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This thesis examines a new reading of Cervantes’s immortal Don Quixote: reading the Quixote as eucharistic art. Just as the Catholic Eucharist, when consumed by the believer, is transubstantiated into the literal flesh and blood of Jesus Christ, so too is this proposed reading of the Quixote. Using Michel Foucault’s work in The Order of Things, the author employs Foucault’s statement—that Don Quixote is “the book in flesh and blood” (48)—to explore a eucharistic reading of the novel as the reader’s internalization of Don Quixote’s being. The end of the novel is read not as Don Quixote’s return to sanity, but rather a sacrifice of the self, sealing the text to his being. The “disciple reader” then, through eucharistic reading, metaphysically internalizes the text that is Don Quixote transubstantiated, acquiring his madness in the process: a new Don Quixote. The author lays out a theory for eucharistic reading, noting the Quixote’s singular place in world literature as a prime novel fit for this type of mystical reading. The thesis then examines and analyzes the theory and its effects on intratextual metafictional readers of the novel. As a kind of measuring tool, the author looks at painted representations of Don Quixote within the novel as eucharistic self-portraits of the metafictional disciple reader’s “quixotic” self. The thesis closes with a proposal for future studies regarding artistic representations outside of the text as products of eucharistic reading worthy and in need of future analysis.

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This doctoral dissertation examines the presence and function of the sense of smell in Early Modern Spanish literature. It studies the use of the olfactory in key works of the period and analyzes how each one reflects a certain contemporary aspect of Spanish culture and society. Though its role in literature has not been considered as widely as that of the other senses, smell's indubitable presence in the works and its unique qualities allow for a singular approach to the texts in question as they serve to preserve the beliefs, themes and trends of Renaissance and Golden Age Spain. This work analyzes four texts, one from the late Middle Ages and three from the Early Modern period: Fermoso cuento de una santa enperatrís que ovo en Roma & de su castidat (14th century); La Celestina, Fernando de Rojas (1499); Don Quijote, Miguel de Cervantes y Saavedra (1605 and 1615); "La inocencia castigada," María de Zayas (in Desengaños amorosos - 1647). These selected works permit an analysis of the function of smell within a variety of themes and across the span of the period. Serving to orient us in our search for literary scent, Chapter 1 presents considerations for the study of the olfactory in literature - how the senses have been perceived over time, how smell differs from the other senses and how smells are represented verbally. Chapter 2 deals with Fermoso cuento de una santa enperatrís que ovo en Roma & de su castidat and the way that the medieval saint-sinner dichotomy is reflected in pleasant and foul smells, respectively. Chapter 3 reviews the historical, cultural and social changes that took place in Iberia from the end of the Middle Ages into the Early Modern period to better understand changing perceptions and how they appear in literature during this time. Chapter 4 studies La Celestina and the title character's sensorial (olfactory) manipulation of others in the work. Chapter 5 looks at the role of smell, contrasted with the other senses, in Don Quijote's creation of Dulcinea. Chapter 6 analyzes the martyrdom of women in marriage as presented through smell in "La inocencia castigada." The epilogue briefly considers the role of smell in Lazarillo de Tormes and its implications for further study of the olfactory in literature. / Spanish

In this dissertation I describe how coupled internal cycling and external forcing from the atmosphere and climate can regulate the dynamics of nitrogen (N) loss from forest watersheds. I address three major gaps in our understanding of the global N cycle: 1) the role of dissolved organic N (DON) in internal N cycling in low-N ecosystems; 2) The influence of atmospheric pollution on DON production and loss from forests; and 3) the inherent climate sensitivity of forest N cycling and loss. In chapter 2, I present the results of a study of DON spiraling that showed enormous capacity for stream microorganisms to immobilize and transform organic nutrients. Although most DON in surface waters is highly refractory products of SOM dissolution, this study revealed very tight internal cycling of DON at the sediment interface and suggested significant production of DON in the hyporheic zone. Most remarkably, this DON was not expressed in stream waters, supporting the idea that watershed DON losses would have been higher in the absence of pronounced benthic demand. The experiments also suggested that coupled dynamics between DOC and DON spiraling may be altered under conditions of elevated N supply. Chapter 3 challenges the idea that soil organic matter (SOM) and its dissolved products are stoichiometrically static as N pools accumulate. Using a broad geographic survey of forest streams, I show that DON losses increase as a consequence of N pollution and that this occurs through a disproportionate enrichment of N on dissolved organic matter rather than alteration of soil and dissolved carbon dynamics. These results have implications for N limitation in forests and aquatic systems. In particular, DOC: DON ratios of DOM draining N-saturated forests were strikingly low suggesting possible increases in DOM bioavailability with increasing N supply. Chapter 4 provides insight into how local forest nutrient cycles may be organized by synchronous global-scale climate-atmosphere dynamics. This study of long term (30 yr) hydro-chemistry from reference forest watersheds provides an integrated example of the overall climate sensitivity of N cycling and underscores the importance of complex synergies between simultaneous vectors of global change. Results from this study argue that the combined influence of N pollution and warming are likely to have pronounced long-term effects on ecosystems globally. / Ph. D.

No / This is a volume of papers presented in honour of the archaeologist and palaeopathologist, Don Brothwell. The eclectic mix reflects the diversity of Brothwell's career over four decades, and the influence that he has had upon many aspects of archaeological science. The papers are linked together by the theme of "people" - our evolution, our bodily remains and burial practices, and our behaviour with respect to other animals (particularly as it may be inferred from animal bones). Many of the contributions were presented at an international conference held in 1999 at the University of York to celebrate Don Brothwell's career in the year of retirement.

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La fusariose est une des maladies les plus importantes altérant le blé en Bourgogne. L’espèce fongique Fusarium graminearum est l’un des agents principaux de la maladie. L’interaction hôte-pathogène peut entrainer la production de mycotoxines toxiques pour l’homme et l’animal.La seule alternative pour prévenir le développement de la maladie est de contrôler l’inoculum primaire dans son habitat naturel : les adventices, le sol et les résidus de culture. En raison de la tendance à la réduction du travail du sol, une attention particulière doit être portée au rôle des résidus de culture dans la survie et le développement de F. graminearum. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux approches ont été choisies pour mieux comprendre le développement saprotrophe du champignon et ses conséquences. La première, à travers un essai en champ dans le contexte pédoclimatique Bourguignon, avait pour but de définir la part relative des différentes sources d’inoculum dans le développement de la fusariose et l’accumulation des mycotoxines dans les grains. Cet essai devait en outre permettre de déterminer si des indicateurs précoces du développement de la maladie sur épi et de l’accumulation de mycotoxines pouvaient être identifiés. La seconde, à travers un essai en microcosmes, avait pour but de suivre le développement de F. graminearum dans le sol et les résidus.Ce travail a permis de souligner l’importance de la gestion des résidus de culture dans le développement de la fusariose du blé. Favoriser une décomposition biologique rapide des résidus de culture et/ou introduire des cultures intermédiaires assainissantes constituent des perspectives de recherche sur lesquelles doivent porter nos efforts / Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), mainly caused by the fungal species Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important disease altering wheat crops in Burgundy. Moreover the plant-pathogen interaction leads to the production of mycotoxins potentially toxic for humans and animals.The only alternative to date to prevent the development of the disease is to control the saprotrophic development of F. graminearum in its natural habitat, i.e. weeds, soil and crops residues. Due to the trend of reduced tillage, special attention should be paid to the role of crop residues in the survival and development of F. graminearum.Two approaches were chosen to better understand the saprotrophic development of F. graminearum and its consequences towards FHB. i) The first through a field experiment in the Burgundian pedoclimatic context aimed at defining the relative importance of the different sources of inoculum in the development of FHB and the accumulation of mycotoxins in grains. The field experiment was also to determine whether early indicators of disease development on ears and accumulation of mycotoxins could be identified. ii) The second, through test microcosms, was to follow the development of F. graminearum in the soil and crop residues.This work highlighted the importance of crop residues management in the development of FHB and gave new understanding about the survival of the fungus on these residues. Improve the biological decomposition of crop residues at the soil surface or/and using suppressive intermediate crops could be the next prospective to investigate to limit the soil inoculum potential of saprotrophic F. graminearum

Si pendant de nombreuses décennies, la créativité a été décrite comme une activité solitaire, en référence à des caractéristiques individuelles possédées par certains individus, il est aujourd’hui établi que les relations jouent un rôle critique dans la création de connaissances (Perry-Smith, 2006). Néanmoins, en dépit de leur importance, les échanges interpersonnels ont reçu relativement peu d’attention en comparaison d’autres ressources utiles au processus créatif. Ce travail doctoral est donc consacré à l’étude du rôle des interactions sociales dans la dynamique du processus créatif. Les cadres théoriques mobilisés sont la théorie de la complexité et la théorie de l’échange social. Notre recherche empirique a été réalisée auprès de chercheurs de l’industrie dont le cœur de la mission est de nature inventive. Cette thèse est composée de trois articles, qui répondent à la question de recherche suivante : Dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière les interactions sociales jouent-elles un rôle dans le processus créatif ? Notre contribution théorique consiste à (1) apporter une définition plurielle de la créativité ; (2) mettre en évidence les différentes ressources sociales mobilisées, qui façonnent un processus créatif dynamique en deux méta-étapes (émergence et amplification des idées) ; (3) décrire trois formes d’échange social, sous-tendues par différentes logiques de réciprocité, qui jouent un rôle important au cours du processus créatif. Cette thèse souligne le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif et toute l’importance des moments de socialisation dans la vie des organisations qui souhaitent développer la créativité de leurs salariés / Although for many decades creativity has been described as a solitary activity that refers to individual characteristics possessed by certain individuals, today it has been established that relationships play a crucial role in the creation of knowledge (Perry-Smith, 2006). Nevertheless, despite their importance, interpersonal exchanges have received relatively little attention compared to other resources useful to the creative process (Bouty, 2000). This doctoral study is therefore devoted to examining the role of social interactions in the creative process. The theoretical framework draws on literature in the fields of complexity theory and social exchange. The empirical research was carried out among industrial researchers whose main mission is creative in nature. The thesis is composed of three articles, each of which treats a dimension of the overall research question: To what extent and in which ways do social interactions influence the creative process?The research contributes to theory building by (1) providing a plural definition of creativity; (2) highlighting the different social resources that researchers draw on and building a dynamic creative process divided into two meta-stages (emergence of ideas and their amplification); and (3) describing three forms of social exchange, underpinned by different logics of reciprocity that play an important role during the creative process.Overall, this thesis points out the importance of social interactions in the creative process and the full importance of moments of socialization within organizations wishing to develop their employees’ creativity