Orientador: Aluir Porfírio Dal Poz / Banca: João Fernando Custódio da Silva / Banca: Daniel Rodrigues dos Santos. / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa é proposta uma metodologia para a orientação semi-automática de imagens CBERS usando rodovias como controle de campo. Baseia-se numa estratégia iterativa envolvendo três etapas. Na primeira etapa um operador identifica na imagem as rodovias de controle de campo e fornece alguns pontos sementes, distribuídos grosseira e esparsamente ao longo ou nas imediações das rodovias. Estes pontos sementes são utilizados pelo algoritmo de otimização de programação dinâmica para extrair as rodovias na imagem. Na segunda etapa são estabelecidas correspondências pontuais entre as rodovias de controle e as correspondentes rodovias extraídas na imagem. Na terceira etapa as correspondências pontuais são utilizadas para orientar a imagem usando a DLT (Direct Linear Transformation). As duas últimas etapas do processo são iteradas até que se verifique a estabilização do processo de orientação. Os resultados experimentais possibilitaram verificar que a metodologia proposta foi eficiente com várias imagens teste. Em todos os casos se verificou a convergência do processo de orientação. Além disso, os parâmetros estimados de orientação possibilitaram o registro de rodovias de verificação com acurácia no nível do pixel ou melhor. / Abstract: In this research is proposed a methodology for semiautomatic CBERS image orientation using roads as ground control. It is based on an iterative strategy involving three steps. In the first step, an operator identifies on the image the ground control roads and supplies along them a few distributed seed points, which could be sparsely and coarsely distributed. These seed points are used by the dynamic programming algorithm for extracting the ground control roads from the image. In the second step, it is established the correspondences between points describing the ground control roads and the corresponding ones extracted from the image. In the last step, the corresponding points are used to orient the CBERS image by using the DLT (Direct Linear Transformation). The two last steps are iterated until the convergence of the orientation process is verified. Experimental results showed that the proposed methodology was efficient with several test images. In all cases the orientation process converged. Moreover, the estimated orientation parameters allowed the registration of check roads with pixel accuracy or better. / Mestre

Este trabalho avalia a potencialidade da geração de ortoimagens advindas do sensor CCD do CBERS 2 produzidas através de um modelo matemático generalizado, a Transformação Linear Direta (DLT). O modelo de transformação foi implementado na linguagem Delphi 4.0 por alunos de pós-graduação da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), sendo gerado um utilitário para adaptar a leitura do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) do SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) no programa. A área utilizada como teste é uma região de relevo variando de plano a acidentado com variação de até 700m de altura, localizada no Centro Oriental Paranaense e abrangendo o cânion do Guartelá. Para a geração das ortoimagens utilizou-se de duas fontes de informação altimétrica, um MDE gerado pela missão SRTM e outro MDE gerado por curvas de nível e pontos contados de cartas topográficas na escala 1:50.000. Foi realizado o processo de ortorretificação de um recorte da cena CBERS utilizando os diferentes MDE’s, sendo as ortoimagens analisadas por testes estatísticos, e classificadas pelo Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) com o uso de pontos de verificação. Para a avaliação da necessidade de ortorretificação da cena CCD CBERS 2 o mesmo recorte foi também corrigido geometricamente por um polinômio de 2°. Os resíduos planimétricos gerados pela simples correção através do polinômio de 2° demonstram que há necessidade do processo de ortorretificação, ou seja, correção de erros devido à topografia do relevo nesta cena. E a comparação entre as ortoimagens geradas pelos diferentes MDE’s demonstra que é satisfatória a utilização do MDE do SRTM na ortorretificação de imagens advindas do sensor CCD do CBERS 2. / This work evaluates the orthoimages generation potentiality of the CCD sensor from the CBERS 2, by using a generalized mathematical model, say, the “Direct Linear Transformation (DLT)”. The transformation model was implemented by the pos graduated students from the Federal University of Paraná using the Delphi 4.0 language, and in this task an utilitarian software to adapt the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) function, on the program was produced. The land area surface used for trial is localized at the Paraná Oriental Centre and comprising the Guartelá canyon, varies in shape from an irregular to a plane embossment where variations up to 700m in height are found.Two DEM sources of altimetry information data for the orthoimages generations were used: The first generated from SRTM mission and the another one developed from contour lines and topographic points counted in a 1:50.000 scale. A orthorretification process, of a cutting out scene from the CBERS, was realized utilizing both MDE´s. The images were analyzed by statistics inferences and classified according to the Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) using check points. To evaluate the CCD CBERS 2 scene orthorefications necessity, the same cutting out was also object of geometric corrections having a second degree polynomial as a tool. The planimetrics residues generated by the second degree polynomial simplified corrections were just enough to demonstrate the necessity of the orthoretification process, it is, corrections of errors due to the embossment topography at the considered scene. The comparison of the images produced by the differents DEM´s demonstrate that the utilization of the DEM from the SRTM is a satisfactory tool for images orthoretifications of the CBERS 2.

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) stands to benefit industries such as financial services with transparency and censorship resistance. DLT systems need to be scalable to handle mass user adoption. Mass user adoption is required to demonstrate the true value of DLT. This dissertation first analyses scalability in ethereum and EOS. Currently, ethereum 1.0 uses proof of work (PoW) and handles only 14 transactions per second (tps) compared to Visa's peak 47 000 tps. Ethereum 2.0, known as Serenity, introduces sharding, proof of stake (Casper), plasma and state channels in and effort to scale the system. EOS uses a delegated proof of stake (DPoS) protocol, where 21 super-nodes, termed ‘block producers' (BPs), facilitate consensus, bringing about significant scalability improvements (4000 tps). The trade-off is decentralisation. EOS is not sufficiently decentralised because the BPs yield significant power, but are not diverse. This dissertation conducts an empirical analysis using unsupervised machine learning to show that there is a high probability collusion is occurring between certain BPs. It then suggests possible protocol alterations such as inverse vote weighting that could curb adverse voting behaviour in DPoS. It further analyses whether universities are suitable BP's before mapping out required steps for universities to become block producers (leading to improved decentralisation in EOS)

This paper researches blockchain technology applications for the banking sector and the challenges facing the adoption of the technology. Interviews were conducted with professionals with knowledge and experience about this topic. The results of the interviews were then compared with the research literature in order to gain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology in the banking sector. Some potential applications of blockchain technology for banks are clearing and settlement and anti money-laundering activities. One of the biggest challenges found is the lack of regulation regarding this technology and issues with scalability.

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the latest in a long list of digital technologies, which appear to be heading towards a new industrial revolution. DLT has become very popular with the publication of the Bitcoin Blockchain in 2008. However, when we consider its suitability for dynamic networking environments, such as the Internet of Things, issues like transaction fees, scalability, and offline accessibility have not been resolved. The IOTA Foundation has designed the IOTA protocol, which is the data and value transfer layer for the Machine Economy. IOTA protocol uses an alternative blockless Blockchain which claims to solve the previous problems: the Tangle. This thesis first inquires into the theoretical concepts of both technologies Tangleand Blockchain, to understand them and identify the reasons to be compatible or not with the Internet of Things networking environments. After the analysis, the thesis focuses on the proposed implementation as a solution to address the connectivity issue suffered by the IOTA network. The answer to the problem is the development of a Neighbor Discovery algorithm, which has been designed to fulfill the requirements demanded by the IOTA application. Dealing with IOTA network setup can be very interesting for the community that is looking for new improvements at each release. Testing the solution in a peer-to-peer specific protocol (PeerSim), with different networking scenarios, allowed us to get valuable and more realistic information. Thus, after analyzing the results, we were able to determine the appropriate IOTA network configuration to build a more reliable and long-lasting network.

Den snabba framfarten av blockkedjetekniken samt teknikens disruptiva möjligheter inom den finansiella sektorn har lett fram till vad denna studien undersöker; blockkedjeteknikens påverkan på utlandsbetalningar och huruvida marknaden för utlandsbetalningar påverkas av den ökade utforskningen och användningen av tekniken. Faktorerna kostnad tid och säkerhet kopplat till utlandsbetalningar analyseras för att ta reda på hur dessa skulle kunna påverkas. För att lättare få en förståelse för kostnader, tid och säkerhet kopplat till utlandsbetalningar inom bankindustrin utreds även hur en traditionell utlandsbetalning går till. När en ny disruptiv teknik växer fram och börjar användas i allt större omfång kan det frambringa konsekvenser som påverkar hela branschen. Därav tar denna studie även upp hur den finansiella marknaden kan komma att förändras till följd av blockkedjetekniken och vad det kan innebära för organisationer. Fintech-bolag har på senare år tagit allt större plats på den finansiella marknaden och fortsätter att styrka deras marknadsposition. Samtidigt som banker måste anpassa sig till teknikens utveckling måste de även förhålla sig till fintech-bolagens starka framväxt. Många storbanker investerar i fintech-bolag för att på så sätt kunna följa med den snabba digitala utvecklingen. Allianser mellan banker och fintech-bolag benämns fintech 2.0. Tack vare teknikens snabba utveckling i samband med digitaliseringen är det svårt att förutspå vad som kommer att definiera den finansiella sektorn i framtiden. Fortsatt forskning inom området är nödvändigt för att förstå hur processer, organisationer och marknader kommer att förändras till följd av utvecklingen. / The rapid progress of blockchain technology and the disruptive possibilities of technology in the financial sector has led to what this study examines; the impact of blockchain technology on cross-border payments and whether the market for foreign payments is affected by the increased exploration and use of the technology. Factors such as cost, time and security linked to cross-border payments are analyzed to find out how these could be affected. In order to get an understanding of costs, time and security linked to cross-border payments in the banking industry, we also investigate how a traditional cross-border payment is being executed. When a new disruptive technique emerges and begins to be used in a wider range, it can cause consequences that affect the entire industry. Hence, this study also examines how the financial market may change as a result of blockchain technology and what it might mean to organizations. In recent years, fintech companies have taken more place in the financial market and continued to strengthen their market position. While banks must adapt to the technology development, they must also relate to the strong growth of the fintech companies. Many major banks invest in fintech companies in order to be able to follow the fast digital development. Alliances between banks and fintech companies are called fintech 2.0. Thanks to the rapid development of technology in connection with digitization, it is difficult to predict what will define the financial sector in the future. Continuing research in the field is necessary to understand how processes, organizations and markets will change as a result of the development.

The recent emergence of a distributed technology named blockchain, clearly created a new point of view in the data storing and data distribution fields. If on one hand blockchain is mainly known for Bitcoin (an auto-regulated decentralized digital currency), on the other hand it has the potential to set up an auto regulated economy.In this thesis, the blockchain technology will be analyzed and described starting from P2P architecture and its origin in 2009 Satoshi Nakamoto’s whitepaper, and leading to the most up to date blockchains. The advantages and disadvantages of such architecture will be pointed out keeping in mind the security, speed and cost of such infrastructure.While Real Estate companies have often anticipated the technological innovations, land registries, instead, derive and keep a working manner which is extremely old and out of date: made of unclear procedures and wet signatures. The market needs and legislation will be researched mainly referring to other works and integrated with a technical point of view with particular focus on the decentralization of such systems.After analyzing the flow, problems and flaws of the current system, a new proposal will be researched, in particular trying to minimize the dead time in between the different steps of the mortgage, increase transparency, as well as reducing dependence on the central authorities, leading to more convenient interactions among the properties’ stakeholders. An attractive low capitalization decentralized financial product will also be proposed and implemented able to lower the interest rate and create a profitable investment with low risk, low interest and durable in time.Secure and ad-hoc algorithms will be presented and, in a later section, analyzed in combination with different blockchain technologies. Scalability and performance will also be evaluated, taking into account all the current technology limitations and the near future opportunities.

Yes / • This article discusses the current situation in the market of cryptocurrencies and joins the debate about the regulation of these financial innovations. • It argues that the appearance of cryptocurrencies was a response to market demand for more affordable and more inclusive banking. • It also argues that distributed ledger technology (DLT) which supports cryptocurrencies and has different characteristics than the technology used by traditional banking could help to create with cryptocurrencies a new, lower cost, more inclusive financial ecosystem separate from the traditional one. • The two ecosystems (traditional and new one) would form a larger two-tier financial ecosystem, which, overall would be more inclusive and more affordable. Also, it would be more effective in containing contagion and major economic disruption during future financial crises. • The current reliance on a single, ever growing, and immensely complex financial ecosystem is not sustainable longer term as systemic risks grow with the system and there are no mechanisms available to fully eliminate these risks. The costs of regulating the current market architecture are also excessively high.

Titel: Kan funktioner från kryptovalutor förbättra Riksbankens föreslagna E-krona? Författare: Oscar Guregård och Viktor Nilsson Handledare: Mikael Knutsson Bakgrund: I takt med digitaliseringen minskar det fysiska kontantanvändandet. Riksbanken bemöter denna förändring med att utforska möjligheterna att ge ut en digitala kontanter, E-kronan. Eftersom detta är ett nytt område för Riksbanken och projektet fortfarande är i en utvecklingsfas finns det problemområden med de funktioner som Ekronan planeras ha. Forskning inom utveckling av digitala centralbankspengar antyder att kryptovalutor, ett alternativ till centraliserade betalningsstrukturer, har olika funktioner som kan lämpa sig väl för digitala utföranden av valutor. Studien ämnar att analysera olika funktioner inom kryptovalutorna Bitcoin, Ethereum och Ripple för att avgöra om de kan förbättra den föreslagna E-kronan. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utifrån Riksbankens mål identifiera svagheter och problemområden i det nuvarande förslaget på teknisk lösning för E-kronan för att sedan analysera om funktioner från kryptovalutor kan åtgärda dessa. Om en funktion från en kryptovaluta kan åtgärda ett problem med E-kronan ska det undersökas på vilket sätt funktionen uppfyller Riksbankens mål till en högre grad än den nuvarande lösningen på problemet. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts för att samla tidigare forskning om fenomenet digitala centralbankspengar samt Riksbankens egna rapporter om E-kronans utförande för att genom intervjuer med kritiker finna problemområden. Dessa problemområden har med hjälp av funktioner från Bitcoin, Ethereum och Ripple analyserats för att avgöra om kryptovalutornas funktioner är bättre lämpade för att uppfylla E-kronans mål än Riksbankens egna förslag. Resultat: Studien finner att E-kronans största problemområden grundar sig i en överdriven komplexitet. Kryptovalutorna som undersökts och deras funktioner kommer med stor sannolikhet bidra till ännu mer komplexa utföranden istället för att skapa enklare lösningar, något som E-kronans kritiker värdesätter. / Title: Can functions from cryptocurrencies improve the Riksbank’s proposed E-krona? Authors: Oscar Guregård and Viktor Nilsson Supervisor: Mikael Knutsson Background: As digitalisation develops, the use of physical banknotes and cash decreases. The Riksbank is responding to this by exploring the possibility of issuing digital cash, the E-krona. As this is uncharted territory for the Riksbank and the project is still in development, there are challenges with the proposed functions that the E-krona is expected exhibit. Research in the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies, CBDC, suggests that cryptocurrencies, an alternative to centralized payment structures, have a variety of functions that may be well suited for CBDC’s. The study aims to analyze various features and functions of the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple in order to determine whether they can improve the proposed E-krona or not. Purpose/object: The aim of the study is to identify weaknesses and problem areas in the current proposal for a technical solution for the E-krona based on the goals and objectives presented by the Riksbank, and to then analyze whether functions from cryptocurrencies can remedy these. If a function from a cryptocurrency can solve a problem with the E-krona, the study must examine in what way the function meets the Riksbank’s objectives to a greater degree than the current proposed solution. Methodology: A qualitative methodology has been used to gather previously researched data on the phenomenon CBDC and the Riksbank’s own reports on the aspects of the E-krona in order to find problem areas through interviews with critics of the project. These problem areas have been analyzed along with functions from Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple to determine whether the cryptocurrencies’ functions are better suited to meet the E-krona’s goals than the Riksbank’s own proposals. Results: The study finds that the E-krona’s biggest problem areas are based on excessive complexity. The cryptocurrencies that have been examined and their functions will probably contribute to even greater complexity in the functions of the E-krona instead of creating simpler solutions, something that the critics value.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / For the last 30 years Magnetic Tape Systems have been the primary means of recording data from airborne instrumentation systems. Increasing data rates and harsh environmental requirements have often exceeded the ability of tape-based systems to keep pace with technology. Throughout this time data recordings have been made mostly with analog longitudinal systems and most recently with digital recording systems that record on commercial DLT, and super VHS tape media. The recordings are played back with the same type of tape device allowing for the data to be processed and/or archived. Since not all data reduction facilities can process the same type of tape media, often tapes are dubbed from one type of tape media format to another, corrupting the translated data. This paper examines operational and data reduction benefits, and life cycle cost of Solid State Recorders as a replacement for existing airborne tape recorders.