Introdução: Existem muitas controvérsias sobre a dislexia. Uma delas é justamente saber se a dificuldade está no processamento auditivo de forma geral ou especificamente para a percepção de diferenças temporais de sons de fala e se a dificuldade é específica para mudanças rápidas temporais ou abrangem uma gama mais ampla de processamento auditivo. Objetivos: Os objetivos desse estudo foram comparar o desempenho de crianças com dislexia (Grupo Estudo) e com desenvolvimento típico (Grupo Controle) em testes comportamentais de Processamento Auditivo (Central) e comparar o desempenho do Grupo Estudo e do Grupo Controle em teste de Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência. Métodos: Participaram desse estudo 22 indivíduos disléxicos e 16 sem queixas ou alterações de leitura e escrita. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação de Processamento Auditivo (Central) comportamental e eletrofisiológica. Resultados: Para os testes comportamentais, houve diferença estatisticamente significante para o Teste Padrão de Frequência, e verificamos diferença estatisticamente significante somente para a Orelha Esquerda entre os resultados dos grupos Estudo e Controle para o Teste Dicótico de Dígitos, sendo que o Grupo Estudo apresentou um pior desempenho. Para os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência encontramos diferença para os valores de Latência de N2 entre os grupos Estudo e Controle, sendo que o Grupo Estudo apresentou maiores valores de latência. Esse achado foi estatisticamente significante somente para Orelha Direita. Conclusões: Podemos sugerir que os disléxicos apresentam alteração de processamento auditivo temporal e não podemos afirmar que não há comprometimento de outras habilidades / Introduction: There are several controversies about dyslexia. One of them is knowing whether the difficulty is in the general auditory processing or specifically in the perception of temporal differences of speech sounds, and whether the difficulty is specifically for rapid temporal changes or involves a broader range of auditory processing. Aims: The aims of this study were to compare the performance of children with dyslexia (Study Group) and of children with typical development (Control Group) in behavioral tests of (Central) Auditory Processing, and to compare the performance of Study Group and Control Group in Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials. Methods: 22 individuals with dyslexia and 16 individuals with no reading and writing complaints or disorders took part in the study. All individuals underwent behavioral and electrophysiological assessment of (Central) Auditory Processing. Results: Concerning the behavioral tests results in both groups, there was a significant statistical difference for the Frequency Pattern Test and for the Left ear in the Dichotic Digit test, with a worse performance observed in the Study Group. Considering the Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials, there was a difference for the N2 latency values between the Study Group and the Control Group, with greater latency values in the Study Group. This finding was statistically significant only for the Right ear. Conclusions: We may suggest that individuals with dyslexia present temporal auditory processing disorder, however we cannot affirm absence of disorders in other skills

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-20T14:43:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dinora_Elias2014.pdf: 1415487 bytes, checksum: e2b83d07cf866448f2f5c2353d4048b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T14:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dinora_Elias2014.pdf: 1415487 bytes, checksum: e2b83d07cf866448f2f5c2353d4048b6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Currently school education has been the primary means of access to scientific knowledge produced by mankind. However, this is not called at all. After completing elementary school, some children lags on the mastery of basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic, many of which are diagnosed with dyslexia. Starting from this fact, this research was intended to analyze problems involving biologizing perspective on dyslexia, conceptualizing it as a learning disability in the area of reading and writing. We opted for the theoretical framework proposed by the Historical-Cultural Psychology, which indicates that all conditions have to learn while mankind constituting the development of higher psychological functions. Based on this concept was identified in public schools from city of Guaraniaçu, State of Paraná, the number of children diagnosed with medical report, as dyslexic and what educational services they receive. Investigated the state law that directs specialized educational service offered to dyslexic students, detecting contradictions between the theoretical and the way to enter these services. In the field research were applied questionnaires to teachers who teach in the early years of Basic Education and act as regents class only public school that offers specialized education in classroom Multifunctional Resources Type I and all the teachers of Portuguese Language matter the final years of higher education in the schools of the state system of this municipality, in order to examine how these professionals understand and organize their work on the learning difficulties of students diagnosed as dyslexic. We interviewed children who have dyslexia and report their mothers in order to identify how they arrived at this diagnosis and what the consequences of this document for their school careers. Of the students surveyed, only 18% had previous biological order the school term factors, others indicated pedagogical problems at the origin of learning disabilities. Concludes by identifying some common points in the origin of dyslexia, which are linked to the erosion of public school for students from working class, inadequate teaching work to the needs of students for situations that transcend the individual will these professionals and also family relations which are still linked to social conditions and social taxes evaluative models, which do not allow proper monitoring of the process of human development of school-age children. / Atualmente a educação escolar tem sido o principal meio de acesso aos saberes científicos elaborados pela humanidade. Contudo, isto não está posto a todos. Ao concluírem o Ensino Fundamental, algumas crianças apresentam defasagens quanto ao domínio das habilidades básicas de leitura, escrita e cálculo, muitas das quais recebem o diagnóstico de dislexia. Partindo desta constatação, pretendeu-se nesta pesquisa analisar os problemas que envolvem a perspectiva biologizante sobre a dislexia, e sua conceituação como um transtorno de aprendizagem na área da leitura e da escrita. Optou-se pelo referencial teórico proposto pela Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, o qual indica que todos possuem condições para aprender constituindo-se enquanto gênero humano, a partir do desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas superiores. Identificou-se, nas escolas públicas do município de Guaraniaçu – PR, em 2013, o número de crianças diagnosticadas, em laudo médico, como disléxicas, e qual o atendimento educacional que recebiam. Investigou-se a legislação estadual que orienta o atendimento educacional especializado oferecido aos alunos disléxicos, detectando-se contradições entre os fundamentos teóricos e a forma de ingresso nesse serviço. Na pesquisa de campo aplicaram-se questionários aos professores que lecionam nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, e que atuam como regentes de classe da única escola municipal que oferece atendimento educacional especializado em Sala de Recursos Multifuncional – Tipo I, e a todos os docentes da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa dos anos finais desse nível de ensino, nas escolas da rede estadual desse município, no intuito de analisar como esses profissionais entendem e organizam seu trabalho diante das dificuldades de aprendizagem dos alunos diagnosticados como disléxicos. Entrevistaram-se as crianças que possuem laudo de dislexia, e suas mães, a fim de identificar como chegaram a esse diagnóstico e quais as consequências desse documento para o seu percurso escolar. Dos alunos pesquisados, três apresentavam dificuldades de ordem biológica que, de certa forma, poderiam indicar problemas neurológicos. Com relação aos outros catorze alunos, identificaram-se nos relatos, justificativas pedagógicas para a não aprendizagem no tempo considerado adequado. Concluiu-se, identificando alguns pontos comuns na origem da dislexia, os quais se vinculam à precarização da escola pública destinada aos alunos da classe trabalhadora, envolvendo o trabalho docente inadequado às necessidades dos alunos por situações que transcendem a vontade individual desses profissionais e também às relações familiares que se encontram ainda atreladas a condições sociais e a modelos valorativos impostos socialmente, que não permitem o adequado acompanhamento do processo de formação humana da criança em idade escolar.

The study concerns personas, especially personas created to represent users with the disability visual dyslexia. The digitalization of the community and the Riga declaration which states that government systems and services are to be accessible to everyone makes demands on how information is presented and conveyed.One way to accommodate a user group’s demand is by using representative personas. A representative persona ought to contain correct information about the user group, which is why the study seeks to find what information is needed in a persona which is meant to represent users with visual dyslexia. Interviews and respondent validation by respondents from the user group have been utilized in order to make sure the information is accurate and representative.The result of the study is three shorter descriptions of visual dyslexia which may be used as building blocks when personas meant to represent users with visual dyslexia are created. The result cannot be said to be generalizable, but it gives an idea as to why respondent validation needs to happen in order to produce results which are representable. / Studien rör personas och då speciellt personas avsedda att representera användare med funktionsnedsättningen visuell dyslexi. I och med digitaliseringen av samhället och EU beslutet om att digitala tjänster och material ska vara tillgängligt för alla medborgare oavsett eventuella funktionsnedsättningar ställs det krav på hur informationen ser ut och framförs.Ett sätt att anpassa efter vilka behov målgrupper kan ha är genom att använda sig av representativa personas. Av den anledningen är det vilken information som behöver finnas med i personas tänkta att representera användare med visuell dyslexi som har undersökts. Intervjuer och respondentvalidering av respondenter som tillhör målgruppen har använts för att se till att informationen blivit korrekt och representativ.Resultatet av studien är tre kortare beskrivningar av visuell dyslexi som kan användas som byggstenar när personas tänkta att representera användare med visuell dyslexi ska skapas. Resultatet kan inte sägas vara generaliserbart, men ger en fingervisning om att respondentvalidering behöver genomföras för att få till ett representativt resultat.

En France et au Royaume-Uni le terme dyslexie désigne une situation dans laquelle la maîtrise des compétences lectorales est considérée comme problématique: des critères d’inspiration médicale et psychologique sont appliqués à des performances scolaires dans des contextes où la scolarisation est la norme. L’objet de la thèse est de rendre compte de la construction sociale de la dyslexie, de comprendre comment des pratiques et des dispositifs rendent possible l’émergence d’un genre de personne dyslexique. La première partie traite de la construction de la dyslexie comme problème public des premiers cas au XIXe siècle à la reconnaissance de la catégorie au XXIe. Tandis que l’histoire du problème au Royaume-Uni est celle d’une réussite (les revendications sont structurées autour d’une définition précise et des solutions sont proposées) sa définition est longtemps incertaine et peu autonome en France. On montre dans la deuxième partie que la dyslexie est un problème scolaire, touchant aux savoirs enseignés et évalués par l’école, d’autant plus consistant qu’il est institué dans les normes et les pratiques de l’école. Au Royaume-Uni, sa reconnaissance peut être intégrée aux pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants du fait d’une logique psychologique. En France elle demeure un problème largement extrascolaire, les pratiques d’identification sont surtout paramédicales et sa reconnaissance s’inscrit dans les dispositifs relatifs au handicap. La troisième partie est consacrée à l’étude des outils d’objectivation donnant consistance à la dyslexie. Les difficultés en lecture de certains élèves ne sont appréhendées en ces termes que si elles peuvent être montrées et quantifiées. / In France and the United-Kingdom, the word dyslexia refers to a situation in which the mastery of reading skills is considered to be problematic: criteria inspired by medicine and psychology are applied to school performances, in contexts where schooling is the norm. The purpose of the thesis is to account for the social construction of dyslexia, to understand how practices and dispositives make possible the emergence of a kind of dyslexic people. The first part deals with the construction of dyslexia as a social problem, from the first cases at the end of the 19th century to the recognition of the category at the beginning of the 21st century. While the problem’s history in the United-Kingdom in that of success (claims are structured around a specific definition and solutions are offered), its definition remains uncertain and lacks autonomy for a long time in France. In the second part, I show that dyslexia is a school-related problem – concerning skills taught and assessed at school –all the more consistent that it is integrated into school norms and practices. In the United-Kingdom, its recognition can be part of teachers’ educational practices, due to a psychological logic. In France, it remains largely outside the educational institution (identification practices are mainly paramedical and its recognition is part dispositives related to disability). The third part is devoted to the study of objectification tools which give consistency to dyslexia. Some pupils’ reading difficulties can be comprehended as such only if they are demonstrated and quantified.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of teaching French to children affected by learning disorders. It aims to describe various principles and their application into practice at beginners classes. The theoretical part investigates learning disorders as a whole with their causes, manifestations, diagnose and reeducational techniques and activities that are applied in practice. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to foreign language teaching in the context of learning disorders, fundamental principles and methods of partial linguistic spheres. Further on, the practical part presents a case study of two children with learning disorders during a French class. Individual activities are introduced that are appropriate for their teaching. Finally, two applications suitable for both class at school and home preparation are designed, with their main contribution being the immediate feedback that allows children to work alone. Regarding the rather practical character of the diploma thesis, a great number of examples illustrating various learning disorders are introduced in order for the reader to understand the difficulties that affected children encounter. KEYWORDS specific learning difficulties, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dysorthographia, foreign languages, French, reading skills, activities, reeducation

La dyslexie est un trouble neuro-développemental spécifique à l'apprentissage de la lecture, qui touche entre 6 et 8% de la population. Elle se caractérise principalement par des déficits dans les compétences de reconnaissance des mots écrits affectant les procédures de lecture phonologique et orthographique. Les travaux de recherche ont mis en évidence de manière systématique une persistance de ces déficits à l'âge adulte. Pourtant, certains adultes dyslexiques parviennent à poursuivre et réussir des études post-secondaires. Ainsi, ces individus pourraient développer des stratégies de lecture adaptatives ou compensatoires leur permettant d'atteindre un niveau de compréhension en lecture similaire à des adultes normo-lecteurs. Les travaux conduits dans cette thèse visent à préciser la dynamique des mécanismes neurocognitifs impliqués dans l'établissement de stratégies de lecture adaptatives ou compensatoires chez l'adulte dyslexique universitaire. Les résultats de ces travaux de thèse suggèrent que la compensation des étudiants dyslexiques serait soutenue par le développement et l'utilisation des compétences sémantiques et principalement des compétences morphologiques, et supportent l'hypothèse d'une réorganisation cognitive et neuro-fonctionnelle de la lecture des adultes dyslexiques universitaires. / Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental reading disorder that affects 6 to 8% of the population. It is characterized by severe deficits in written word recognition, affecting both phonological and orthographic reading procedures. Research has systematically shown that these deficits persist into adulthood. Nevertheless, some dyslexic adults successfully study at university level, suggesting that they developed adaptive or compensatory reading strategies which allow them to achieve a level of reading comprehension that is similar to those of adult skilled readers. This thesis aimed to precise the dynamics of neurocognitive mechanisms involved in the compensatory reading strategies of university students with dyslexia. Overall, the results confirmed the hypothesis that successful compensation in university students with dyslexia is achieved through a spatiotemporal reorganization of the reading network, and suggests that this compensation is supported by the development and use of semantic skills in general, morphological skills in particular. These findings support the hypothesis of a cognitive and neuro-functional reorganization of reading skills in university students with dyslexia.

Diploma thesis focuses on examination of the use of Intelligence Structure Test IST 2000 R in diagnostics of high school students with dyslexia. To verify the suitability of its use, the thesis compares overall results of 56 dyslexic students with results of their peers who attend the same high schools in Prague 10 (Gymnázium Voděradská, Omská a Přípotoční, Střední průmyslová škola elektrotechnická V Úžlabině, Obchodní Akademie Heroldovy Sady). Afterwards, the results of 35 students with dyslexia are compared with their results of different in the past administrated intelligence tests (Pražský dětský wechsler, Wechslerova inteligenční škála pro děti). The results of the study showed that students with dyslexia scored significantly lower than their peers from intact population in the IST 2000 R test and their final score is significantly lower than their own results from different intelligence tests. Therefore, it is not correct to evaluate the IST 2000 R test as suitable for assessment of high school students with dyslexia.

The aim of the thesis "Role of preparatory classes in prevention of specific learning disabilities" is to compare intervention of kindergarten and elementary school preparratory classes during suspension of school attendance. It describes all the kinds of specific learning disabilities. It works out in detail diagnostics of specific learning disabilities risk factors from the special education perspective. It offers integral methodology for time undemanding orientational testing of specific learning disabilities risk factors for preschool children. This methodology was used for testing children with suspended school attendance at the start of a school year and in A March of the same school year. Evaluation of test results for each participant is presented in graphs, case study and documentation of the drawing and graphomotoric creations are also incuded. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Une mutation du gène SYN1 a récemment été découverte chez plusieurs membres d'une grande famille canadienne-française ségréguant troubles du langage, épilepsie focale, et troubles du spectre autistique (TSA). Bien qu'aucune anomalie macroscopique apparente n'ait pu être identifiée dans les données d’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) cérébrales, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que des modalités d'IRM quantitatives sensibles à la microstructure et à la composition des tissus permettraient l’identification d’anomalies subtiles. Nous avons fait l’acquisition de données IRM multimodale chez 13 sujets porteurs de la mutation SYN1_Q555x et 13 sujets contrôles appareillés pour l’âge et le sexe. Une analyse statistique de groupe a été effectuée sur les cartes paramétriques corticales surfaciques afin de caractériser l’effet de la mutation sur plusieurs paramètres physiques quantitatifs. En résumé, des altérations ont été observées dans le réseau langagier, de même qu’une latéralisation anormale de celui-ci sur l’hémisphère droit. Les changements les plus significatifs dans ces régions sont une diminution de la diffusivité moyenne et une augmentation de l’anisotropie fractionnelle. Un modèle biophysique est proposé pour expliquer ces résultats, qui suggèrent une augmentation de la densité ou de la fraction volumique du neuropile. Cette étude est, à notre connaissance, la première à utiliser avec succès l'imagerie de diffusion et multiparamétrique conjointement à une méthodologie de cartographie surfacique pour détecter des anomalies corticales chez un groupe de sujets avec un génotype bien défini lié aux troubles du langage, à l'épilepsie et aux TSA. Cette étude démontre également que l'IRM de diffusion, bien que traditionnellement considérée comme une modalité spécifique à la matière blanche, peut effectivement être utilisée conjointement à une cartographie de surface pour caractériser une pathologie corticale subtile non détectable autrement, même si seul un groupe relativement restreint de sujets est disponible. / A mutation of the SYN1 gene has recently been discovered in several members of a large French-Canadian family segregating language disorders, focal epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although no apparent macroscopic abnormality could be identified in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, we hypothesized that quantitative MRI modalities sensitive to tissue microstructure and composition could allow the identification of subtle anomalies. We acquired multimodal MRI data from 13 SYN1_Q555x mutation carriers and 13 healthy controls matched for age and sex. A surface-based group statistical analysis was performed on the cortical parametric maps to characterize the effect of the mutation on several quantitative physical parameters. In summary, alterations were found in the language network, as well as abnormal lateralization of the latter over the right hemisphere. The most significant changes in these regions are a decrease in mean diffusivity and an increase in fractional anisotropy. A biophysical model is proposed to explain these results, which suggest an increase in neuropil density or volume fraction. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to successfully use diffusion imaging and multiparametric mapping in a surface-based approach to detect cortical anomalies in a group of subjects with a well-defined genotype linked to language impairments, epilepsy and ASD. Importantly, this study also shows that diffusion MRI, although traditionally seen as a white matter modality, can effectively be used in a surface-based approach to characterize subtle cortical pathology not detectable otherwise, even when only a relatively small group of subjects is available.

Cette recherche trouve son origine dans une pratique clinique quotidienne auprès d'enfants en âge de latence accompagnés pour leurs difficultés d'apprentissage. L'âge de latence est pour l'enfant une étape importante de réaménagement cognitif et de désintrication pulsionnelle. Si les troubles des apprentissages et l'échec scolaire peuvent trouver leur origine dans des temps plus anciens du développement psycho-cognitif du sujet, la période de latence est cruciale pour le déploiement de la curiosité intellectuelle et la réalisation de "conquêtes" importantes de la symbolisation. Ne pas savoir lire, écrire, compter, ne constitue bien souvent que la partie émergée de difficultés plus profondes qui touchent chez certains sujets tous les modes de figurabilités et différents niveaux de symbolisation. Cette thèse explore les différentes significations des conduites anti-apprentissages que développent ces enfants dans leurs expériences d'appropriation, d'exploration et de manipulation de l'environnement. Enfin, ce travail présente un outil de repérage clinique et d'évaluation qualitative des groupes à médiation thérapeutique qui sont proposés pour accompagner cette clinique des apprentissages. L'intérêt thérapeutique de ces dispositifs sera questionné et illustré au travers de trois expériences de groupe : un atelier à médiation sensorielle, un atelier peinture et un groupe à médiation théâtrale. / This research finds its origin in a daily clinical practice with children in latence period in treatment for their learning disabilities. The latence period is an important stage of cognitive reorganization and drive defusion. If the learning disabilities and the academic failure can find their origin in older times of the psychic and cognitive development of the subject, the time of latence period is crucial for the growth of the intellectual curiosity and achieve important symbolic “conquests”. Deep, unresolved psychic issues can perturb all modes of abstraction and symbolic understanding as well as causing difficulties in the acquisition of reading and writing. This dissertation explore the various meanings of the anti-learnings conducts which develop these children in their experiences of appropriation, exploration and manipulation of the environment. Finally, this work presents a tool of clinical analysis and qualitative evaluation of the groups of therapeutic mediation which are proposed to treat these context of learning disorder. The therapeutic interest of these settings will be questioned and illustrated through three experiences of group : a workshop with sensory mediation, a painting group experience and a therapeutic group with the medium of theater.