O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal ectoparasita bovino e causa importantes perdas econômicas nas criações de bovino. O controle imunológico é estudado como um método alternativo para seu controle, no entanto, uma vacina eficaz ainda necessita ser desenvolvida. A proteína BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) é uma aspártico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriogênese, já tendo sido testada como imunógeno vacinal. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação de plasmídeos para expressão em células eucarióticas (BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME) contendo a região codificante para a proteína BYC poderiam gerar uma resposta imune específica. A região codificante da proteína BYC foi amplificada por PCR e clonada em dois vetores de expressão eucariotos (pcDNA3 e pME18Neo). Os clones, BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME foram utilizados para testes de inoculação de camundongos BALB/C por via intramuscular. Os camundongos receberam duas inoculações de 100 μg das construções (BYCr-PC ou BYCr-PME) e os controles negativos receberam somente PBS, pcDNA3 ou pME18Neo. A produção de anticorpos, após a inoculação, foi avaliada por Western Blotting e ELISA, sendo detectados anticorpos contra a proteína BYC nos camundongos inoculados com a construção BYCr-PC. A imunolocalização da proteína BYC nas amostras de músculo no local da inoculação foram realizadas com o monoclonal BrBm5 (anti-BYC). Estes resultados mostraram que a inoculação com o plasmídeo BYCr-PC induz a produção de anticorpos específicos e possibilita testar o uso de uma vacina de DNA como um método alternativo para o controle de carrapatos. / The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the major bovine ectoparasite and causes important economical losses on cattle breeding. The immunologic control has been studied as an alternative method for the tick control. However, an effective vaccine remains to be developed. BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and it has been proposed as a probable antigen in vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immunization containing rBYC (rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME) could elicit a specific anti-BYC immune response in vivo. The cDNA of BYC was amplified by PCR and it was cloned into two eukaryotic expression vectors (pcDNA3 and pME18Neo). The clones, rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME, were produced in large scale for immunoassays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of BYC, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection. The mice received two intramuscular inoculations of 100μg plasmids DNA (rBYCPC or rBYC-PME) and the negative controls received only PBS, pcDNA3 or pME18Neo. The production of antibody after the immunizations was evaluated by Western Blotting and ELISA. Antibodies against BYC in mice inoculated with rBYC-PC were detected. Immunolocalization of the rBYC protein in muscle samples from the injection site with rBYCPC was detected with monoclonal BrBm5 anti-BYC. These results show that DNA immunization produced specific anti-BYC antibodies and suggest that a DNA vaccine could prove useful to develop an alternative method for tick control.

A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, que necessita de uma vacina mais efetiva, pois a única vacina licenciada apresenta eficácia variando entre 0 a 80%. Entre as estratégias em desenvolvimento destaca-se a vacina DNAhsp65, que consiste de um plasmídeo carregando o gene hsp65 de Mycobacterium leprae, que demonstra eficácia na profilaxia da TB. Como as HSPs são proteínas altamente conservadas e podem desencadear respostas auto-imunes, seria interessante o desenvolvimento de uma vacina baseada na utilização apenas dos epítopos da proteína Hsp65 reconhecidos por células T. Estudos com vacinas de DNA baseadas na fusão de peptídeos à glicoproteína D (gD) do Herpes Vírus Tipo-1 têm mostrado maior ativação de linfócitos T e B peptídeos-específicos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a construção e avaliação da imunogenicidade de vacinas de DNA constituídas pelo gene da proteína gD e a seqüência gênica que codifica os cinco epítopos da Hsp65. Para a obtenção da seqüência codificadora dos epitopos, denominada Vac1, foi realizada uma síntese gênica e em seguida, essa seqüência foi fusionada ao gene que codifica a gD em dois sítios presentes em seu interior, no sítio da enzima ApaI e entre os sítios das enzimas PvuII e ApaI, com a retirada de uma porção central da gD. Além dessas construções, também foi realizada a construção da Vac2 pela ligação de fragmentos Vac1 que em seguida foi fusionada ao gene da gD no sítio de ApaI. Essas construções, gDVac1AA, gDVac1PA e gDVac2 foram clonadas no vetor pVAX1 e avaliadas quanto a expressão das proteínas. Após a caracterização, camundongos foram imunizados com quatro doses das vacinas e a imunogenicidade avaliada após trinta dias da última dose. Os ensaios ex vivo foram realizados com o soro para dosagem de anticorpos e com as células do baço, que foram estimuladas com as proteínas Hsp65, Vac1 e Vac2. Como resultado, obtivemos duas construções vacinais, pVAXgDVac1PA e pVAXgDVac2, eficientes em induzir anticorpos do subtipo IgG2a específicos a proteína e aos epitopos da Hsp65 e as três vacinas, pVAXgDVac1AA, pVAXgDVac1PA e pVAXgDVac2, foram capazes de induzir proliferação de linfócitos T e produção de IFN- após estímulo ex vivo. As vacinas foram, portanto, eficazes em desencadear um padrão de resposta Th1 importante no combate ao bacilo M. tuberculosis. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease, caused by the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and needs a vaccine more effective, for the only current permitted vaccine shows its effectiveness varying of 0-80%. DNAhsp65 vaccine is among the strategy in development, it consists of a plasmid loading the Mycobacterium leprae hsp65 gene and has been efficient in the prophylaxy of TB. As the HSPs are conserved and they can induce autoimmune disease, a vaccine based only in the epitopes of the Hsp65 protein recognized for T cells could be more interesting. Studies with DNA vaccines based on the fusion of peptides to Herpes Type Virus-1 D glycoprotein (gD) have improved the activation of peptide-specific T and B cells. In this context, the aim of this study was the construction of DNA vaccines encoding gD protein plus Mycobacterium leprae Hsp65 protein epitopes and the evaluation of its immunogenicity. The gene sequence encoding the five Hsp65 epitopes, called Vac1, was obtained by synthetic gene and, after that, this sequence was fusioned in two sites inside gene that enconding the gD, in the ApaI enzyme site and between the PvuII and ApaI enzyme sites with the withdrawal of a gD central portion. In addition, Vac2 was contructed through the linking of Vac1 fragments followed by its insertion in the ApaI site inside gD gene. These constructions, gDVac1AA, gDVac1PA and gDVac2 were cloned in pVAX1 vector and they were evaluated to protein expression. After the characterization, mice were immunized with four doses of vaccine and the immunogenicity was evaluated after thirty days from the last immunization. The ex vivo assays were carried by quantification of antibodies in the serum and the splenocytes were stimulated with the Hsp65, Vac1 and Vac2 proteins. As result, two vaccine constructions, pVAXgDVac1PA and pVAXgDVac2 were efficient in the induction of IgG2a subtype antibodies specific to Hsp65 protein and its respective epitopes. All the three vaccines pVAXgDVac1AA, pVAXgDVac1PA and pVAXgDVac2 were capable to induce T cell proliferation and IFN- production after stimulation. Therefore, the vaccines were efficient to induce a Th1 profile which is important in the combat to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o principal ectoparasita bovino e causa importantes perdas econômicas nas criações de bovino. O controle imunológico é estudado como um método alternativo para seu controle, no entanto, uma vacina eficaz ainda necessita ser desenvolvida. A proteína BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) é uma aspártico proteinase presente no ovo do carrapato e envolvida na embriogênese, já tendo sido testada como imunógeno vacinal. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar se a inoculação de plasmídeos para expressão em células eucarióticas (BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME) contendo a região codificante para a proteína BYC poderiam gerar uma resposta imune específica. A região codificante da proteína BYC foi amplificada por PCR e clonada em dois vetores de expressão eucariotos (pcDNA3 e pME18Neo). Os clones, BYCr-PC e BYCr-PME foram utilizados para testes de inoculação de camundongos BALB/C por via intramuscular. Os camundongos receberam duas inoculações de 100 μg das construções (BYCr-PC ou BYCr-PME) e os controles negativos receberam somente PBS, pcDNA3 ou pME18Neo. A produção de anticorpos, após a inoculação, foi avaliada por Western Blotting e ELISA, sendo detectados anticorpos contra a proteína BYC nos camundongos inoculados com a construção BYCr-PC. A imunolocalização da proteína BYC nas amostras de músculo no local da inoculação foram realizadas com o monoclonal BrBm5 (anti-BYC). Estes resultados mostraram que a inoculação com o plasmídeo BYCr-PC induz a produção de anticorpos específicos e possibilita testar o uso de uma vacina de DNA como um método alternativo para o controle de carrapatos. / The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is the major bovine ectoparasite and causes important economical losses on cattle breeding. The immunologic control has been studied as an alternative method for the tick control. However, an effective vaccine remains to be developed. BYC (Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin) is an aspartic proteinase found in eggs that is involved in the embryogenesis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and it has been proposed as a probable antigen in vaccine development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the immunization containing rBYC (rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME) could elicit a specific anti-BYC immune response in vivo. The cDNA of BYC was amplified by PCR and it was cloned into two eukaryotic expression vectors (pcDNA3 and pME18Neo). The clones, rBYC-PC and rBYC-PME, were produced in large scale for immunoassays. To evaluate the immunogenicity of BYC, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA vaccine by intramuscular injection. The mice received two intramuscular inoculations of 100μg plasmids DNA (rBYCPC or rBYC-PME) and the negative controls received only PBS, pcDNA3 or pME18Neo. The production of antibody after the immunizations was evaluated by Western Blotting and ELISA. Antibodies against BYC in mice inoculated with rBYC-PC were detected. Immunolocalization of the rBYC protein in muscle samples from the injection site with rBYCPC was detected with monoclonal BrBm5 anti-BYC. These results show that DNA immunization produced specific anti-BYC antibodies and suggest that a DNA vaccine could prove useful to develop an alternative method for tick control.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vanessa_galli.pdf: 1411317 bytes, checksum: f2cb4b3ef71fd9550e04ca13f65ab510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia (PEP), one of the most common respiratory diseases in swine industry worldwide. Commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-cell preparations (bacterin), which provide only partial protection and do not prevent microorganism colonization. In this context, it is necessary to search new alternatives prophylaxis. Potential antigens are being tested in different vaccination strategies; however none was more efficient than commercial bacterins for PEP control. This work aimed the production and evaluation of antigenicity and immunogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae antigens delivered as naked DNA and/or recombinant subunit vaccines, aiming the development of a vaccine against PEP. Recombinant subunit vaccines were obtained by the expression of eleven M. hyopneumoniae recombinant proteins in E. coli and purification by affinity chromatography, whereas the DNA vaccines were obtained by cloning four M. hyopneumoniae genes in pcDNA3 vector. Recombinant proteins antigenicity was verified against convalescent pig serum. The humoral and cellular immune response elicited by these vaccines was evaluated in mice immunized intramuscularly. All recombinant proteins evaluated were recognized by convalescent pig serum, in ELISA and/or Western blot assay, especially MHP0418, indicating that they are expressed during disease. These recombinant proteins, as well as P37, P42, P46 and P95 showed immunogenic capacity, eliciting both Th1 and Th2 immune response. The P37, P42, P46 and P95, and the DNA vaccine pcDNa3/P46 were also able to elicit INFγ expression, the cytokine associated with cellular immune response, and decrease TNFα and IL1 expression, both associated with pig lesions, during M. hyopneumoniae infeccion, suggesting their potencial as candidate vaccines. The immunization strategy using proteins combinated potencialized the immune response, and the MHP0443 and MHP0372 proteins were the main responsable for the Mix1 and Mix2 immunogenicity, respectivally. Moreover, MHP0107, MHP0418 and MHP0372 elicited antibodies that react against proteins from M. hyopneumoniae strains 7448, 4722 and J, and did not show cross reaction with M. hyohinis and M. flocculare. Thus, these proteins could be used in imunodiagnosis assay. / Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae é o agente etiológico da Pneumonia Enzoótica Suína (PES), uma das doenças respiratórias de maior incidência na criação de suínos no mundo. As vacinas disponíveis comercialmente consistem de células inteiras inativadas (bacterina), as quais proporcionam apenas uma proteção parcial e não previnem a colonização pelo microrganismo. Neste contexto, faz-se necessária a busca de novas alternativas para a profilaxia da PES. Alguns antígenos vêm sendo testados em diferentes sistemas de vacinação, porém nenhum deles foi mais eficiente que as bacterinas comerciais no controle da PES. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção e avaliação da antigenicidade e imunogenicidade de antígenos de M. hyopneumoniae administrados como vacinas de DNA e/ou subunidade recombinante, visando o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a PES. As vacinas de subunidade recombinante foram obtidas através da expressão de onze proteínas recombinantes de M. hyopneumoniae em E. coli e purificação por cromatografia de afinidade, enquanto que as vacinas de DNA foram obtidas pela clonagem de quatro genes de M. hyopneumoniae no vetor pcDNA3. A antigenicidade das proteínas recombinantes foi verificada confrontando-as com soro de suínos convalescentes. A imunidade humoral e celular destas vacinas foi avaliada em camundongos imunizados intramuscularmente. Todas as proteínas recombinantes avaliadas foram reconhecidas pelo soro de animais convalescentes, em ensaios de ELISA e/ou Western blot, em especial a proteína MHP0418, indicando serem expressas durante o processo infeccioso. Estas proteínas recombinantes, bem como P37, P42, P46 e P95 apresentaram capacidade imunogênica, induzindo ambas as respostas imune Th1 e Th2. As proteínas P37, P42, P46 e P95, e a vacina de DNA pcDNa3/P46 também foram capazes de induzir a expressão de INFγ, citocina associada a resposta imune celular e reduzir a expressão de TNFα e IL1, relacionadas com as lesões em suínos, durante infecção por M. hyopneumoniae, sugerindo o potencial destas como candidatas vacinais. A estratégia de imunização utilizando proteínas combinadas potencializou a resposta imune, sendo que as proteínas MHP0443 e MHP0372 foram as principais responsáveis pela imunogenicidade induzida pelos Mix1 e Mix2, respectivamente. Além disso, MHP0107, MHP0418 e MHP0372 induziram anticorpos que reagiram especifiamente contra proteínas das cepas 7448, 4722 e J de M. hyopneumoniae, não apresentando reação cruzada com M. hyohinis e M. flocculare, podendo, portanto, serem utilizadas em ensaios de imunodiagnóstico.

Le Syndrome Dysgénésique et Respiratoire Porcin (PRRS) est la maladie infectieuse endémique la plus couteuse en élevage porcin dont l'agent responsable est un Arterivirus, le PRRSV, qui présente une grande diversité génétique. L'infection par le PRRSV est fréquemment associée à l'infection par les virus influenza. La vaccination est une méthode de lutte adaptée contre ces virus. Dans le cas du PRRSV, les vaccins les plus utilisés sont des virus vivants modifiés (MLV) qui induisent une immunité protectrice peu efficace contre les variants viraux. Dans le cas du virus influenza, les vaccins inactivés utilisés présentent la même insuffisance.Dans ce travail de thèse, j'ai évalué des stratégies vaccinales visant à induire une immunité efficace contre des variants viraux, en utilisant des antigènes conservés entre souches, adressés aux cellules présentatrices d'antigènes (APC), et j'ai analysé l'effet de différentes voies et modes d'administration.Dans le cas du virus grippal, le ciblage d'antigènes conservés (HA2, M2e, NP) au CD11c a permis d'augmenter la réponse T uniquement lors d'administration par voie intramusculaire (IM) et fut sans effet sur la réponse anticorps. La vaccination par voie intradermique s'est traduit par une exacerbation de la pathologie lors d'une épreuve virale, alors que la vaccination par voie IM a réduit les symptômes, la durée d'excrétion virale en corrélation avec une meilleure réponse anticorps anti-HA2 et M2e.Dans le cas du virus PRRSV qui fut mon sujet principal d'étude, j'ai cherché à optimiser des réponses lymphocytaires T IFNγ en employant une stratégie vaccinale ADN codant des antigènes contenant des épitopes T conservés entre souches, ciblés aux APC. En effet, alors que les mutations virales conduisent à un échappement aux anticorps neutralisants, la réponse lymphocytaire T IFNγ a été proposée impliquée dans la protection croisée. J'ai montré que l'immunogénicité optimale de vaccins ADN PRRSV, conduisant à la réponse T la plus large, est obtenue par l'administration intradermique associée aux nanoparticules de PLGA (NP), suivi d'une électroporation (EP), par rapport à EP seul ou délivrance intradermique ou transcutanée avec des patches à micro-aiguilles résorbables. Cette immunogénicité optimale est associée à une bonne transfection des cellules de la peau, à une accumulation de cellules inflammatoires, et à une mobilisation des cellules dendritiques. J'ai ensuite utilisé ce mode d'administration EP+NP pour immuniser des porcs avec des plasmides codant des antigènes conservés du PRRSV adressés ou non aux APC via CD11c ou XCR1. Les porcs ont été immunisés soit avec des injections répétées d'ADN seul soit en prime-boost ADN-MLV. Le régime ADN-MLV s'est montré supérieur pour l'induction de réponse B et T à celui de l'ADN ou du MLV seuls, et le ciblage aux APC a nettement augmenté la réponse anticorps mais pas la réponse T IFNγ. Dans une expérience suivante à visée d'application sur le terrain, j'ai utilisé le régime ADN-MLV (sans NP cette fois), délivré avec EP ou avec jet sous pression (PJ). Dans ces conditions, la primo-vaccination avec ADN n'a pas significativement augmenté la réponse T IFNγ induite par le MLV, mais elle a clairement augmenté la réponse anticorps avec un bénéfice du ciblage des APC. L'immuno-potentialisation induite par la primo-vaccination ADN n'a pas conduit à l'amélioration de la protection contre une épreuve avec un virus hétérologue et a montré que cette protection n'est au final pas corrélée avec la réponse lymphocytaire T IFNγ et opère en l'absence d'anticorps neutralisants détectables. Enfin, l'ensemble de ce travail montre que l'effet du ciblage des APC chez le porc est influencé par la voie d'administration et par le régime d'administration comme le prime-boost ADN-MLV. / The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is the most damaging infectious disease in pigs worldwide. The etiologic agent is an Arterivirus, the PRRSV, which presents a large genetic diversity. PRRSV infection is frequently associated with influenza virus co-infection. Vaccination is a highly suitable way to control these viruses. In the case of PRRSV, the most effective commercial vaccines are modified live vaccines (MLV) which induce only a partial protection against heterologous strains. In the case of the influenza virus, the available inactivated vaccines show the same weakness.With the goal to control emerging influenza and PRRSV variants, I evaluated vaccine strategies involving conserved viral antigens between strains which were targeted to antigen-presenting cells (APC) and delivered by different routes and methods.In the case of influenza virus, the targeting of conserved antigens (HA2, M2e and NP) to CD11c led to increased IFNγ T cell responses only when vaccines were delivered by the intramuscular (IM) route and had no effect on the humoral response. The intradermal route exacerbated disease following challenge whereas the IM route reduced the symptoms, the duration of viral excretion in correlation with higher anti-HA2 and anti-M2e antibody responses.In the case of PRRSV, which was my main subject, I sought to optimize the IFNγ T cell responses by using DNA vaccines encoding antigens with conserved T-epitopes between strains, and targeted to APC. Indeed, whereas viral mutants escape neutralizing antibodies, it has been proposed that the IFNγ T cell responses are instrumental for cross-protection. I showed that the broadest T cell responses were induced by DNA vaccines combined to nanoparticles PLGA (NP) injected by the intradermal route, followed by electroporation (EP) compared with EP-only, intradermal route-only or transcutaneous dissolvable microneedles. This optimal immunogenicity was associated with a high transfection level of skin cells, an accumulation of inflammatory cells, and dendritic cells mobilisation. Next I used the EP+NP method to immunize pigs with plasmids encoding conserved PRRSV antigens targeted or not to APC via CD11c or XCR1. Pigs were immunized either with repeated injections of DNA alone or with a prime-boost DNA-MLV. The DNA-MLV regimen induced improved humoral and IFNγ T cell responses compared to DNA alone or MLV alone and the APC-targeting significantly increased the humoral response but not the IFNγ T cell response. Finally, I evaluated the DNA-MLV regimen efficacy, with an applied perspective, using naked DNA without NP and delivered by EP or by a convenient needle free injection technology (PJ). In these conditions, the DNA prime did not significantly increase the IFNγ T cell response induced by the MLV, but clearly increased the humoral response with a benefit of the APC-targeting. However, the immune potentiation induced by the DNA prime did not lead to an improved protection following a heterologous challenge. The heterologous protection was not correlated to the measured humoral and IFNγ T cell responses, and neutralizing antibodies were undetectable. Thus cross-protective effectors have not been sufficiently activated by our DNA-MLV strategy and the immune correlates of protection against heterologous PRRSV are still to be identified to develop cross-protective vaccines. Finally, this work shows that the effect of APC-targeting in pigs is influenced by delivery routes and methods and by vaccine regimen such as the prime-boost DNA-MLV.

La compréhension des mécanismes immunologiques précoces mis en place suite à l’administration de vaccins est encore de nos jours largement méconnue. Pourtant de plus en plus d’études démontrent l’importance de ces mécanismes très précoces faisant intervenir les acteurs de l’immunité innée dans la génération d’une réponse spécifique efficace après vaccination. La peau est un organe intéressant pour l'administration de vaccins du fait de sa richesse en cellules présentatrices d'antigènes (APC), qui sont des cellules essentielles dans la mise en place de la réponse immunitaire. L'administration par voie intradermique du vaccin ADN de type auxoGTU induit des réponses immunitaires fortes et persistantes, en particulier en association avec une électroporation (EP) locale chez le macaque cynomolgus. Le but de ce travail de thèse fut de caractériser les réponses immunitaires locales précocement mises en place suite à l’administration par voie intradermique du vaccin ADN auxo-GTU en association avec une EP. Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit les populations de cellules immunitaires présentes dans la peau normale chez le macaque cynomolgus.L'épiderme contient des cellules de Langerhans (LC) qui sont : CD1a+ CD1c- et des lymphocytes T caractérisés par l’expression du CD3. Le derme contient des cellules CD1a+CD1c-, qui présentent des similitudes avec les LC et correspondent donc probablement à des LC en migration à travers le derme. Il contient également des cellules dendritiques dermales (DDC) CD1a+CD1c+, des macrophages résidants CD163highCD11b+ et les lymphocytes T CD3+. Chez certains animaux, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de granulocytes CD66+ dans le derme sain. Les populations de cellules immunitaires identifiées chez le macaque sont similaires à celles identifiées chez l’homme malgré de légères différences phénotypiques. Cette caractérisation nous a ensuite permis d'étudier l’impact de la vaccination sur les populations immunitaires de la peau.Nous avons démontré que la vaccination induit le recrutement de granulocytes et de monocytes/macrophages inflammatoires dans l'épiderme et dans le derme, ainsi qu’un recrutement plus tardif de cellules dendritiques inflammatoires épithéliales (IDEC) dans l'épiderme. Dans l'épiderme, 24h après immunisation, nous avons observé une augmentation transitoire des LC accompagnée d’une surexpression de HLA-DR, de CD86 et de CD83, ce qui démontre leur maturation. Entre 24h et 72h, le nombre de LC diminue, ce qui suggère que les LC matures quittent l’épiderme pour migrer vers les nœuds lymphatiques. Ces événements cellulaires sont majoritairement dus à l’EP, indépendamment de la présence du vaccin à ADN. L’analyse du microenvironnement mis en place dans la peau suite à la vaccination révèle une libération de facteurs solubles pro-inflammatoires, comme MCP-1, IL-18 , IL-15, IL-8 et de facteurs solubles anti- inflammatoires comme IL-1RA et sCD40L dès 24h, dont certains sont considérablement augmentés par la présence de l’ADN vaccinal. Nos résultats suggèrent que l’EP, indépendamment de la présence de l'ADN, est suffisante pour induire la mobilisation des cellules et la maturation des DC au niveau du site de vaccination, ce qui montre un important rôle adjuvant de l’EP. Cependant, il semble que l'ADN soit nécessaire pour générer un microenvironnement favorable à l'activation optimale des APC. Ce travail fournit des éléments importants sur les mécanismes de l'inflammation locale et ouvre de nouvelles possibilités pour les stratégies vaccinales. / Mechanisms involved in early vaccine response are poorly understood. However, more and more studies show the importance of innate immunity in the very early times following vaccine administration in the generation of an optimal specific immune response. Skin is an interesting target for vaccine delivery because of its richness in antigen presenting cells (APC) which are essential cells in immune responses. The intradermal delivery of auxoGTU DNA vaccine was shown to induce strong and persistent immune responses, especially in association with electroporation in cynomolgus macaque. The aim of this work was to characterize the early local immune responses followed intradermal auxoGTU DNA vaccination in association with EP in cynomolgus macaque. In a first step, we have described immune cell populations present in the normal skin in the cynomolgus macaques. The epidermis contains CD1a+CD1c- Langerhans cells (LCs), and CD3+ T cells. The dermis contains CD1a+CD1c- cells, which present similarities with LCs and probably correspond to LC in migration through dermis. It also contains CD1a+CD1c+ dermal dendritic cells (DDCs), CD163highCD11b+ resident macrophages, and CD3+ T cells. We found CD66+ polymorphonuclear cells in healthy dermis in some of the animals. Immune cell populations in the macaque are similar to those in humans despite moderate differences in phenotype. This characterization has allowed us to study the impact of vaccination on immune populations of the skin. We have demonstrated a recruitment of granulocytes and inflammatory monocytes/macrophages in epidermis and dermis, as well as a population of inflammatory dendritic epithelial cell (IDEC) in epidermis after vaccination. In epidermis, 24h after treatment, we have observed an initial increase of LC with an up-regulation of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83, demonstrating their maturation. Between 24h and 72h, LC number decreased, suggesting that mature LC has leaved epidermis to migrate to skin draining lymph node. All these cellular events were almost due to EP process, independently of DNA vaccine presence. The skin microenvironment reveals a release of pro-inflammatory soluble factors, as MCP-1, IL-18, IL-15, IL-8 and anti-inflammatory mediators as IL-1RA and sCD40L by 24h, all considerably enhanced in the presence of DNA.Our results suggest that EP, independently of the presence of DNA, is sufficient to induce cells mobilization and DC maturation at the vaccinated site, suggesting an important adjuvant effect of EP. However, it seems that DNA is required to generate a favorable microenvironment essential for correct APC activation. This work provides important clues to local inflammation mechanisms and opens up new possibilities for vaccine strategies.

This ethnographic study examines the multiple ways in which a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 disease and infection is known in an academic research group in Sweden. This academic research group has been working to develop a vaccine since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. Theoretically, this study builds on a grounded theory methodological approach as re-worked by medical sociologist Adele Clarke in her 2005 work “Situational analysis”, as well as on studies of immunology and microbiology within anthropology, sociology, science and technology, and philosophy of science. The findings are generated mostly through interviews with scientists of the academic research group and through participant-observation of the group’s work during September 2020-April 2021. This thesis conceptualises the vaccine being developed by the research group as not one, but multiple objects of knowledge – the vaccine is namely known both as machinic and as a loved deity. These different knowledges of vaccine are constituted through different discursive practices in vaccine development work, and by differential relations between human and non-human actors including discourses that participate in these practices. These different knowledges of vaccine also entail different perspectives on whether the vaccine being developed by the research group is a solution for protecting people from COVID-19 disease.

O glioblastoma (GBM) é o tumor cerebral primário mais comum e o mais grave tumor de células da glia. O GBM é um tumor astrocítico de grau IV caracterizado pela proliferação descontrolada, infiltrado difuso, tendência à necrose, angiogênese, resistência a apoptose e grande heterogeneidade genética. Apesar da terapia abranger a remoção cirúrgica máxima, a radioterapia e a quimioterapia, o tumor torna-se resistente à drogas utilizadas no tratamento levando o paciente a recorrência e morte em menos de 15 meses após o diagnóstico. Uma alternativa para o tratamento do GBM é a imunoterapia, a qual é capaz de estimular o sistema imunológico do próprio paciente a gerar uma resposta específica e duradoura que pode proteger contra a recorrência da doença. Uma dessas alternativas envolve o uso de vacinas de DNA codificando antígenos tumorais e proteínas imunomoduladoras capazes de ativar eficientemente linfócitos B e T específicos aos antígenos presentes no tumor. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi construir vacinas de DNA utilizando-se os genes dos antígenos EGFRvIII, cERBB2, MAGE e GLEA de GBM e os genes das proteínas imunomoduladoras hsp65, hsp70, gp96 e gD e avaliar suas respectivas imunogenicidades. Os genes foram avaliados in silico, sintetizados in vitro e utilizados na construção das vacinas de DNA. Ferramentas de biologia molecular e o vetor pVAX foram utilizados para obtenção das vacinas. Elas foram caracterizadas por sequenciamento e western blot e utilizadas na imunização de camundongos C57BL/6. As imunizações foram realizadas com três doses em intervalos de 12 dias combinando um antígeno tumoral e uma proteína imunomoduladora na forma de vacina de DNA. A imunogenicidade foi avaliada 20 dias após a última dose. Os ensaios ex vivo foram realizados com o soro dos animais imunizados para dosagem de anticorpos específicos contra os antígenos tumorais e com as células do baço que foram re-estimuladas com as proteínas EGFRvIII, cERBB2, MAGE e GLEA para identificar a presença de células específicas aos antígenos tumorais. Como resultado, a vacina pVAXgDGLEA foi a única capaz de induzir anticorpos do subtipo IgG2a anti-GLEA. As vacinas pVAXgDGLEA, pVAXgDEGFRvIII e pVAXgDMAGE foram capazes de ativar células específicas aos antígenos que após o re-estímulo responderam rapidamente com produção de IFN-g e IL-10. A proteína imunomoduladora gD foi, portanto, capaz de ajudar na indução de um padrão de resposta Th1, específica aos antígenos de GBM, importante no combate ao tumor e a IL-10 pode favorecer e/ou balancear a resposta no cérebro que deve ser eficaz, mas não exacerbada. / Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of primary brain cancer and the most severe tumour affecting glia cells. GBM is a grade IV astrocytoma known by uncontrolled proliferation, diffused infiltrate, necrosis tendency, angiogenesis, apoptosis resistance and a wide genetic heterogeneity. The standard of care consists of maximal surgical resection, followed by a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. Despite that, tumour becomes resistant to drugs used to treatment, and the patient experiences recurrence followed by death in less than 15 months after diagnosis. An alternative in GBM treatment could be immunotherapy which aims to stimulate patients immunological system in order to obtain a specific and long-term response that can protect against recurrence. One of these alternatives involves the use of DNA vaccines codifying tumoral antigens and immunomodulatory proteins that can effectively activate tumour antigen specific B and T lymphocytes. In this context, the objective of this work was the construction of DNA vaccines using GBM antigen genes (EGFRvIII, cERBB2, MAGE e GLEA) and immunomodulatory proteins (hsp65, hsp70, gp96 e gD), followed by their immunogenicity evaluation. Genes were evaluated in silico, synthesized in vitro and used in DNA vaccines construction. Molecular biology tools and the pVAX vector were used to obtain the vaccine. They were characterized by sequencing, western blot and were used in the immunization of C57BL/6 mice. Immunizations were performed in 3 doses of a DNA vaccine combining a tumoral antigen and an immunomodulatory protein at each 12 days. Immunogenicity was evaluated 20 days after the last dose. The ex vivo assays were performed with the serum of immunized animals for antibody evaluation and spleen cells were stimulated with EGFRvIII, cERBB2, MAGE e GLEA proteins to assess tumoral antigen specific cells. The pVAXgDGLEA vaccine was the only able to induce IgG2a subtype anti-GLEA antibodies. Vaccines pVAXgDGLEA, pVAXgDEGFRvIII e pVAXgDMAGE were able to activate antigen-specific cells that produced IFN-g e IL-10 quickly after reestimulation. The gD immunomodulatory protein was able to induce a Th1 immune response, specific to GBM antigens, which is important in tumor combat while IL-10 could favor and/or balance the response in brain, which should be effective but not exacerbated.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Tumorimpfstoffe auf der Basis des Plasmid-Vektors pCI, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) und MVA-infizierten dendritischen Zellen entwickelt und durch Sequenzierung, Western blotting und durchflußzytometrische Analyse überprüft. Die in vivo Wirksamkeit der Vakzinen wurde in verschiedenen Tumormodellen in C57BL/6 Mäusen verglichen. Die auf dem eukaryotischen Expressionsvektor pCI basierende DNA-Vakzinierung induzierte einen sehr wirksamen, antigenspezifischen und langfristigen Schutz vor Muzin, CEA oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. Eine MVA-Vakzinierung bietet in den in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Tumormodellen keinen signifikanten Schutz vor Muzin oder beta-Galactosidase exprimierenden Tumoren. <br /> <br /> Sowohl humane, als auch murine in vitro generierte dendritische Zellen lassen sich mit MVA &ndash; im Vergleich zu anderen viralen Vektoren &ndash; sehr gut infizieren. Die Expressionsrate der eingefügten Gene ist aber gering im Vergleich zur Expression in permissiven Wirtszellen des Virus (embryonale Hühnerfibroblasten). Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß eine MVA-Infektion dendritischer Zellen ähnliche Auswirkungen auf den Reifezustand humaner und muriner dendritischer Zellen hat, wie eine Infektion mit replikationskompetenten Vakzinia-Stämmen, und außerdem die Hochregulation von CD40 während der terminalen Reifung von murinen dendritischen Zellen inhibiert wird. Die während der langfristigen in vitro Kultur auf CEF-Zellen entstandenen Deletionen im MVA Genom führten zu einer starken Attenuierung und dem Verlust einiger Gene, die immunmodulatorische Proteine kodieren, jedoch nicht zu einer Verminderung des zytopathischen Effekts in dendritischen Zellen. <br /> <br /> Die geringe Expressionsrate und die beobachtete Inhibition der Expression kostimulatorischer Moleküle auf dendritischen Zellen kann für eine wenig effektive Induktion einer Immunantwort in MVA vakzinierten Tieren durch cross priming oder die direkte Infektion antigenpräsentierender Zellen verantwortlich sein.<br /> <br /> Durch die Modifikation einer Methode zur intrazellulären IFN-gamma Färbung konnten in vakzinierten Mäusen tumorantigenspezifische CTL sensitiv und quantitativ detektiert werden. Die so bestimmte CTL-Frequenz, nicht jedoch die humorale Antwort, korrelierte mit der in vivo Wirksamkeit der verschiedenen Vakzinen: DNA vakzinierte Tiere entwickeln starke tumorantigenspezifische CTL-Antworten, wohingegen in MVA-vakzinierten Tieren überwiegend gegen virale Epitope gerichtete CD4 und CD8-T-Zellen detektiert wurden.<br /> <br /> Die Wirksamkeit der pCI-DNA-Vakzine spricht für die Weiterentwicklung in weiteren präklinischen Mausmodellen, beispielsweise unter Verwendung von MUC1 oder HLA-A2 transgenen Mäusen. Die Methoden zur Detektion Tumorantigen-spezifischer CTL in 96-Loch-Mikrotiterplatten können dabei zur systematischen Suche nach im Menschen immundominanten T-Zell-Epitopen im Muzin-Molekül genutzt werden. <br /> <br /> Der durchgeführte Vergleich der auf den Vektoren pCI und MVA basierenden Vakzinen und die Analyse neuerer Publikationen führen zu dem Ergebniss, daß vor allem DNA-Vakzinen in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung von aktiven Tumorimpfstoffen spielen werden. Rekombinante MVA-Viren, eventuell in Kombination mit DNA- oder anderen Vektoren, haben sich dagegen in zahlreichen Studien als wirksame Impfstoffe zur Kontrolle von durch Pathogene hervorgerufenen Infektionserkrankungen erwiesen. / In this study, tumor vaccines based on the plasmid pCI, the attenuated vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and MVA-infected dendritic cells were constructed and characterized by sequencing, Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. The efficiency to induce tumor immunity in vivo was compared in several C57BL/6 mouse tumor models. Naked DNA Vaccination based on the eukaryotic expression vector pCI did induce very effective, antigen-specific and long-term protection against tumor cell lines expressing mucin, CEA or beta-Gal whereas MVA vaccination did not elicit protective immunity against Mucin or beta-Gal expressing tumors. MVA does infect human or murine in vitro generated dendritic cells very efficiently compared to other viral vectors, however expression levels of the inserted antigens in dendritic cells are significantly lower than in permissive host cells (chicken embryo fibroblasts). <br /> <br /> It could be shown that the effect of MVA infection on the maturation status of dendritic cells is similar to the effects described for dendritic cells infected with replication competent vaccinia strains. In addition it was shown that the upregulation of the important costimulatory molecule CD40 through LPS stimulation is strongly inhibited in MVA infected cells. During passage in tissue culture, MVA has accumulated a number of large deletions, including a number of immunomodulatory molecules and resulting in a strong attenuation. However the strong cytopathic effect on dendritic cells is maintained. <br /> <br /> The low level of expression and the effect on dendritic cell maturation may be responsible for the failure of MVA to induce tumor immunity through either cross presentation or direct infection of antigen presenting cells.<br /> <br /> To detect and quantify tumor-antigen-specific CTL a method based on intracellular IFN-gamma staining was modified and it could be shown that the cellular &ndash; but not the humoral &ndash; response does correlate with in vivo protection: DNA but not MVA vaccines do induce high levels of tumorantigen-specific CTL whereas MVA-vaccines do induce strong and long lasting CD4 and CD8-T-cell responses against vaccinia antigens. <br /> <br /> The excellent protection induced by pCI-DNA-vaccination in different tumor models does encourage us to further investigate the elicitation of tumor immunity in MUC1 or HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In mice transgenic for human MHC-I, the IFN-gamma staining protocol could be used to systematically screen for mucin T-cell epitopes that are relevant in humans.

One-third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes over 2 million deaths every year. The current live attenuated vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), protects against miliary tuberculosis in children, but fails to consistently protect against pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. The global resurgence of tuberculosis, together with the HIV pandemic and emerging multi-drug resistance, has heightened the need for an effective vaccine. Completion of the M. tuberculosis genome sequence paved way for identification of many new candidate antigens for protective vaccine against tuberculosis. This includes the discovery of two multigene families of proteins PE and PPE which constitute 10% of the coding capacity of the M. tuberculosis genome. Members of the PE and PPE protein families are characterized by highly conserved N-terminal domains and the C-terminus, however, exhibit considerable variation in the number of residues as well as in the sequence. Till date, little is known about the functional role of the proteins of PPE or PE family in the biology of M.tuberculosis. Some of the PE_PGRS proteins have been found to be associated with the cell wall and influence interactions with other cells. PE and PPE family of proteins are of potential interest from the point of view of immune response, since they show antigenic variation which may play a role in immune evasion. Very little is known about the immunogenecity of these two classes of proteins and only few proteins have been shown to be potent B or T cell antigens, like Rv3873, Mtb39 and Rv0915c. Two proteins from PE_PGRS subfamily, Rv1759c and Rv3367 are expressed during infection and show antibody response in humans and rabbits, respectively. Rv1196 and Rv0915c from PPE family have been shown to be good T cell antigens. Another study has shown that the PE domain of PE_PGRS protein Rv1818c upon immunization into mice induces good cell mediated immune response in mice, whereas the PGRS domain is responsible for good humoral response. In humans there is increasing evidence to suggest that CD8+ T cells are elicited in response to infection with mycobacteria. CD8+ CTL may play an important role through several mechanisms. They produce potent anti-bacterial cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to antigenic stimulation and IFN-γ is critical for immunity to TB. Thus, identification of antigens and peptides that induce T cell responses could be useful for designing new vaccines to protect against TB. Relatively few epitopes in mycobacterial antigens have so far been identified for human CD8 T cells. In this regard, release of genome sequences of M. tuberculosis has provided an opportunity to identify proteins with vaccine potential that could give immune protection in individuals with different HLA backgrounds. Objectives and scope of the present work 1. Prediction of putative T cell antigens in PE and PPE family of proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through immuno-informatics approach 2. Evaluation of immune response to three of the PE and PPE proteins in mouse model. 3. Evaluation of immune response against chosen PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from PPD positive healthy donors and TB patients. 4. Immune response to multi-epitope DNA vaccine construct for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prediction of MHC class I peptides from PE and PPE proteins. In an effort to identify potential T cell antigens from PE and PPE family of proteins, we have carried out a systematic in silico analysis of the 167 different PE and PPE proteins. Employing immuno-informatics approach, a set of HLA class I binding peptides have been identified from these proteins. Further, their binding abilities have been ascertained using independent methods such as molecular modeling and structural analysis methods. The nonameric sequences from PE and PPE families of proteins were predicted to contain high percentage of binding peptides to human class I HLA, whereas PE_PGRS proteins show relatively low level of binding. This difference is seen in spite of PE and PE_PGRS being Sub-families of the same family, PE. Seventy-one high- as well as low-affinity peptides from both PE and PPE proteins have been analyzed for structural compatibility with crystal structures of HLA in terms of intermolecular energies and were found to correlate well with the corresponding affinities predicted by the BIMAS algorithm. Most of the peptides binding to HLA are specific with very few promiscuous binders. Identification of T cell epitopes from three of the PE/PPE proteins using DNA immunization This work describes the evaluation of immune responses to three of the PE and PPE proteins in mouse model. Three of PE and PPE proteins, coded by Rv1818c, Rv3812 and Rv3018c genes were chosen based on immuno-informatics approach. They were cloned, expressed in prokaryotic and mammalian expression vectors and recombinant protein expressing stable cell lines were made. T lymphocytes from DNA immunized mice recognize synthetic peptides from chosen proteins in vitro, indicating that these peptides are being processed and presented by MHC molecules to T cells. By MHC stabilization assay, 5 of the synthetic peptides were found to stabilize the MHC class I molecules on the cell surface for more than 6 hrs, validating the computational prediction. Recognition of T cell epitopes derived from PE/PPE proteins by human PBMCs This work describes the evaluation of immune response against three of PE and PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from PPD positive Healthy donors and TB patients. Proliferation response of PBMCs from ten PPD positive healthy donors as well as from ten TB patients, indicated that the peptides from PE and PPE proteins of Mtb can sensitize naive T cells and induce peptide specific IFN-γ and also the T cell response to the chosen peptides was both HLA class I restricted and CD8 mediated. After the peptide specific expansion, significant percentage of CD8+ T cells were shown to secrete IFN-γ and stained positive for perforin. Antigen specific CD8+ T cells were found to have cytolytic potential in addition to their cytokine function. Immune response to a multiepitope DNA vaccine in mouse model Minigene poly-epitope vaccine constructs coding for nine peptides derived from identified T cell antigens of PE and PPE proteins and three of the experimentally mapped epitopes from M tuberculosis was designed and constructed. The minigene was used to immunize mice and the immune response was tested. The DNA primed splenocytes recognized the full length poly-epitope protein as well as the individual peptides. T cell response to epitopes was enhanced by mere presence in multi-epitope construct compared to full length antigens. Human PBMCs derived from both PPD+ve and TB patients also recognized the peptides in vitro. It is thus obvious that a large cocktail of proteins are required to achieve reasonable population coverage. Besides, this work suggests the feasibility of designing haplotype specific subunit vaccine, which can be given to individuals with known HLA haplotype. The haplotype specific vaccines can be combined to target a population where the distribution of HLA alleles is known. This work also indicates that use of single or limited number of genes in a DNA vaccine may not be suitable to cover a given population.