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The thesis deals with the microstrip filter design using defected ground structure (DGS). The difference between standard asymmetric microstrip technique and DGS is in using the structures etched in the microwave substrate ground plane. The DGS resonant characteristics are then used in filter design. The thesis consists of three factual parts. The first one (chapter 4) introduces the use of the DGS resonators in the lowpass filter design. It involves experimental analysis of one type of the lowpass filter. The second part (chapter 5) deals with a novel microstrip lowpass filter design method using DGS. The proposed method is verified by simulations and several samples are realized and measured. Finally, the third part (chapters 7 and 8) deals with the bandpass filter design using specific defected ground structure as a resonator. The resonators are used in a coupled resonator structure. Filters of various orders and resonator configurations are designed and simulated. A combination of the DGS resonators and half-wavelength microstrip resonators is introduced as well. Selected samples are realized and measurement results are compared with simulations.

Nowadays islanding has become a big issue with the increasing use of distributed generators in power system. In order to effectively detect islanding after DG disconnects from main source, author first studied two passive islanding methods in this thesis: THD&VU method and wavelet-transform method. Compared with other passive methods, each of them has small non-detection zone, but both of them are based on the threshold limit, which is very hard to set. What’s more, when these two methods were applied to practical signals distorted with noise, they performed worse than anticipated. Thus, a new composite intelligent based method is presented in this thesis to solve the drawbacks above. The proposed method first uses wavelet-transform to detect the occurrence of events (including islanding and non-islanding) due to its sensitivity of sudden change. Then this approach utilizes artificial neural network (ANN) to classify islanding and non-islanding events. In this process, three features based on THD&VU are extracted as the input of ANN classifier. The performance of proposed method was tested on two typical distribution networks. The obtained results of two cases indicated the developed method can effectively detect islanding with low misclassification.

Classical view of power system is characterized by a unidirectional power flow from centralized generation to consumers. Power system deregulation gave impetus to a modern view by introducing distributed generations (DGs) into distribution systems, leading to a bi-directional power flow. Several benefits of embedding DGs into distribution systems, such as increased reliability and reduced system losses, can be achieved. However, when a zone of the distribution system remains energized after being disconnected from the grid, DGs become islanded and early detection is needed to avoid several operational issues. In response to this call, a wavelet-based approach that uses the mean voltage index is proposed in this work to detect islanding operation in distribution systems embedding DGs. The proposed approach has been tested in several islanding and non-islanding scenarios using IEEE 13-bus distribution system. The results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to other islanding approaches previously published in the literature. / UOIT

Submitted by Automação e Estatística (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-07-26T17:05:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoDasChagasBarbosaDeSena_TESE.pdf: 5493232 bytes, checksum: 378d23f978bc334f78243d8199a72e4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-07-26T19:31:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoDasChagasBarbosaDeSena_TESE.pdf: 5493232 bytes, checksum: 378d23f978bc334f78243d8199a72e4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoDasChagasBarbosaDeSena_TESE.pdf: 5493232 bytes, checksum: 378d23f978bc334f78243d8199a72e4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / As antenas de microfita têm atraído a atenção de pesquisadores no mundo inteiro por possuírem características interessantes a diversas aplicações. Contudo, desvantagens como baixo ganho, estreita largura de banda e baixa eficiência de radiação podem limitar o seu uso em um determinado sistema. Além disso, esse tipo de antena pode excitar modos de ordem superior em adição ao fundamental. Essa característica é particularmente importante para sistemas que possuem múltiplas frequências de operação, nos demais casos, faz-se necessário o uso de filtros para eliminar os modos indesejados. Alternativamente, pode-se adicionar arranjos de defeitos ao plano de terra ou ao substrato da antena para cumprir esse mesmo objetivo, sendo tais estruturas denominadas de Defected Ground Structure (DGS) e Photonic Band Gap (PBG), respectivamente. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de projetos eficientes envolvendo esses tipos de estruturas apresenta grande dependência da correta especificação dos parâmetros físicos do arranjo utilizado. Nesse contexto, objetivando eliminar e/ou atenuar os modos de ordem superior, sem afetar significativamente o desempenho da antena em operação para o modo fundamental, o presente trabalho estudou a aplicação de um Algoritmo Genético (AG) no desenvolvimento de novos modelos de estruturas DGS e PBG. Os modelos propostos são constituídos de furos circulares, preenchidos com ar, nos padrões hexagonal e retangular, para a configuração periódica, e com padrão micro estruturado, para a configuração quase periódica. O AG proposto foi responsável por especificar os seguintes parâmetros dos arranjos analisados: diâmetro dos furos, distância de separação entre os mesmo e o posicionamento do arranjo ao longo do comprimento da antena. Todas as antenas analisadas foram construídas manualmente, através do uso de uma fresadora e/ou corrosão por percloreto de ferro. Com base nos resultados simulados e medidos, verificou-se que o AG proposto foi capaz de otimizar as estruturas estudadas de maneira a preservar o modo fundamental, ao passo que os de ordem superior foram eliminados e/ou consideravelmente atenuados. Verificou-se que para o mesmo tipo de arranjo, as antenas com DGS apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação às com PBG, considerando o coeficiente de reflexão do modo fundamental. Além disso, as estruturas otimizadas não provocaram variações significativas no valor do ganho total ou na forma do diagrama de radiação e, no caso dos DGS, exibiram características importantes para miniaturização das antenas. Os resultados obtidos são particularmente importantes, partindo do pressuposto de que as estruturas otimizadas podem ser utilizadas para eliminar modos indesejados em aplicações com antenas de microfita passivas ou ativas, que operam também como ressoadores. / Microstrip antennas have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide because of their interesting features for various applications. However, disadvantages such as low gain, narrow bandwidth and low radiation efficiency can limit its use in a given system. Besides, this type of antenna can excite higher order modes in addition to the fundamental. This feature is particularly important for systems with multiple operating frequencies, in other cases, it is necessary to use filters to eliminate the unwanted modes. Alternatively, arrangement of defects can be added to the antenna‟s ground plane or substrate to achieve the same aim, such structures are called Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and Photonic Band Gap (PBG), respectively. However, the development of really efficient projects involving these types of structures presents great dependence on the correct specification of the physical parameters of the used arrangement. In this context, aiming at eliminating and/or attenuating higher order modes, without significantly affecting the performance of the antenna to the fundamental mode, the present work studied the application of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the development of new models of DGS and PBG structures. The proposed models consist of circular holes, filled with air, in the hexagonal and rectangular patterns, for the periodic configuration, and with micro structured pattern, for the quasi periodic configuration. The proposed AG was responsible for specifying the following parameters of the analysed arrangements: diameters of the holes, distance among them and the location of the arrangement along the length of the antenna. All the analysed antennas were constructed manually, by using a milling machine and/or corrosion by iron perchloride. Based on the simulated and measured results, was verified that the proposed GA was able to optimize the studied structures in order to preserve the fundamental mode, while the higher ones were eliminated and/or considerably attenuated. It was verified that for the same type of arrangement, the antennas with DGS presented better performance in relation to those with PBG, considering the reflection coefficient of the fundamental mode. In addition, the optimized structures did not cause significant changes in the total gain value or in the shape of the radiation pattern and, in the case of the DGS, exhibited important characteristics for miniaturization of the antennas. The obtained results are particularly important, assuming that the optimized structures can be used to eliminate unwanted modes in applications with passive or active microstrip antennas, which also operates as resonators.

Submitted by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2016-09-01T13:11:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise e Simula??o de Filtros de Microfita Utilizando o M?todo FDTD.pdf: 3682016 bytes, checksum: e7b92fd51edaba9be1f80daf86f10b4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alex Sandro R?go (alex@ifpb.edu.br) on 2016-09-01T13:12:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise e Simula??o de Filtros de Microfita Utilizando o M?todo FDTD.pdf: 3682016 bytes, checksum: e7b92fd51edaba9be1f80daf86f10b4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T13:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 An?lise e Simula??o de Filtros de Microfita Utilizando o M?todo FDTD.pdf: 3682016 bytes, checksum: e7b92fd51edaba9be1f80daf86f10b4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Esta Disserta??o descreve a aplica??o do m?todo das Diferen?as Finitas no Dom?nio do Tempo (FDTD ? Finite Difference Time Domain) para a an?lise de filtros fabricados em linhas de microfita para a faixa de micro-ondas. O m?todo FDTD 3-D, desenvolvido em linguagem C, implementa condi??es de contorno com o uso da t?cnica PML (Perfect Matched Layer), permitindo a determina??o num?rica dos campos eletromagn?ticos com uma menor interfer?ncia das reflex?es indesej?veis nos limites da malha FDTD. A fim de comparar os resultados obtidos com o m?todo FDTD, o software comercial Ansoft DesignerTM tamb?m ? usado para simula??o dos filtros abordados. Cinco prot?tipos foram constru?dos e caracterizados experimentalmente com o uso de um analisador de redes vetorial, Agilent N5230A. Estes resultados num?ricos e experimentais s?o usados para a compara??o do m?todo FDTD 3-D desenvolvido. O m?todo FDTD foi aplicado para an?lise de um filtro passa-baixa em linha de microfita, de filtros DGS (Defected Ground Structure) unit?rios e peri?dicos e de um filtro spur-line. Os resultados de simula??o foram concordantes com os experimentos realizados com um erro m?ximo de 4,8% para os filtros abordados. Atrav?s de varia??es na malha FDTD, uma an?lise de desempenho do m?todo FDTD foi realizada em termos de precis?o e esfor?o computacional.

Yes / This paper proposes a novel method for planning active distribution networks (ADNs) with the integration of an active network management (ANM) scheme using coordinated voltage control (CVC) through on-load tap changer (OLTC) transformers. The method was formulated as a security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) problem to minimize total operational costs, which maximizes the utilization of renewable distributed generators (DGs) over a planning horizon. The ANM scheme was applied using OLTC to ensure safe operation and reduce voltage violations in the network. To analyse the impact of ANM, the planning problem was examined both with and without the ANM scheme. Moreover, SCOPF, considering the N-1 line contingency analysis and multi-DG configuration, was implemented to analyse the feasibility of the proposed method and the advantages of ANM under contingency situations. The method was validated on a weakly-meshed 16-bus UK generic distribution system (UKGDS). The results showed that ANM can lower operational costs and maintain network voltage for operation in feasible conditions even in the case of a contingency. Moreover, the ANM scheme mitigated the voltage rise effect caused by DGs and maximized their utilization.

Diese Erwerbsstudie beschreibt die Adaption eines Testverfahrens aus der Britischen Gebärdensprache von Herman et al. (2004) in Deutsche Gebärdensprache (DGS). NaKom DGS ist ein Testverfahren das narrative und grammatische Kompetenzen in Kindererzählungen analysiert. NaKom DGS elizitiert Erzählungen mittels eines kurzen sprachfreien Stimulus-Videos und ist für Kinder im Alter von 4-11 Jahren validiert. In einer Querschnittsstudie wurde das Testverfahren mit 97 Kindern deutschlandweit durchgeführt, um das Testverfahren zu validieren. Die Referenzwerte für NaKom DGS basieren auf den Erzählungen von 72 Kindern mit Zugang zu DGS ab Geburt durch taube in DGS kommunizierende Eltern. Durch diese Studie wurden neue Erkenntnisse zum Spracherwerb von DGS gewonnen. Die gefundenen Erwerbsverläufe bieten Wissenschaftler_innen in vielen der untersuchten Strukturen erste Anhaltspunkte für den Spracherwerb in DGS, mit denen zukünftige Forschungsergebnisse verglichen werden können. Ausgewertet werden als narrative Kompetenzen Strukturelemente nach dem globalen Strukturmodell von Labov and Waletzky (1973), sowie Erzählinhalt und Reihenfolge der Erzählung. Als grammatische Kompetenzen werden in Anlehnung an Johnston (2016) auf kleiner satzähnlicher Ebene Verbmodifikationen analysiert: Modifikationen der Art und Weise, direktionale Modifikationen, aspektuelle Modifikationen und abbildende Verben. Auf Textebene, d.h. in Bezug zur gesamten Erzählung, wird konstruierte Aktion untersucht. Die Referenzwerte von NaKom DGS werden cross-linguistisch mit den Ergebnissen des Grundlagentests, sowie einer weiteren Adaption in Amerikanische Gebärdensprache (Enns et al. 2019) verglichen und dadurch zusätzlich bestätigt. / This acquisition study describes the test adaptation process of the British Sign Language (BSL) Productive Skills test from Herman et al. (2004) to German Sign Language (DGS), resulting in the new assessment tool „Sprachproduktionstest zu narrativen Kompetenzen in Deutscher Gebärdensprache“ (NaKom DGS). NaKom DGS analyzes narrative and grammatical competences in children´s narrations, that are elicited via a short language free videoclip. In a nationwide cross-sectional study NaKom DGS was validated with data from 97 signing children, 4-11 years old. The standards for the test are derived from the results of 72 native signing children, that acquire DGS from Deaf DGS signing parents. This study provides new insights in language acquisition in DGS. Up to now research in DGS acquisition is sparse, therefore the results of NaKom DGS are the first insights in many of the analyzed areas. The results provide scholars with first insights and stepping stones for future research. This study focuses on narrative competences as the global structural elements from the model of Labov and Waletzky (1973), as well as narrative content and narrative sequence. Grammatic competences specifically modifications of verbs are analyzed on the level of small clause like units, following Johnston (2016): indicating directional modifications, depicting verbs, aspect and manner. On text level constructed action is analyzed across the whole narration. Additionally the newly developed standards for NaKom DGS are compared to the standards from the BSL test as well as another adaptation to American Sign Language (Enns et al. 2019). This cross-linguistic comparison supports the validity of the German test results.

No description available.

Feeder reconfiguration is performed by changing the open/close status of two types of switches: normally open tie switches and normally closed sectionalizing switches. A whole feeder or part of a feeder may be served from another feeder by closing a tie switch linking the two while an appropriate sectionalizing switch must be opened to maintain the radial structure of the system. Feeder reconfiguration is mainly aiming to reduce the system overall power losses and improve voltage profile. In this dissertation, several approaches have been proposed to reconfigure the radial distribution networks including the potential impact of integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the grid. These approaches provide a Fast-Genetic Algorithm “FGA” in which the size and convergence speed is improved compared to the conventional genetic algorithm. The size of the population matrix is also smaller because of the simple way of constructing the meshed network. Additionally, FGA deals with integer variable instead of a binary one, which makes FGA a unique method. The number of the mesh/loop is based on the number of tie switches in a particular network. The validity of the proposed FGA is investigated by comparing the obtained results with the one obtained from the most recent approaches. The second the approach is the implementation of the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. DE is a population-based method using three operators including crossover, mutation, and selection. It differs from GA in that genetic algorithms rely on crossover while DE relies on mutation. Mutation is based on the differences between randomly sampled pairs of solutions in the population. DE has three advantages: the ability to find the global optimal result regardless of the initial values, fast convergence, and requirement of a few control parameters. DE is a well-known and straightforward population-based probabilistic approach for comprehensive optimization. In distribution systems, if a utility company has the right to control the location and size of distributed generations, then the location and size of DGs may be determined based on some optimization methods. This research provides a promising approach to finding the optimal size and location of the planned DER units using the proposed DE algorithm. DGs location is obtained using the sensitivity of power losses with respect to real power injection at each bus. Then the most sensitive bus is selected for installing the DG unit. Because the integration of the DG adds positive real power injections, the optimal location is the one with the most negative sensitivity in order to get the largest power loss reduction. Finally, after the location is specified, the proposed Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) is used to obtain the optimal size of the DG unit. Only the feasible solutions that satisfy all the constraints are considered. The objective of installing DG units to the distribution network is to reduce the system losses and enhance the network voltage profile. Nowadays, these renewable DGs are required to equip with reactive power devices (such as static VAR compensators, capacitor banks, etc.), to provide reactive power as well as to control the voltage at their terminal bus. DGs have various technical benefits such as voltage profile improvement, relief in feeder loading, power loss minimization, stability improvement, and voltage deviation mitigation. The distributed generation may not achieve its full potential of benefits if placed at any random location in the system. It is necessary to investigate and determine the optimum location and size of the DG. Most distribution networks are radial in nature with limited short-circuit capacity. Therefore, there is a limit to which power can be injected into the distribution network without compromising the power quality and the system stability. This research is aiming to investigate this by applying DG technologies to the grid and keeping the system voltage within a defined boundary [0.95 - 1.05 p.u]. The requirements specified in IEEE Standard 1547 are considered. This research considers four objectives related to minimization of the system power loss, minimization of the deviations of the nodes voltage, minimization of branch current constraint violation, and minimization of feeder’s currents imbalance. The research formulates the problem as a multi-objective problem. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated on different revised IEEE test systems including 16 and 33-bus radial distribution system.