This two part thesis investigates the lack of definition of the wording “all necessary means” and how it ultimately impacts a decision making gap between the Security Council and the troop contributing countries regarding the use of force in UN peace operations. The assumptions are based on Reus-Smit’s constructivist theory, emphasizing that both politics and international law needs to be studied with a holistic approach in order to understand how the two realms shape each other. The assumption of this thesis is that “all necessary means” is not providing enough guidance to constrain the TCCs to behave as sovereign, equal actors in an anarchical structure. The second part of the thesis is a within-case-study of MONUC/MONUSCO, and the Security Council resolution 2098 that established the Force Intervention Brigade.

Il ne nous appartient pas dans cette étude de traiter des seuls problèmes occasionnés par l’exportation coercitive du modèle politique occidental en Afrique, la question a déjà fait l’objet de remarquables travaux. Il convient cependant de souligner que force est de constater le manque d’études concernant l’ethnie en tant qu’ontologie intrinsèque en relations internationales et en polémologie en particulier. Dans le cadre de notre étude, il s’agit d’une part de mettre en évidence l’aspect central et fondamental de la manipulation multiforme du concept d’ethnie dans la survenance de certains conflits post 2nde Guerre Mondiale. En effet, outre les deux bombardements nucléaires d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki en 1945, les puissances nucléaires se sont livrées à un jeu macabre de chantage stratégique sans pour autant faire usage de l’arme prétorienne et ultime qu’est le feu nucléaire, reléguant les études concernant le phénomène nucléaire à de vaines spéculations sur l’emploi d’une arme devenue de fait obsolescente. Il va sans dire qu’eut égard aux nombreuses victimes civiles et militaires, directes et indirectes des conflits que nous décrivons et que nous analysons en l’espèce dans le cadre de cette étude ; l’ethnie qui est maintes fois convoquée, galvaudée joue un rôle non négligeable dans ces conflits. A cet effet les conflits étudiés en l’espèce appartiennent à la catégorie des conflits identitaires. La multiplicité des conflits à caractère ethnique en Afrique noire et les violences indicibles qui en résultent comme au Rwanda, nous incline à penser pour schématiser prosaïquement que l’ethnie tue plus que l’atome ; autrement dit les conflits ethniques auxquels un nombre limité d’études est consacré sont beaucoup plus violents et plus meurtriers que les spécialistes ne veulent le faire croire. Ainsi marginaliser, caricaturer ou analyser sans consistance scientifique, sans profondeur épistémologique les conflits identitaires et ethniques reviendrait à les exclure progressivement du champ d’étude des relations internationales et de la polémologie. L’ethnie appert de ce fait comme une ontologie intéressant de plus en plus les relations internationales eu égard à la multiplicité des conflits ethniques et identitaires essaimant en Afrique depuis la chute du Mur de Berlin. Depuis cette période symbolique les Etats forts bâtis sur le modèle jacobin importé et cimenté par les partis et pensées uniques ont fait place à une multitude de revendications, au pluralisme politique ainsi qu’à la résurgence des identités ethniques. Dans le cas congolais, l’ethnie devient une ontologie transnationale, elle sert non plus à diviser mais à unir des alliés. L’ethnie ne devient donc plus un facteur de repli identitaire mais une source de la constitution de grands ensembles politiques transnationaux. Pour ce faire, l’histoire est mobilisée et manipulée à dessein afin de servir de ferment de légitimation. / It is not up to us in this study to treat only problems caused by the coercive export of Western political model in Africa, the question has already been remarkable treated. It should however be noticed that it is clear the lack of studies on ethnicity as an integral ontology in international relations and conflict studies in particular. In our study, it is firstly to highlight the central and fundamental aspect of the multifaceted manipulation of the concept of ethnicity in the occurrence of certain post WW2 conflicts. Indeed, besides the two atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the nuclear powers have engaged in a macabre game of strategic blackmail without making use of the ultimate weapon and Praetorian what the nuclear fire, relegating studies on nuclear phenomenon of idle speculation about the use of a weapon is now obsolescent.Needless to say, What would the light of numerous civilian and military casualties, direct and indirect conflicts we describe and we analyze the case in this study, the ethnic group that has repeatedly called, plays a hackneyed significant role in these conflicts. To this end the conflicts in the studied species belong to the category of identity conflicts. The multiplicity of ethnic conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa and the unspeakable violence that result as in Rwanda, we tend to think to map prosaically as ethnicity kills more than the atom, ie the ethnic conflicts which a limited number of studies are devoted much more violent and deadly than the experts do not want to believe. And marginalize, caricature or analysis without scientific consistency without deep epistemological identity and ethnic conflicts would be to progressively exclude the study of international relations and war studies.The ethnicity appears thus as interesting ontology increasingly international relations with respect to the multiplicity of ethnic and identity conflicts swarming in Africa since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Since this symbolic period strong states built on the Jacobin model imported cemented by single parties and thoughts have been replaced by a multitude of claims to political pluralism as well as the resurgence of ethnic identities. In the Congolese case, ethnicity becomes a transnational ontology, it is no longer to divide but to unite allies. The ethnic therefore becomes a factor of isolationism but a source of the formation of large transnational political groups. To do this, the story is mobilized and manipulated on purpose to serve as a leaven of legitimation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Since a number of studies on textbooks in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) have shown that textbooks hold a major place in education (De Guzman, 2000; Oakes & Saunders, 2004), this study proposes to investigate the content of an English Language Teaching (ELT)/ English as a Second Language (ESL) textbook used in 6th form secondary school (Grade 12) in the DRC, Go for English 1RE. It aims to identify and evaluate the content of this ELT textbook so as to deduce and derive main insights for the determination or not of its appropriateness and relevance in terms of its contribution to language use and literacy in the ELT/ESL curriculum of the DRC. The study draws its theoretical underpinning from two theories: the Cunningsworth’s textbook analysis theory and McDonough and Shaw evaluation theory. As research design, the study adopts an a descriptive, exploratory and interpretive design which draws on both quantitative and qualitative data collected on the basis of textbook evaluation checklist and semi-structured interviews. In regard to the procedural orientation, the study uses descriptive and content analysis to analyze, interpret and examine both interviews and textbook evaluation likert-scale checklist data. In respect of its data, the study uses ‘mixed methods approach’. Both qualitative and quantitative data come from 259 teacher and student participants on the basis of two different samples. The quantitative data comes from 209 student participants and 25 teacher participants and the qualitative data from 10 student participants and 15 teacher participants. The findings attest to the general content of "Go for English 1RE ELT" textbook in regard to language activities and tasks related to its subject matter, to the quality and nature of language it contains, and finally to the diversity in its subject matter and its cultural aspects, is suitable for language use and literacy skills development. However, even though its content is suitable, the findings also indicate that this ELT textbook is not well adapted to Congolese 6th form secondary school students’ level.

Os minerais são de extrema importância no metabolismo geral e no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo dos bovinos. Atualmente, no Brasil, existem poucos estudos sobre o diagnóstico de deficiências minerais em bovinos, através de análise de macroelementos e elementos traço em fluidos biológicos. A maior parte das informações disponíveis limitam-se ao diagnóstico clínico de deficiências isoladas e à análise de elementos nas pastagens e no solo, que podem sugerir deficiências sub clínicas de alguns minerais, mas apresentam várias limitações e interferências. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método de análise simples, com introdução direta da amostra, utilizando a técnica de q-ICP-MS e DRC-ICP-MS, para determinação de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, I, Mo, As, Se, Ni, Co, Ba, Cs, Mn e Pb em sêmen bovino. Para realização das análises, foi utilizada calibração em meio aquoso e as amostras foram diluídas na proporção 1:50 em solução contendo 0,01% v/v Triton® X-100 e 0,5% v/v de ácido nítrico. Também foram avaliadas a calibração por ajuste de matriz e a análise das amostras após digestão por microondas, para confirmação dos resultados obtidos por introdução direta e calibração em meio aquoso. O DRC foi essencial para determinação de níquel. O gás de reação utilizado foi H2 e os parâmetros RPq e vazão do gás foram estudados para otimização do método. Os limites de detecção para determinação de 44Ca, 63Cu, 57Fe, 24Mg, 64Zn, 127I, 98Mo, 75As, 82Se, 59Co, 138Ba, 133Cs, 55Mn e 208Pb foram: 0,262; 0,003; 0,168; 0,004; 0,004; 0,026; 0,007; 0,007; 0,033; 0,002; 0,005; 0,002; 0,003; 0,002 µg L-1 respectivamente, e para determinação de 60Ni por DRC-ICP-MS o LD foi 0,020 µgL-1. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado para determinação de 15 elementos em amostras de sêmen de bovinos de diferentes raças usadas em programas de reprodução e inseminação artificial. / The minerals are of extreme importance in the general metabolism and in the productive and reproductive performance of the bovines. Nowadays, in Brazil, few studies exist on the diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in bovine, through macroelementos analysis and trace elements in biological fluids. Most of the available information is limited to the clinical diagnosis of isolated deficiencies and the analysis of elements in the pastures and in the soil, that can suggest sub clinical deficiencies of some minerals, but present several limitations and interferences. The objective of this work was to develop a method of simple analysis, with direct introduction of the sample, using the technique of q-ICP-MS and DRC-ICP-MS, for determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, I, Mo, As, Se, Ni, Co, Ba, Cs, Mn and Pb in bovine semen. Aqueous medium calibration was used in the analysis and the samples were diluted in the proportion 1:50 in solution containing 0,01% v/v Triton® X-100 and 0,5% v/v of nitric acid. They were also evaluated the matrix matching and the analysis of samples after digestion for microwave, for confirmation of the results obtained by direct introduction and calibration in aqueous medium. DRC went essential for nickel determination. The reaction gas used it was H2 and the parameters RPq and gas flow rate were studied for optimization of the method. The detection limits for determination of 44Ca, 63Cu, 57Fe, 24Mg, 64Zn, 127I, 98Mo, 75As, 82Se, 59Co, 138Ba, 133Cs, 55Mn and 208Pb were: 0,262; 0,003; 0,168; 0,004; 0,004; 0,026; 0,007; 0,007; 0,033; 0,002; 0,005; 0,002; 0,003; 0,002 µg L-1 respectively, and for determination of 60Ni for DRC-ICP-MS the LOD was 0,020 µgL-1. The developed method was applied for determination of 15 elements in bovine semen samples of different breed used in reproduction programs and artificial insemination.

<p>This study investigates the challenges facing the management of public enterprises in the Democratic of Congo. The study is based on the hypothesis that poor performance by state-owned enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been influenced by inadequate management which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens. Due to this problem increasing attention is being paid by the DRC Government to encouraging private sector involvement in services such as water and electricity. This study investigates the arguments for and against privatization, especially in the water and electricity sectors. In pursuing this debate the study explores the following main research question: To what extent will the DRC Reform Law aimed at transforming the commercialisation of public enterprises enhance the effectiveness of basic services such as water and electricity services in the DRC? A case study of the city of Bukavu in the eastern DRC is used to explore this question.</p>

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<p>This study investigates the challenges facing the management of public enterprises in the Democratic of Congo. The study is based on the hypothesis that poor performance by state-owned enterprises in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been influenced by inadequate management which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens. Due to this problem increasing attention is being paid by the DRC Government to encouraging private sector involvement in services such as water and electricity. This study investigates the arguments for and against privatization, especially in the water and electricity sectors. In pursuing this debate the study explores the following main research question: To what extent will the DRC Reform Law aimed at transforming the commercialisation of public enterprises enhance the effectiveness of basic services such as water and electricity services in the DRC? A case study of the city of Bukavu in the eastern DRC is used to explore this question.</p>

Studien är baserad på en kvalitativ jämförande fallstudie och behandlar olika typer av frivilliga organisationer i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie har varit att förstå och kartlägga olika typer av frivilliga organisationer inom svensk krisberedskap och krishantering. Studien har fokuserat på icke-traditionella frivilliga grupper och deras roll inom svensk krishantering. Det teoretiska ramverket för denna studie utgår ifrån krishanteringslitteratur vilken rör frivilliga organisering och Disaster Research Centers (DRC) typologi. Intervjuer genomfördes med respondenter vilka var delaktiga i verksamheter som icke-traditionella grupper utförde. Dessa tillsammans med skrivna dokument från traditionella frivilliga organisationer i Sverige utgjorde studiens empiriska material. Resultatet för denna studie indikerar att det finns potential att utöka gruppen som utgör förstärkningsresurser inom svensk krisberedskap. De icke-traditionella grupperna i denna studie har påvisat denna potential. Arbetet är uppdelat i åtta delar.