoplasmiques dépendants de Pnut. / Septins are conserved from yeast to humans and are implicated in diverse cellular processes such as cytokinesis, vesicular transport and cellular cortical organization. There are 13 known genes that encode for human septins, which also have many isoforms, while there are only five septin genes in Drosophila melanogaster: Sep1, Sep2, Pnut, Sep4 and Sep5, which makes it an ideal model system. Septins have a conserved GTP binding domain, whose role is still not fully understood, and variable N-C-termini. Septins assemble together, via N-C and G interfaces, to form a hexamer, that is composed of Sep1, Sep2 and Pnut in Drosophila melanogaster, which assemble end-to-end to form non polar filaments. These filaments can subsequently assemble together to form higher-ordered structures, such as rings, tubes, bundles, and gauzes. Furthermore, septins are recruited to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis although their organization there is unclear. The aim of this project is to define septin assembly mechanisms that can lead to the formation of different higher ordered structures. In Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, septins are recruited to three, readily observable septin dependent structures: cytoplasmic rings, cytoplasmic tubes, and the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Our hypothesis is that multiple mechanisms govern septin incorporation into these structures and that these mechanisms differentially depend on septin N-C variable termini. A panel of mutants of Sep1, Sep2 and Pnut truncated in N-C-termini were fused to fluorescent proteins and their localization in S2 cells monitored by confocal microscopy, with or without depletion of endogenous septins. My results suggest that the GTP binding domain is sufficient for septin recruitment to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, but that the septin N-termini are required for recruitment to the cytoplasmic tubes and rings.

Myosin II and actin are two major components of the ingressing cortex during cytokinesis. However, their structural dynamics and functions during cytokinesis are still poorly understood. To study the role of myosin II in cortical actin turnover, dividing normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were treated with blebbistatin, a potent inhibitor of the non-muscle myosin II ATPase. Blebbistatin caused a strong inhibition of actin filament turnover and cytokinesis. Local release of blebbistatin at the equator caused inhibition of cytokinesis, while treatment in the polar region also caused a high frequency of abnormal cytokinesis, suggesting that myosin II may play a global role. These observations indicate that myosin II ATPase is essential for actin turnover and remodeling during cytokinesis. To further study the mechanism of myosin II and actin recruitment to the cytokinetic furrow, equatorial cortex were observed with total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRF-M) coupled with spatial temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS) and a new approach termed temporal differential microscopy (TDM). The results indicated at least partially independent mechanisms for the early equatorial recruitment of myosin II and actin filaments. Cortical myosin II showed no detectable directional flow toward the equator. In addition to de novo equatorial assembly, localized inhibition of disassembly appeared to contribute to the formation of the equatorial myosin II band. In contrast, actin filaments underwent a striking, myosin II dependent flux toward the equator. However, myosin II was not required for equatorial actin concentration, suggesting that there was a flux-independent, de novo mechanism. The study was then extended to retraction fibers found typically on mitotic adherent cells, to address the hypothesis that they may facilitate post-mitotic spreading. Cells with retraction fibers showed increased spreading speed in post-mitotic spreading compared to cells without retraction fibers. In addition, micromanipulation study suggested that retraction fibers may guide the direction of post-mitotic spreading. Focal adhesion proteins were present at the tips of retraction fibers, and may act as small nucleators for focal adhesions reassembly that help cell quickly respread and regrow focal adhesions. These findings may suggest a general mechanism utilized by adherent cells to facilitate post-mitotic spreading and reoccupy their previous territory.

Le Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)P2 (PtdIns(4,5)P2) est essentiel pour réguler divers processus cellulaires, y compris la signalisation cellulaire, le trafic intracellulaire et la cytocinèse. Le contrôle strict de son homéostasie est donc crucial et la dérégulation des kinases, des phosphatases et des phospholipases qui la contrôlent conduit à de multiples pathologies. Parmi elles, le syndrome de Lowe est une maladie rare et incurable causée par des mutations du gène OCRL qui code pour la PtdIns(4,5)P2 phosphatase OCRL1. La déplétion de dOCRL, l’orthologue d’OCRL1 chez la drosophile altère l’homéostasie du PtdIns(4,5)P2 avec (i) une accumulation anormale de PtdIns(4,5)P2 sur les endomembranes conduisant (ii) à des défauts de cytocinèse et à de la multinucléation. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre comment le PtdIns(4,5)P2 est régulé sur les endomembranes. Dans les cellules de drosophile, nous avons découvert une fonction nouvelle et inattendue pour le suppresseur de tumeur PTEN, indépendante de son activité phosphatase. En effet, nous avons constaté que PTEN réduit les niveaux de PtdIns(4,5)P2 sur les endosomes grâce à l’action enzymatique de dPLCXD, une phospholipase C (PLC) atypique. Ainsi la voie de signalisation PTEN/dPLCXD peut compenser pour les défauts de cytocinèse dus à la perte de dOCRL. Enfin, nous avons identifié un activateur chimique des PLC qui restaure la perte fonctionnelle d’OCRL dans trois modèles de syndrome de Lowe distincts. Par la suite, nous avons étudié le rôle de la PTEN/PLCXD pendant l’autophagie, mécanisme d’autodigestion du matériel cellulaire. En effet, l’homéostasie du PtdIns(4,5)P2 lysosomale est essentielle pour l’étape autophagique de fusion des autophagosomes avec lysosomes. Nous avons observé que la déplétion de PLCXD et la surexpression d’un mutant catalytiquement inactif de PTEN altèrent l’autophagie chez les cellules de drosophile et de mammifère. Ces données suggèrent que la voie PTEN/PLCXD nouvellement identifiée régule le flux autophagique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons mis en lumière une nouvelle voie de signalisation PTEN/dPLCXD qui contrôle les niveaux de PtdIns(4,5)P2 sur les endolysosomes. Cette voie peut réguler l’autophagie et compenser la perte de dOCRL. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle fonction de PTEN indépendante de son activité phosphatase et c’est une première fonction biologique connue pour PLCXD. Cette découverte a conduit à l’identification d’une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle pour traiter les patients atteints du syndrome de Lowe. / Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)P2 (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is essential for various cellular processes, including cell signaling, intracellular traffic and cytokinesis. Therefore, strict control of its homeostasis is crucial. Indeed, the deregulation of the kinases, phosphatases and phospholipases which controls PtdIns(4,5)P2 leads to multiple pathologies. Among them, the Lowe syndrome is a rare and incurable disease caused by mutations in the OCRL gene which codes for PtdIns(4,5)P2 phosphatase OCRL1. Depletion of dOCRL, the orthologue of OCRL1 in drosophila, alters the homeostasis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 with (i) an abnormal accumulation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 on the endomembranes leading (ii) to cytokinesis defects and multinucleation. The objective of this thesis was to understand how PtdIns(4,5)P2 is regulated on endomembranes. In drosophila cells, we have discovered a new and unexpected function for the tumor suppressor PTEN independent of its phosphatase activity. Indeed, we have found that PTEN reduces the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P2 on endolysosomes thanks to the enzymatic action of dPLCXD, an atypical phospholipase C (PLC). Thus, the PTEN/dPLCXD signaling pathway can compensate for cytokinesis defects due to the loss of dOCRL. Finally, we identified a chemical activator of PLC that restores the functional loss of OCRL in three distinct Lowe syndrome models. Next, we studied the role of this newly identified PTEN/PLCXD pathway during autophagy, a self-digestion mechanism. Indeed, the homeostasis of lysosomal PtdIns(4,5)P2 is essential for the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes during autophagy. We have observed that depletion of PLCXD and overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant of PTEN both alter autophagy in Drosophila and mammalian cells. These data suggest that this newly identified PTEN/PLCXD pathway regulates the autophagic flux. In this thesis, we have highlighted a new PTEN/dPLCXD signaling pathway which controls the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P2 on endolysosomes. This new PTEN function is independent of its phosphatase activity and the first biological function for PLCXD can regulate autophagy and compensate for the loss of dOCRL. This discovery led to the identification of a potential therapeutic strategy for treating patients with Lowe’s syndrome.

No description available.

Le trafic vésiculaire joue un rôle crucial dans la sécrétion et l'internalisation des composantes extracellulaires ou membranaires. De plus, il contrôle la distribution spatio-temporelle de nombreuses protéines. En outre, ce processus peut contrôler la livraison de protéines à divers domaines des membranes plasmiques. Mes travaux de recherche se sont centrés sur l'étude des protéines Rab11-Family of Interacting Proteins de classe I (Rab11FIPs), plus précisément de Rab11FIP1 et de sa fonction dans différents processus cellulaires nécessitant le trafic vésiculaire, tels que la mitose, la cytokinèse, l'établissement de la polarité cellulaire et de la migration cellulaire, individuelle ou collective. En effet, ces processus nécessitent un contrôle vésiculaire finement régulé, par exemple, la mitose/cytokinèse nécessite le recrutement de différents complexes protéiques contenant des cargaisons liées aux vésicules. L'établissement de la polarité cellulaire nécessite le tri et la livraison de complexes protéiques à des membranes spécifiques et la migration cellulaire nécessite une polarisation complète de la cellule pour permettre un mouvement directionnel. Mes travaux ont élucidé une voie impliquant Rab11FIP1 et Rab35 dans le contrôle à la fois de la cytokinèse et de l'établissement de la polarité. En effet, alors que d'autres groupes ont publié que Rab35 est essentiel pour l'élimination de l'actine située au pont intercellulaire via le recrutement de MICAL1 et OCRL, j'ai montré que Rab11FIP1 est critique pour maintenir Rab35 dans cette région. De plus, j'ai montré que l'absence de Rab11FIP1 et la mauvaise localisation subséquente de Rab35 peuvent conduire à des phénotypes similaires à ceux observés lors de la dérégulation de l'abscission, tels que la binucléation et le retard de la cytokinèse, qui sont des défauts qui contribuent au développement de cancers. Ces défauts peuvent cependant être rétablies en utilisant de faibles doses de Latrunculin A pour dépolymériser de l'actine. De plus, j'ai montré que Rab11FIP1 et Rab35 semblent avoir des fonctions dans la polarité apico-basale des cellules Caco-2 et MCF-10a. Enfin, j'ai aussi montré que Rab35 est impliquée dans la régulation de la migration collective. En conclusion, mes données établissent Rab11FIP1 et Rab35 comme des régulateurs importants de divers processus cellulaires. Ces résultats constituent un point de départ important pour une étude plus approfondie de l'abscission, de l'établissement de la polarité cellulaire, de la formation du Apical Membrane Initiation Site (AMIS) et de la migration cellulaire collective. Cela aura des implications de grande envergure, car ces cascades de signalisation peuvent avoir un impact sur pratiquement tous les processus cellulaires. / Vesicular trafficking plays a crucial role in the secretion and internalization of extracellular or plasma membrane components. Moreover, it controls the spatiotemporal distribution of many proteins during different processes. Also, it can control the delivery of proteins to various domains of the plasma membranes. With this in mind, my research focused on the Rab11 Family of Interacting Proteins of Class I (Rab11FIPs), more specifically of Rab11FIP1 and its function in different cellular processes that require vesicular trafficking, those being mitosis, cytokinesis, establishment of cell polarity and cellular migration, both single and collective. Indeed, these processes require exquisite vesicular control, for example, mitosis/cytokinesis require the recruitment of different protein complexes containing vesicle-bound cargoes. Cell polarity establishment requires the sorting and delivery of protein complexes and cell migration requires fine-tuned polarization of the entire cell to allow for directional movement. My work has elucidated one such pathway involving Rab11FIP1 and Rab35 in the control of both cytokinesis and the establishment of polarity. Indeed, while others have shown that Rab35 is critical for the removal of actin in the intercellular bridge via recruitment of its cargoes MICAL1 and OCRL, I showed that Rab11FIP1 is vital for maintaining Rab35 in the midbody. In fact, I showed that lack of Rab11FIP1 and subsequent mislocalization of Rab35 can lead to similar phenotypes observed during dysregulated abscission, such as binucleation and cytokinesis delay, which are hallmarks of cancer. These phenotypes however, can be rescued using low doses of an actin depolymerizing drug called Latrunculin A. Furthermore, I showed that both Rab11FIP1 and Rab35 seem to have functions in the establishment of apico-basal polarity of both Caco-2 and MCF-10a. Finally, I showed that Rab35 seems to regulate the collectiveness of migrating cells. Altogether, these data establish Rab11FIP1 and Rab35 as important regulators of various cellular processes. These results will be an important stepping stone for further studies into abscission, establishment of cellular polarity, Apical Membrane Initiation Site (AMIS) formation, and collective cell migration. This will have far reaching implications, as these signaling cascades can impact virtually all cellular processes.

No description available.