<p>This thesis is a case study that examines what political decisions have been taken and how these policies have been implemented. Further this thesis discusses how legitimacy of local policy makers and implementors is affected. The subject studied have been the social service of Jönköping municipality and the intervention of safe-housing aimed at women who have been, or are subject to violence by person close to them. In our study we have examined local policy within the territory of the intervention and how this policy is implemented. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used in combination with quantitative methods to examine protocols from the social welfare board and an action program named <em>"Skydd och stöd för misshandlade kvinnor och deras barn” [Protection and support for abused women and their children].</em></p><p>The purpose of this study has been to highlight how the social services implemented the local policy of safe-house accommodation in Jönköping municipality from the legitimacy and discretion perspectives. Theoretical concepts used in the study is legitimacy, discretion and implementation. To analyze our data we use the street-level bureaucracy theory (Lipsky 1980). Our survey showed that the intervention safe-house accommodation was not mainly governed by local policy, instead, it was directed by street-level bureaucracy.</p>

Baselregelverket är en samling råd och riktlinjer som har som mål att skapa finansiell stabilitet för banker världen över. Det finns i tre omfattningar och efter finanskrisen år 2008 påbörjades ett betydande reformarbete av Basel II efter att banker inte fångade upp riskerna i tillräckligt stor utsträckning. Med ökade kapitalkrav och en förbättrad riskhantering hos bankerna har Baselkommittén som mål att de tidigare bristerna med regelverket inte ska upprepas. Detta har medfört stora interna organisatoriska förändringar för bankerna. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur finanskrisen år 2008 och reformarbetet av Baselregelverket påverkat chefers handlingsutrymme på svenska banker, där begreppet handlingsutrymme utgår från managerial discretion som handlar om chefers handlingsfrihet under påverkan av externa faktorer. Studien kommer därmed att bidra med en ökad förståelse för regelverket och lyfta fram personliga uppfattningar om hur regelverket har påverkat cheferna.   Kandidatuppsatsen är baserad på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där vi utförde semi-strukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter med chefserfarenhet från svenska banker. Empirin som vi har fått fram tyder på att cheferna upplever ett minskat handlingsutrymme som en påföljd av mer komplexa regelverk. Det har blivit mer komplicerat för cheferna i dag jämfört med innan krisen att styra bankernas dagliga verksamhet på grund av ökade krav på regelefterlevnad och noggrannare uppföljning av riskmätning och kapitalkrav. Vi har även kommit fram till att cheferna upplever förändringar i sitt handlingsutrymme beroende på faktorer som exempelvis bankens storlek och deras införande av olika internmetoder. / The Basel Accords are a collection of advice and recommendations that strives to establish a financial stability of banks all over the world. The accord exists in three versions and after the financial crisis 2008 a considerable reform was established of Basel II due to the fact that previous versions did not accurately handled risks well enough. With the increasing capital requirements and improved risk management at banks, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision wants to ensure that the previous flaws with the accord will not be repeated. This has resulted in big organizational changes for the banks. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the financial crisis 2008 and the reform of the Basel Accord that followed have affected the latitude of managerial action of the managers in swedish banks, which is based on managerial discretion that mean changes in managerial roles under influence of external factors. The study will thereby contribute with an increased understanding for this accord and point out personal perceptions of how the regulation have affected the managers.   This bachelor thesis is based on a qualitative research where we performed eight semi-structured interviews with respondents having managerial experiences from swedish banks. The empirical data we have obtained shows that managers perceive a reduced latitude of managerial action as a consequence of more complex regulations. It’s more complicated for managers today considering how it was before the crisis to control the daily operations of the bank because of the increased demand for compliance and a stricter monitoring of risk measurement and capital requirements. We have also concluded that managers are experiencing different changes in the latitude of managerial actions depending on factors such as the bank’s size and how they introduce the various internal methods

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Santana Nardi.pdf: 831205 bytes, checksum: 478255a4b45dc718ae4613adbc81c2bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-09 / The aim of this study is to understand the so-called technical discretion , its meaning, its scope and whether it features the legal regime present in the administrative discretion. At first the expression technical discretion started to be used in order to avoid legal control over some administrative actions. Since then it has been used in several different meanings, which has resulted in great doctrinal and jurisprudential divergence. Firstly on this paper, we started with a research about the concept and the normative structure of the administrative discretion. Such research includes an analysis of its basis and its relation with legal principles. On this project, we intend to cover the legal system involved in the administrative discretion, so that we may analyse whether the so called technical discretion exists and if a different legal system is applied in this case. Secondly, we present an analysis of the so called technical discretion , including studies of its origin, its evolution on the Spanish, Italian and North American doctrines and the opinion of the Brazilian doctrine on this matter. Our researches gave emphasis to the activities of regulatory agencies since the concept of technical discretion has been used by them to support such activities and these procedures may, consequently, cause the breach of legal principles. Finally, a discussion on the judicial control over administration is also presented, since such procedure ensures that administrative activities are followed in accordance with the orders set forth in the legislation and, for this reason, as a consequence, a clash between freedom of administration and judicial control authority arises. Such controversial question is considered of greatest importance for the Administrative Law. Taking the aforementioned facts into consideration, we prepared a research about the principles of Public Administration and the theories explaining why objectives are conducted to different directions / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a chamada discricionariedade técnica , seu alcance, e verificar a existência, ou não, do mesmo regime jurídico da discricionariedade administrativa. No início, a expressão discricionariedade técnica surgiu como maneira de afastar do controle judicial certos atos administrativos e, depois, foi sendo utilizada em vários sentidos, o que levou à grande divergência doutrinária e jurisprudencial. Na primeira parte deste trabalho investigamos o conceito, a estrutura lógico-normativa da discricionariedade, seu fundamento e a relação com o princípio da legalidade. Almejamos neste estudo abordar o regime jurídico da discricionariedade administrativa para, então, analisarmos se existe ou não a chamada discricionariedade técnica e se esta possui regime jurídico diferenciado, de modo a justificar a nomenclatura específica. Na sequência, cuidamos da chamada discricionariedade técnica , sua origem, a evolução nas doutrinas espanhola, italiana e norte-americana e a posição da doutrina brasileira sobre o assunto. Enfatizamos o estudo da atividade normativa das agências reguladoras, já que a idéia de discricionariedade técnica vem sendo usada para dar suporte a esta atividade, por vezes burlando o princípio da legalidade. Por fim, tratamos do controle judicial dos atos administrativos, por ser este o mecanismo que possibilita que a atividade administrativa não se desvie dos objetivos prescritos pelo ordenamento jurídico e, justamente, por ser o confronto entre a liberdade da Administração e a autoridade do controle judicial tema de maior importância para o Direito Administrativo. Para tanto, fizemos um estudo sobre as teorias do desvio de finalidade e dos motivos determinantes e sobre os princípios da Administração Pública

This thesis is a case study that examines what political decisions have been taken and how these policies have been implemented. Further this thesis discusses how legitimacy of local policy makers and implementors is affected. The subject studied have been the social service of Jönköping municipality and the intervention of safe-housing aimed at women who have been, or are subject to violence by person close to them. In our study we have examined local policy within the territory of the intervention and how this policy is implemented. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used in combination with quantitative methods to examine protocols from the social welfare board and an action program named "Skydd och stöd för misshandlade kvinnor och deras barn” [Protection and support for abused women and their children]. The purpose of this study has been to highlight how the social services implemented the local policy of safe-house accommodation in Jönköping municipality from the legitimacy and discretion perspectives. Theoretical concepts used in the study is legitimacy, discretion and implementation. To analyze our data we use the street-level bureaucracy theory (Lipsky 1980). Our survey showed that the intervention safe-house accommodation was not mainly governed by local policy, instead, it was directed by street-level bureaucracy.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-15T17:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 7 Liziane Pereira_Elementos Pre-Textuais.pdf: 166753 bytes, checksum: 18d9d4ce8daf353b1f3dd2d8b6bb153f (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Introducao.pdf: 17941 bytes, checksum: 0495e4d6d06fb5313efb3f785a105211 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 1.pdf: 234533 bytes, checksum: 823790d152687e7a6fa234ace9915562 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 2.pdf: 148375 bytes, checksum: e6fb51dfe128ba5ab552043e97cd783a (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 3.pdf: 209262 bytes, checksum: c6a2fb1da2cdc9c83a1569b9ed3c0372 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Conclusao.pdf: 18871 bytes, checksum: 6afa1e0cdcce12cb7f8ba2d216eb1223 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Referencias Bibliograficas.pdf: 25443 bytes, checksum: 67b2bc58f1415c6bf92eed1469094e91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-15T17:04:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 7 Liziane Pereira_Elementos Pre-Textuais.pdf: 166753 bytes, checksum: 18d9d4ce8daf353b1f3dd2d8b6bb153f (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Introducao.pdf: 17941 bytes, checksum: 0495e4d6d06fb5313efb3f785a105211 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 1.pdf: 234533 bytes, checksum: 823790d152687e7a6fa234ace9915562 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 2.pdf: 148375 bytes, checksum: e6fb51dfe128ba5ab552043e97cd783a (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Capitulo 3.pdf: 209262 bytes, checksum: c6a2fb1da2cdc9c83a1569b9ed3c0372 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Conclusao.pdf: 18871 bytes, checksum: 6afa1e0cdcce12cb7f8ba2d216eb1223 (MD5) Liziane Pereira_Referencias Bibliograficas.pdf: 25443 bytes, checksum: 67b2bc58f1415c6bf92eed1469094e91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / The present dissertation intends to examine the judicial discretion in order to check the limits of interpretation, under the approach of post-positivism. The study covers the main transformations of legal hermeneutics to analyze the new role which the interpreter has acquired in contemporary society. For both proposed to investigate the administrative discretion in the search for a concept most integral of judicial discretion and also the limits for a possible interpretation unmeasured. At the first part of the work are considered the main hermeneutical schools to understand how each author conceptualized the discretion within his theory. Next is presented administrative discretion and the limits as parameters for judicial discretion. At the third and the last part, we returned to the central thematic about the theories of authors like Ronald Dworkin to justify the necessity to adopt some criteria for interpretation. The purpose of this dissertation is to arrive a conclusion as to whether it is possible that judgments are based on solid instruments different of the normative and in what way the post-positivism contributes to give the interpreter greater freedom to build the individual standard. / A presente dissertação pretende examinar a discricionariedade judicial com o intuito de verificar os limites da interpretação, sob o enfoque do pós-positivismo. O estudo percorre as principais transformações da hermenêutica jurídica para analisar o novo protagonismo que o intérprete adquiriu na sociedade contemporânea. Para tanto, investiga a discricionariedade administrativa na busca por um conceito mais íntegro de discricionariedade judicial e também problematiza limites e consequências de um “ativismo” desmedido. Na primeira parte do trabalho são consideradas as principais escolas hermenêuticas, para compreender como cada autor selecionado conceituou a discricionariedade dentro de sua teoria. Em seguida, é abordada a discricionariedade administrativa e os limites principiológicos como parâmetros para a discricionariedade judicial. Na terceira e última parte, retoma-se a temática central, para, com base em referenciais, como Ronald Dworkin, enfatizar também a necessidade de alguns parâmetros interpretativos. Espera-se apresentar uma conclusão sobre se é possível que as decisões judiciais sejam embasadas em instrumentos diferentes dos estritamente normativos e de que maneira o pós-positivismo contribui para dar ao intérprete maior liberdade para construir a norma individual.

近年來政府致力於整合第一、第二及第三部門的力量，透過分工、互補，促使民間的私部門與非營利組織共同承擔公共事務的責任。惟政府就可以從此消失不見，由私部門及第三部門所取代嗎？由於政府存在的最大目的除了追求效率、效能與經濟之外，更重要者就是發揮公平與正義，此以立法機關仍於管制性政策、經濟政策、社會政策、文化政策等面向上，大量授權行政機關行使「行政裁量權」以實踐個案正義，最為具體及明顯。本論文所關心者為在過去官尊民卑的時代中，基層行政人員行使行政裁量權，僅須實踐「依法行政」的角色，完成與人民之間的「權利-義務」關係，而在司法不予介入的範圍，行政機關擁有決定自由的領域。解嚴之後，人民自我意識抬頭，勇於追求自我的權益，人民與基層行政人員間的「權力-服從」關係已不如警察國家一般，取而代之的是人民在行政裁量的灰色地帶，不斷透過各種方式以影響基層行政人員，而形成基層行政人員行政裁量的困境。基於此，本論文致力於以基層行政人員行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點為研究焦點，針對基層行政人員行政裁量時，面臨裁量系絡中多元、衝突的價值觀困境進行探索性的研究。本論文的研究目的有五： 第一、 整合有關行政裁量之相關文獻，試圖對形成當前基層行政人員行政裁量困境之原因有所瞭解。 第二、 綜合相關文獻確立基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之內涵，以提供基層行政人員行政裁量價值採擇之規範標準。 第三、 評析當前文獻中已存在之行政裁量行為，是否能有效地解決基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之困境。 第四、 由相關文獻中，嘗試以轉換型領導之觀點，建構型塑基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之理論基礎。 第五、 透過深度訪談的方式，以瞭解以轉換型領導之觀點，型塑我國基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之可行性。 本論文採取的研究方法除文獻探討法之外，主要是以質的研究當中的深度訪談法為研究方法。在研究對象方面，本論文以立意抽樣的方式，針對我國基層行政人員實施訪談，實際完成訪談者計十二人。 總結本論文的主要研究發現可分別就文獻探討、深度訪談內容分析等兩方面予以說明。文獻探討的說明可對應於本論文所希望達成的第一項至第四項的研究目的。訪談內容分析則可對應於第五項的研究目的。謹將本論文之研究發現摘述如下： 第一、 基層行政人員行政裁量的系絡環境包括：1. 基層行政人員個人因素。2. 服務機關。3. 上級機關。4. 主管。5. 同事。6. 法律或司法機關。7. 當事人或相關利害關係人。8. 媒體。9. 民意代表。10. 社會大眾或旁觀者。11. 其他變數。其各有不同的利益、期望與價值觀，這些價值觀包括：1. 個人價值。2. 專業價值。3. 法律要求。4. 組織之層級節制。5. 公務人員個人之私利。6. 民眾私利之要求。7. 公道。8. 公平。9. 效率。10. 為民服務。由於這些不同的價值觀，本質上就存在衝突性，且裁量的結果會對這些系絡環境的權益產生得、喪、變更。因此，各系絡環境莫不透過各種方式、管道或彼此的交互作用與互動，以影響基層行政人員的裁量決定。由於不同的個案有著不同的系絡環境，而相同的個案，對不同的基層行政人員也會有不同的影響方式。故使得基層行政人員行政裁量決策的制定，充滿複雜性、衝突性與政治性。 第二、 本論文綜合論述國內外有關行政裁量的規範性理論與價值採擇之相關理論認為所謂「基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為」係指基層行政人員的裁量行為當以「誠信」為基礎，在「合法」的前提下，透過程序的參與機制，調合及妥適地反映系絡環境中的多元價值觀，並由科學、倫理及法制等途徑所追求裁量的正確、良善與起碼水準的品質中，使裁量系絡的參與者，對基層行政人員的裁量行動或決定加以支持與滿意。 第三、 本論文綜合各家學者的相關文獻，歸納出六種行政裁量行為：1. 官僚人員模式（法規-制度型或由上而下模式）。2. 執行者與政策制定者模式（由下而上模式、整合模式；效能執行型）。3. 權力指揮者模式。4. 專家模式。5. 問題解決者模式。6. 政治行為者模式（個人-責任型）。每一種裁量行為皆有其之優點與缺點，且其對基層行政人員面臨的裁量困境的描述，皆有某種程度的相合，但也有無法涵括之處。 第四、 由於轉換型領導的目的之一在於解決、消弭與調合人們間各種價值觀歧異所引起的衝突，此與基層行政人員負責任之行政裁量行為之價值採擇的內涵相迎合。而許多實證研究也發現轉換型領導的運用，對調合社會中人與人之間衝突的價值觀有諸多助益。因此，轉換型領導觀點之行政裁量行為為有效地解決基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之困境的有用行為模式。本論文綜合論述與轉換型領導有關的相關文獻與實證研究發現，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導的方式為：其一，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導的目標為在合法的前提下，調合多元、衝突的價值觀，以滿足各系絡環境的需求，並提升其之價值觀至更高的道德層次。其二，基層行政人員在轉換型領導中，所謂「部屬」係指基層行政人員行政裁量系絡中與基層行政人員互動的所有系絡環境。基層行政人員可奠基於其之專業及具有國家賦予其行使公權力的合法的權力，而能融合魅力領導者與交易型領導者之特質，進而成為裁量系絡中的轉換型領導者。其三，基層行政人員運作轉換型領導時，會採取一些策略並利用某些場域，使其與各裁量系絡環境產生互動，進而影響其之價值觀的改變與提升。 第五、 藉由本論文對訪談內容分析後，主要的研究發現可摘述如下： （一） 專業知識、遵守法律、民眾私人之利益或需求以及組織之層級節制為基層行政人員行政裁量經常面臨之價值環境，而組織之層級節制的價值觀，唯有在主管無法親臨行政裁量現場之情況，影響程度才較低。 （二） 同事、當事人、相關利害關係人、主管、旁觀者等為影響基層行政人員行政裁量之重要系絡環境，而民意代表、官員或其他有力人士、社會大眾、環保團體、專家及媒體，則在該裁量個案攸關社會大眾的權益時，影響程度才較大。這些系絡環境皆會採取不同的策略，或者透過彼此間的交互作用與互動，以影響基層行政人員的裁量決定，這使得基層行政人員行政裁量的系絡環境充滿政治性。 （三） 基層行政人員行政裁量面臨之九種價值觀，在服務對象的價值觀與其相衝突、科技發展迅速造成基層行政人員無法處理日新月異的價值觀問題、組織對基層行政人員在人力、物力、時間及資源的支援程度不足、組織之層級節制與個人對社會大眾價值變遷之認知進度不同，以及法令來不及修訂以跟上社會生活態樣變遷的速度等情況，會形成九種衝突態樣，而造成基層行政人員行政裁量的困境。 （四） 基層行政人員在面臨行政裁量系絡中九種價值觀衝突的態樣困境時，其除皆能成功地扮演價值抉擇者、分配者角色，以符合負責任之行政裁量行為之價值採擇的標準之外，也能以轉換型領導之觀點，在裁量系絡中成功地扮演平衡輪、分析者以及教育者的角色，以型塑負責任之行政裁量行為。此外，深度訪談之結果顯示我國的基層行政人員會以下列的方式運作轉換型領導： 1. 在運作轉換型領導之行政裁量種類方面，無論基層行政人員僅擁有「過程裁量」、「結果裁量」或者同時具有「過程裁量」及「結果裁量」者，其皆在面臨行政裁量之價值觀衝突時，表現為轉換型領導者。 2. 在運作轉換型領導之權力基礎方面，基層行政人員大抵在其擁有的合法的及專業的權力基礎上運作轉換型領導。 3. 在運作轉換型領導以與各系絡環境產生交互作用的場域方面，基層行政人員會在行政程序中之陳述意見、處理裁量個案的現場、聯繫會議、校務會議、會客室、協調會、說明會、其他相關座談會或會議等場域運作轉換型領導。 4. 在運作轉換型領導以與各系絡環境產生交互作用的策略方面，基層行政人員會牽引下列四種策略以與各系絡環境產生交互作用與互動： （1） 基層行政人員會隨機應變為整個行政裁量過程配速，將裁量系絡中衝突的價值觀加以調整，並控制各方衝突者的情緒在可忍受的範圍內而不躁進。 （2） 設身處地試著從服務對象或價值衝突者的觀點，看待行政裁量個案的問題。 （3） 鼓勵服務對象或價值衝突者一起面對面溝通，參與找出問題的真相與事實。 （4） 巧妙地運用策略，以提高基層行政人員與裁量系絡之各系絡環境彼此之信任關係。 然而，為使基層行政人員在實際個案中，成為真正的轉換型領導者。本論文建議基層行政人員及其之服務機關與主管，當應在組織內部的人力資源管理的人員招募、訓練與績效評估制度上有許多配套措施，以培養基層行政人員發揮專業及合法的影響力，使其成為裁量系絡中有效能的轉換型領導者。 最後，鑑於本論文在研究方法、研究對象的取樣等方面造成許多未盡及推論上的限制之處。故本論文提議下列的議題，以待未來繼續研究： （一） 行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點研究之多重資料來源。 （二） 行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點長期性之研究。 （三） 擴大行政裁量行為之轉換型領導觀點研究廣度之研究。

by Yeung Yuen-on, Thomas. / Questionnaires in English and Chinese. / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-137).