While group VII 4d Tc and 5d Re have hexagonally close-packed (hcp) ground states, 3d Mn adopts the complex chi-phase which exhibits non-collinear magnetism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have shown that without magnetism the chi-phase remains the ground state of Mn implying that magnetism is not the critical factor, as is commonly believed, in driving the anomalous stability of the chi-phase over hcp. Using a tight-binding (TB) model it is found that while harder potentials stabilise close-packed hcp, a softer potential stabilises the more open chi-phase. By analogy with the structural trend from open to close-packed phases down the group IV elements, the anomalous stability of the chi-phase in Mn is shown to be due to 3d valent Mn lacking d states in the core which leads to an effectively softer atomic repulsion between the atoms than in 4d Tc and 5d Re. Subsequently an analytic Bond-Order Potential (BOP) is developed to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of elemental Mn at 0 K. It is derived within BOP theory directly from a new short-ranged orthogonal d-valent TB model of Mn, the parameters of which are fitted to reproduce the DFT binding energy curves of the five experimentally observed phases of Mn, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon-Mn. Not only does the BOP reproduce qualitatively DFT binding energy curves of the five different structure types, it also predicts the complex collinear antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering in alpha-Mn, the ferrimagnetic (FiM) ordering in beta-Mn and the AFM ordering in the other phases that are found by DFT. A BOP expansion including 14 moments is sufficiently converged to reproduce most of the properties of the TB model with the exception of the elastic shear constants which require further moments. Magnetic analytic BOPs are also developed for Fe and Fe-Mn. The Fe model correctly reproduces trends in the structural stabilities of the common metallic structures except that AFM hcp is overstabilised. Reproduction of the elastic constants with a 9-moment BOP is reasonable although as is found for the Mn BOP the elastic shear constants require more moments to converge. Vacancy formation energies are close to those determined by experiment and DFT and the relative stabilities of self-interstitial atom (SIA) defects in ferromagnetic bcc Fe are correctly reproduced. The SIA formation energies are found to be better than those calculated with existing BOP models. The Fe-Mn TB and BOP models were challenging to fit and nonmagnetic face-centred cubic (fcc) structures are overstabilised. Furthermore within BOP an incorrect magnetic solution is predicted for one fcc structure resulting in poor reproduction of the DFT stacking fault energies. Refitting the bond integrals might help to better reproduce the nonmagnetic hcp-fcc energy differences while an environment-dependent Stoner parameter could help provide the flexibility needed to correctly capture the magnetic energy differences.

This dissertation critically investigates the current framework for psycholegal assessment of accused persons who are suspected or alleged to have lacked criminal incapacity at the time of committing an offence. This system must function as effectively as possible to ensure the interests of justice and the community are best served. Issues that impact how effectively the criminal justice system collaborates with psychologists and psychiatrists, who act as expert forensic mental health assessors, are identified and recommendations are made accordingly. The study first examines the theoretical base regarding the terminology surrounding criminal capacity, mental illness and automatism, with regard to how the understanding of concepts differ in law and psychology and psychiatry and how this negatively affects the process of assessment. The study then investigates the constitutional rights of accused persons admitted for observation, the effect this has on the patient and legal process, the accuracy and reliability of the diagnosis and the admissibility of expert evidence. Next a comparative study is made utilising English Law as a tool for analysis. The main findings are that lack of understanding and clarity are the main issues that hinder the collaboration between the legal and mental health care professions and that this may be remedied by a system of registration and education for forensic psycholegal assessors. An alternate and concurrent method of direct referral is also suggested as it may relieve some of the strain on the current system. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted

Dans les processus de fabrication de semi-conducteurs, différents types des contrôles existent pour maîtriser les procédés et garantir la qualité du produit final. Ces travaux de thèse s’intéressent aux contrôles de défectivité qui visent à maîtriser le risque sur les équipements de production. L'indicateur utilisé est le nombre de produits traités par un équipement depuis la date du dernier produit contrôlé. On s’intéresse à la maîtrise et la réduction du risque sur les équipements de production. Pour cela, différentes stratégies de sélection des lots existent et peuvent être classifiées selon leur capacité à intégrer la dynamique d'une unité de fabrication. Dans les stratégies de sélection dynamique, les lots sont contrôlés en temps réel et en optimisant un critère. Ces stratégies sont récentes et sont beaucoup plus efficaces que les stratégies précédentes, mais aussi plus complexe à mettre en œuvre. Dans ce cadre, nous avons proposé et validé industriellement différents algorithmes pour identifier les lots à relâcher (à ne pas contrôler) dans les files d'attente des lots en défectivité. Nous avons aussi développé et implémenté un modèle d'optimisation de la capacité pour l’atelier de défectivité, qui permet d’évaluer l’impact de paramètres critiques (e.g. plan de production, positions des opérations de contrôles dans la gamme de fabrication, valeurs des limites de risques) dans la gestion du risque global de l'unité de fabrication. / In semiconductor manufacturing, several types of controls are required to ensure the quality of final products. In this thesis, we focus on defectivity inspections, which aim at monitoring the process for defect reduction and yield improvement. We are interested in managing and reducing the risk on process tools (i.e. number of wafers at risk) during fabrication. To reduce this risk, inspection operations are performed on products. However, because inspection operations directly impact the cycle times of products, sampling strategies are used to reduce the number of inspected lots while satisfying quality objectives. Several sampling techniques exist and can be classified according to their capability to deal with factory dynamics. Dynamic sampling strategies have recently been proposed, in which lots to inspect are selected in real time while considering the current production risk. These strategies are much more efficient than previous strategies but more complex to design and implement. In this thesis, a novel approach to select the lots to inspect is proposed. Multiple algorithms have been proposed and validated to efficiently manage the defect inspection queues by skipping (i.e. releasing) lots that do no longer bring enough information. In order to support strategic and tactical decisions, an optimization model for defect inspection capacity planning is also proposed. This model calculates the required defect inspection capacity to ensure the risk limits on process tools when the production conditions change. Industrial results show significant improvements in terms of risk reduction without increasing defect inspection capacity.

The topic of this thesis is the issue of software testing. The thesis places main emphasis on tools to support test management, manual and automated functional testing and last but not least the tools for defect tracking. The aim of this thesis is introduce readers with software testing, especially with tools that can be used to support testing. The aim is offer an overview of the basic commercial and freely distributed tools for test management, manual testing, automated functional testing and defect tracking. Another aim is design criteria that simplify selection of tool. The second aim of this thesis is practical example of the configuration and description of the basic work with tools IBM Rational - ClearQuest, ClearCase, Manual Tester and Functional Tester. The aims of this thesis were achieved by studying available sources and by own practical experience with the tools to support testing. The contribution of this thesis lies in the characteristics of the selected tools to support testing and especially in design of criteria by which tools can be selected. The last part of thesis provides practical instruction how to configure and work with the tools to support testing of IBM Rational. The thesis is conceived in three main parts. The first part attends to basic terms, which can be found in the area of testing, and to overview of types of tests. There are also described two most famous life-cycle models and methodology RUP. The second part attends to overview of tools to support testing, attention is given to areas: test management, manual testing, defect tracking, and automated functional testing. For each category of tools has been defined criteria according to which tools can be selected. The last part attends to practical example of setting and basic work with the selected tools to support testing of IBM Rational.

Un os long est composé de tissus osseux cortical et spongieux. Ces tissus ont des structures et des caractéristiques physiques différentes mais ont tous deux la capacité de se régénérer de façon naturelle suite à une lésion. Cette régénération ou réparation implique une séquence bien caractérisée d’événements contrôlés par l’interaction étroite entre des facteurs de croissance, des cellules, l’environnement chimique et dynamique, ainsi que par la matrice extracellulaire. L’ostéopontine (OPN) et la sialoprotéine osseuse (BSP) sont des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire exerçant des fonctions importantes dans le tissu osseux. Le but de ce travail a été d’étudier le rôle de l’OPN et de la BSP dans la réparation osseuse par génétique expérimentale. Les modèles utilisés dans cette études consistent en des lésions, l’un diaphysaire et purement cortical, l’autre région épi-métaphysaire mêlant destruction de l’os cortical, trabéculaire et de la plaque de croissance. La réparation de ces lésions a été analysée par microtomographie haute résolution aux rayons X et par histomorphométrie. Dans un premier temps, la réparation d’une perforation épi-métaphysaire dans le fémur chez la souris, a été caractérisée et comparée à celle de même diamètre réalisée dans la diaphyse. Dans cette étude comparative, des profils distincts de réparation ont été mis en évidence bien que tous deux mettent en place un mécanisme d’ossification intramembranaire. Ainsi, le défect cortical diaphysaire est comblé par une formation osseuse centripète restreinte à la zone corticale. Dans le modèle épi-métaphysaire, la formation osseuse est initiée au fond du défect et se propager vers le cortex. Ce processus aboutit à une restauration des travées mais à une réparation incompléte du cortex. Ainsi, le premier modèle apparaît comme pertinent pour l’étude de la réparation corticale alors que le modèle épi-métaphysaire se présente plus adapté à l’étude de la réparation de l’os trabéculaire. L’OPN et la BSP n’ont pas de fonctions redondantes dans la réparation de ces lésions. En effet, l’OPN intervient principalement dans la réparation de l’os trabéculaire, son absence entraîne un retard lié à un défaut de progression de l’os au sein de la cavité. L’absence de BSP quant à elle, semble intervenir uniquement dans le processus de réparation de l’os cortical diaphysaire, provoquant un retard de réparation dû à un défaut de minéralisation de l’ostéoïde. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont permis de caractériser des modèles de lésions osseuses pertinents pour l’étude de la réparation de l’os cortical et spongieux. L’utilisation de ces modèles a permis d’améliorer la compréhension du rôle de deux protéines de la matrice extracellulaire osseuse dans la réparation de cortical et trabéculaire grâce aux modèles de génétique expérimentale. / Long bones consist of cortical and spongious bone tissue, which have different structures and physiological characteristics. Both can heal spontaneously. Bone healing is a complex multi-step process which depends on cells, soluble factors, mechanical environment and bone matrix. Osteopontin (OPN) and Bone Sialoportein (BSP) are extracellular matrix proteins, which have been shown to exert important functions in bone. The aim of this study is to address the role of OPN and BSP in bone repair using experimental genetic strategies. Injured bone models are drilled-hole defects performed in diaphyseal cortical bone or in the epi-metaphyseal region. Bone healing was analyzed by micro-tomography and histomorphometry. Epi-metaphyseal defect healing was characterized and compared to cortical bone repair. In this comparative study, distinct patterns of bone repair have been shown while in both models repair occurs through intramembranous ossification. Diaphyseal defect was rapidly filled with newly bone formed in a centripetal manner within the cortical gap. In contrast, bone formation within the epi-metaphyseal defect was initiated from the depth of the cavity and spread towards the cortical edges, regenerating cancellous bone and albeit not completely cortical wall. Therefore, diaphyseal drill defects appear pertinent for the study of spontaneous cortical healing whereas epi-metaphyseal drill defects appear as appropriate models to investigate spongy bone regeneration. OPN and BSP do not show redundancy in the bone repair process of these two models. Indeed, OPN is mainly involved in trabecular bone repair; its deficiency induced a delay due to impaired bone progression within the epi-metaphyseal cavity. The lack of BSP only delayed cortical bone repair due to an impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. This study permits to characterize pertinent models of cortical and trabecular bone repair. Application of these models added new insights on the involvement of matrix proteins in cortical defect healing and trabecular bone repair using experimental genetic models.

Un système de production High-Mix Low-Volume est caractérisé par une grande variété de technologies, des faibles volumes de production, et des produits de courte durée de vie. L’introduction de la technique d’échantillonnage dynamique à ce système de production a permis un gain important sur le rendement de production. Cet échantillonnage est basé, en temps réel, sur les états des équipements et sur l’ensemble des produits en cours de fabrication. Les méthodes classiques d’analyse des rendements, nécessitant un grand nombre de mesure par produit, ne sont plus aussi performantes. Afin d’adapter le diagnostic au nouvel environnement de production, les travaux de cette thèse proposent une approche de diagnostic qui consiste à localiser l’équipement à l’origine de défauts dans une ligne de fabrication du semi-conducteur. Elle est composée de trois modules principaux. Le premier module est constitué d’une méthode d’identification de l’équipement en mode de fonctionnement anormal. Cette méthode est basée sur l’analyse d’éléments communs. Le deuxième est un module de tri de données. Un algorithme d’alignement de séquences a été utilisé afin de comparer les caractéristiques des échantillons et calculer le taux de similarité. Le troisième module est l’échantillonnage réactif pour le diagnostic. Cet échantillonnage est basé sur un modèle d’optimisation linéaire qui permet de trouver l’équilibre entre le nombre d’échantillons et le temps d’analyse. L’approche proposée est validée sur des données expérimentales issues de la ligne de fabrication de la compagnie STMicroelectronics à Rousset-France. / High-Mix Low-Volume manufacturing process is characterized by a wide variety of technologies, low production volumes, and short cycle time of products. The introduction of dynamic sampling technique in this system has enabled a significant improvement of production gain. The dynamic sampling is based on the equipment states and the set of products being manufactured. The yield enhancement methods requiring à large number of measurements by product, are no more efficient. In order to adapt the diagnosis method to the new manufacturing environment, this thesis provides a defect source identification method applied to semiconductor manufacturing process. It is composed of three main modules. The first module aim to identify the faulty process equipment. This module is based on the tool commonality analysis approach. The second module consists in sorting the products. A Sequence Alignment Algorithm has been used in order to compare the sample characteristics and to calculate the similarity degree. The third module is a reactive sampling method for the diagnosis. This method is based on a linear optimization algorithm that allows finding the tradeoff between the number of samples and the analysis time. The proposed approach has been approved on real data from STMicroelectronics manufacturing line in Rousset-France.

Orientadores: Peter Alexander Bleinroth Schulz, Ana Luiza Cardoso Pereira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BahamonArdila_DarioAndres_D.pdf: 15568018 bytes, checksum: 6b550b7e0291945e86b0152735b9ea2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho analisamos os efeitos das bordas nas propriedades eletrônicas e de transporte em estruturas finitas de grafeno, como nanofitas, pontos quânticos e anéis quânticos de grafeno. Nós focamos essencialmente no acoplamento entre os estados localizados nas bordas externas e estados localizados nas bordas internas, tais como as bordas internas dos anéis, vacâncias ou defeitos estendidos gerados pelas fronteiras de grão. Os cálculos são abordados no formalismo tight-binding para a rede hexagonal do grafeno. Para calcular as propriedades de transporte utilizamos o formalismo de Landauer-Buttiker e as funções de Green da rede. Para anéis quânticos observamos que a evolução dos estados localizados nas bordas internas, em função do campo magnético é oposta à dos estados localizados nas bordas externas. Tanto para anéis quânticos quanto para nanofitas, quando a magnitude do campo magnético gera um comprimento magnético maior do que a metade da separação entre as bordas internas e externas, os estados se acoplam levando à criação de gaps no espectro de auto-energias e ressonâncias de Fano na condutância. Este cenário é enriquecido pelo fato do grafeno ter duas sub-redes (novo grau de liberdade), identi cando que uma mudança na sub-rede dos átomos mais externos ou mais internos dos braços vizinhos de um anel muda a distribuição de carga e que a sub-rede de uma vacância fortemente modifica a forma de linha da condutância em uma nanofita. O mapeamento da densidade local de estados, diferenciada por sub-rede, nos leva a propor uma possível imagem experimental da força de acoplamento, que caracteriza a forma de linha das ressonâncias Fano. Quando consideramos um defeito estendido na rede do grafeno (defeito linear como os recentemente observados experimentalmente) foi encontrado que ele age como uma borda interna, que adiciona um novo canal para elétrons de baixa energia, e que tem aplicações promissórias como um o metálico quântico. Todos os nossos resultados são robustos quando a desordem nas bordas é incluído / Abstract: This work is concerned with the effects of the edges in the electronic and transport properties of nite structures of graphene, such as quantum dots, quantum rings and graphene nanoribbons. We primarily focus on the coupling between states located at the outer edges and states located at the inner edges, as internal edges of rings, vacancies or extended defects generated by the grain boundaries. The calculations are addressed within the tight-binding formalism for the hexagonal lattice. To calculate the transport properties we use the Landauer-B uttiker formalism and the recursive lattice Green's functions. For quantum rings we observed that the evolution of the states located at the inner edges, as a function of magnetic eld is opposite to that of the states located on the outer edges. For quantum rings as well as graphene nanoribbons when the magnitude of the magnetic eld creates a magnetic length larger than a half of the separation between the inner and outer edges, the states are coupled creating gaps in the self-energy spectrum and Fano resonances in the conductance of the graphene nanoribbons. This scenario is enriched when the sublattice is added as a new degree of freedom, identifying that a change in sublattice of the most external or most internal atoms of neighboring arms of a ring changes the charge distribution and the sublattice of a vacancy strongly modify the lineshape of the conductance. Sublattice differentiated Local density of states mapping for different lineshapes leading us to propose a possible experimental imaging of the coupling strength, which characterizes the lineshape of the Fano resonances. When we considered the recently experimentally observed extended defect, we found that it acts as an internal edge, which adds a new channel for low energy electrons, and would have promissory applications as metallic wire. All of our results are robust when edge disorder is included / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

The structural, electronic, energetic and optical properties of the compound Li2B4O7 containing the substitutional defects Cu or Ag were investigated by means of calculations of first principles at the Density Functional Theory level using the LAPW method implemented in the computer code Wien2k. The isolated Cu and Ag defects are considered in four charge states (q = -1, 0, +1, +2) with objective to simulate situations of the capture of an electron or a hole. In all cases, the atomic positions are computationally relaxed, Cu – O and Ag – O chemical bonds nature carefully analyzed and local structure around the defects determined. It is found that the defects vastly perturbs its neighborhood and the Cu and Ag themselves exhibit significant off-site dislocation from initial Li position in their Cu1+ and Ag1+ charge states, which becomes especially more pronounced for the Cu0 and Ag0 defects. Only the Cu2+ and Ag2+ centers stabilize at the substitutional Li site. Resulting defect formation energies demonstrate that the Cu1+, Cu0, Ag1+, and Ag0 centers are the most stable ones. Electronic structure calculations reveal that the Cu and Ag ions introduce their d- and s-states within the gap and their energies and occupation depend strongly on the charge state of the defect. Experimental optical absorption spectra are well reproduced by the Cu1+ and Ag1+ defects spectra, leading to the conclusion that in the as-grown material just Cu1+ and Ag1+ centers are formed. In the case of irradiated compound, present study predicts formation of the interstitial Cu0 defects, whose presence should significantly change the optical absorption and emission of the material, as well as demonstrates the presence of new absorption peaks associated with the interstitial Ag0 and substitutional Ag2+ centers, which reasonably describe the experimental spectrum. / As propriedades estruturais, eletrônicas, energéticas e ópticas do composto Li2B4O7 contendo os defeitos substitucionais Cu ou Ag foram investigadas por meio de cálculos de primeiros princípios ao nível da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade, utilizando-se o método LAPW implementado no código computacional Wien2k. Os efeitos de troca-correlação foram considerados usando-se o potencial modificado de Becke-Johnson (mBJ) e a aproximação do gradiente generalizado (GGA) na parametrização PBEsol. As células contendo os defeitos (Cu ou Ag) foram estudadas em quatro estados de carga diferentes (q = -1, 0, +1, +2) com o objetivo de simular situações de captura de elétrons ou de buracos. Em todos os casos, as posições atômicas foram relaxadas, a natureza das ligações Cu – O e Ag – O cuidadosamente analisada e as estruturas locais em torno dos defeitos determinadas. Verificou-se que os defeitos perturbam amplamente suas vizinhanças e que os centros Cu1+ e Ag1+ exibem um deslocamento significativo a partir da posição inicial do Li, que se torna ainda mais acentuado para os centros Cu0 e Ag0. Apenas os defeitos Cu2+ e Ag2+ se estabilizam no sítio substitucional do Li. Os resultados das energias de formação dos defeitos demonstraram que os centros Cu1+, Cu0, Ag1+ e Ag0 são os mais estáveis. Cálculos de estrutura eletrônica revelaram que as impurezas introduzem os estados d e s dentro do gap, cujas energias e ocupações dependem fortemente do estado de carga do defeito. Os espectros ópticos experimentais foram bem reproduzidos pelos espectros dos centros Cu1+ e Ag1+ calculados, levando-se à conclusão de que somente estes centros são formados no material não irradiado. Durante a irradiação do composto, o presente estudo prevê a formação dos centros intersticiais Cu0, fato que deve alterar significativamente a absorção e emissão óptica do material, bem como demonstra a presença de novos picos de absorção associados aos centros intersticiais Ag0 e substitucionais Ag2+, os quais descrevem razoavelmente bem o espectro experimental. / São Cristóvão, SE

O elevado número de cirurgias de enxertia óssea impulsiona o desenvolvimento de novos biomateriais de preenchimento. Materiais a base de hidroxiapatita sintética e tendão bovino mineralizado foram preparados para servirem de arcabouço para regeneração óssea. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a osteocondutibilidade desses materiais, comparando-os ao Bio-Oss/Geistlich. Foram criados defeitos de tamanho crítico (circular / 8 mm) na calvária de ratos Wistar, preenchidos com os biomateriais e, após 30 dias, ocorreu o sacrifício, análise não invasiva por microtomografia computadorizada (micro-CT/ microtomógrafo SkyScan 100kV - 100\'mü\'A) com reconstituição de imagem em três dimensões (3D) e análise histológica convencional para avaliar a neoformação óssea e comparar os métodos. Os resultados da micro-CT mostraram que o Bio-Oss apresentou maior volume, densidade e porcentagem de tecido ósseo que os demais grupos. Nas imagens reconstituídas em 3D notou-se no grupo Bio-Oss as menores taxas de reabsorção, permanecendo em maior quantidade no interior do defeito aos trinta dias. No grupo da hidroxiapatita sintética notou-se uma intensa reabsorção do material e uma leve neoformação óssea nas margens do defeito, deixando-o com um contorno irregular. O grupo do tendão bovino mineralizado apresentou discretíssima neoformação óssea e o material foi totalmente reabsorvido. Já na avaliação da presença do material, de vasos sanguíneos e das células osteoblásticas no interior do defeito obtidos através da análise histológica, os grupos Bio-Oss e hidroxiapatita sintética obtiveram resultados semelhantes e maiores que o tendão bovino mineralizado. Constatou-se através da análise histológica que a hidroxiapatita sintética mostrou-se presente no interior do defeito exibindo propriedades osteocondutoras semelhantes a marca comercial Bio-Oss. Já o tendão bovino mineralizado não teve boa osteocondução, sendo contra-indicado na manutenção do espaço ósseo. Na comparação dos dois métodos, constatou-se que a micro-CT apresenta baixa especificidade, ou seja, não foi capaz de distinguir o tecido ósseo do Bio-Oss e alta sensibilidade, pois quantifica de uma forma muito precisa os valores com alta resolução. Já a análise histológica consegue distinguir com precisão os materiais e o tecido adjacente, porém não consegue quantificá-los de maneira fácil e precisa. Portanto, conclui-se que a hidroxiapatita sintética tem grande potencial de ser utilizada no preenchimento de defeitos ósseos, diferentemente do tendão bovino mineralizado. Quanto aos métodos de avaliação, eles são complementares e novos aprimoramentos devem ser feitos na técnica de micro-CT para melhorar sua capacidade de distinguir diferentes materiais. / Biodegradable bone grafts have been widely employed on bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteoconductive potential of hydroxyapatite, mineralized bovine tendon and Bio-Oss/Geistlich in a rat critical-size calvaria defect model through non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) micro-tomographic (\'mü\'CT) imaging and histological evaluation. Two experimental biomaterials were developed: synthetic hydroxyapatite (particles size < 0,2 mm) and mineralized bovine tendon. Bio-Oss/Geistlich was employed as a control group. A critical size defect (8 mm) was created in the skull of Wistar rats (weight 200 - 300 g) and treated with the biomaterials and one group was left untreated in the control group (n = 5). After 30 days, the animals were killed and the calvaria removed for \'mü\'CT and histological analysis. No adverse reactions were noted. No bone repair was observed in untreated surgical defects. The results of micro-CT showed that BioOss showed higher volume, density and percentage of bone tissue than the other groups. In the images reconstructed in 3-D was noted in the group Bio-Oss the lowest rates of resorption, staying in larger quantities within thirty days of the defect. In the group of synthetic hydroxyapatite noticed an intense resorption of the material and a slight bone formation at the margins of the defect, leaving him with an irregular contour. The bovine tendon mineralized group presented discreet bone formation and the material was completely resorbed. In the evaluation of the presence of the material, blood vessels and osteoblastic cells within the defect obtained by histological analysis, the groups Bio-Oss and synthetic hydroxyapatite showed similar results and larger than the mineralized bovine tendon. We verified by histological analysis that the synthetic hydroxyapatite is present within the defect displaying osteoconductive properties similar to trademark BioOss. Already the mineralized bovine tendon, again, did not have good osteoconduction and is contraindicated in maintaining the bone. When comparing the two methods observed that the micro-CT has low specificity, ie, was not able to distinguish the bone tissue to Bio-Oss and high sensitivity, as quantified in a very accurate values with high resolution. Already histological analysis can accurately distinguish materials and tissues, but can not quantify them easily and accurately. Therefore, we conclude that the synthetic hydroxyapatite has great potential to be used to fill bone defects, unlike mineralized bovine tendon. When comparing the methods, we found that still are complementary and new enhancements must be made in micro-CT technique to improve their ability to distinguish different materials.

En contrôle non destructif, dans la perspective de l’amélioration des images de défauts mais également dans le but de rendre leur interprétation plus simple par des opérateurs non spécialisés,de nouvelles méthodes d’imagerie ultra-sonore telle que l’imagerie TFM (Total Focusing Method)sont apparues depuis quelques années comme une alternative aux méthodes d’imageries conventionnelles.Elles offrent des images réalistes des défauts et permettent à partir d’une même acquisition d’avoir un nombre important d’images chacune pouvant porter des informations différentes et complémentaires sur les caractéristiques d’un même défaut.Lorsqu’elles sont correctement sélectionnées,ces images sont plus faciles à analyser, elles présentent moins de risques de mauvaise interprétation et permettent d’envisager des caractérisations de défauts plus rapides par des opérateurs moins spécialisés.Pour une exploitation industrielle, il reste cependant nécessaire de renforcer la robustesse et la facilité de mise en oeuvre de ces techniques d’imagerie.L’ensemble des travaux réalisés durant la thèse a permis de développer de nouveaux outils capables d’améliorer la caractérisation des défauts par les techniques d’imagerie TFM en termes de position,d’orientation et de dimensionnement / In non-destructive testing, with a view to improving defect images but also to simplify their interpretation by non-specialized operators,new ultrasonic imaging methods such as TFM imaging (Total Focusing Method ) have appeared for some years as an alternative to conventional imaging methods. They offer realistic images of defects and allow from the same acquisition to have a large number of images each that can carry different and complementary information on the characteristics of the same defect. When properly selected, these images are easier to analyze, they present less risk of misinterpretation and allow to consider faster fault characterizations by less specialized operators.However, for an industrial operation, it remains necessary to strengthen the robustness and ease of implementation of these imaging techniques. All the work carried out during the thesis allowed to develop new tools to improve the characterization of defects by TFM imaging techniques in terms of position,orientation and sizing.