This study is concerned with the constructions of the Tanzanian nation in the press. It has confined its focus, first, to the coverage from 2005 to 2011 on Union Day that marks the Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar and the formation of the United Republic of Tanzania and, second, to two prominent Tanzanian newspapers, namely the state-owned Daily News, and the privately-owned The Citizen on Union Day. As the Union remains a contentious issue, the relevance of this research relates to the press’s considerable power to shape understandings and influence attitudes. The study works within a broad cultural and media studies framework and is informed by a constructionist approach to representation and to culture, and to nation in particular. It also draws of journalistic theories of agenda-setting and the normative roles of the press to probe the agendas set by the press on Union Day and to interrogate how the two newspapers construct and frame the Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar as nation. The research responds to the question: ‘How has the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union been represented in The Citizen and Daily News newspapers from 2005 to 2011?’ It employs quantitative and qualitative (thematic) content analysis to investigate the coverage in the editorials and feature articles of The Citizen and Daily News newspapers on Union Day (26 April) of 2005 to 2011. This study finds that the government-owned newspaper, Daily News, publishes more articles related to Union on Union Day than the privately-owned, The Citizen and collaborates more determinedly with the state in the process of constructing the nation. However, both newspapers adopt a collaborative role consistent with the development journalism tradition that endorses an informal partnership between media and the state in the process of development (Christians et al, 2009:201). Both publications tend to emphasise the hegemonic ideology pertaining to Union while giving limited attention to challenges to such constructions. While both newspapers do identify certain problems of the Union and thus exercise a monitorial role to varying extents, it is apparent that the press in Tanzania tends to be largely acritical, perhaps attributable to a long period under single party rule

The study critically explored the language of reportage of the Zimbabwe Land Reform programme as presented in selected Shona and English newspapers in Zimbabwe. The study focused on Kwayedza, The Herald, The Daily News and The Daily Mirror. The objective was to find out whether or not the verbal and visual languages used in reporting the Land Reform programme left readers more knowledgeable about the programme, and then adopt a critical attitude towards the Land Reform exercise. The study used qualitative textual analysis to unpack the language frames used in representing Land Reform in the selected newspapers. Some relevant critical voices from readers were also enlisted in order to support or complicate interpretations of how Land Reform was portrayed in the selected stories. Kwayedza and The Herald unequivocally supported the Land Reform. This official stance was contested in Chapter Four in which The Daily News adopted an ideological position opposed to both the idea of the Land Reform and the confiscatory way the land was repossessed. The Daily News’ extremely negative criticism of the Land Reform was challenged and then modified in The Daily Mirror. The Daily Mirror criticised both the government’s extremely supportive view of the Land Reform. The Daily Mirror also openly criticised The Daily News for refusing to acknowledge the historical inevitability and necessity of the Land Reform. The Daily Mirror advanced a perspective that suggested that Land Reform programme should benefit the masses more than the elites. It was argued that in contexts of political change such as that of Zimbabwe, newspapers take a stance and support particular ideological interests. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

在日本的殖民統治下，殖民地台灣是如何認識朝鮮？無法直接交流的台灣與朝鮮，兩地的互動必須透過日本帝國，迂迴地被納入殖民母國的一部份。透過傳播媒體，片段、拼圖式的朝鮮消息，讓台灣讀者可以試圖拼湊他們的朝鮮認識，進而想像朝鮮。以日治時期殖民地台灣的代表媒體《臺灣日日新報》、《臺灣民報》系列、《臺灣出版警察報》作為檢索對象，對台灣媒體上的朝鮮報導進行統計與分析。透過當時的新聞，呈現殖民地台灣人可以接觸與不能接觸的朝鮮消息，進而討論他們對另外一方的好奇與關心，最後整理朝鮮認識是如何形成，以及其後生成怎樣的想像。 本論文從殖民地台灣的媒體出發，還原日治時期在殖民地台灣閱讀的朝鮮消息，了解當時讀者大眾如何透過新聞媒體認識另一殖民地朝鮮。當時發行量最大的《臺灣日日新報》與為台灣人發聲的《臺灣民報》系列基於各自的立場選取想要報導的「朝鮮」，讀者從中建構朝鮮認識與朝鮮想像，並經由官方文書《臺灣出版警察報》呈現新聞傳播過程中，台灣總督府/日本帝國對敏感消息的處理，盡可能防止敏感危險的朝鮮消息進入殖民地台灣。即便統治者介入，媒體透過編碼加密的報導方式，「朝鮮」仍可以曲折地登上報紙版面。在媒體與官方，可見與不可見的朝鮮消息之間，朝鮮表象於焉生成。 / How did Taiwan come to understand Korea under Japanese rule? Under the colonial system, Taiwan and Korea could not interact with each other directly, they had to interact through the Empire of Japan. Taiwanese readers constructed their understanding of Korea through fragmental and trivial news from the media. The essay used the representative media in Taiwan under Japanese rule – Taiwan Daily News, the series of The Taiwan Minpao and Taiwan Publishing Police News—as the main source to gather statistics on and to analyze Korean news. It displays the process through which a concerned and curious Taiwan drew its own image of Korea by what they could and could not read. From Taiwan’s media, this essay is about the distribution of Korean news under Japanese rule, portraying how the readers came to understand Korea. Taiwan Daily News – the most massive circulation newspaper in Taiwan—and the series of The Taiwan Minpao— stood for the people of Taiwan —from different perspectives by choosing the proper “Korea” pieces that they wanted to report, and through the official document Taiwan Publishing Police News presented how the government/the Empire prevented the dangerous news from spreading. Although the colonial government strictly censored the publications, the media encoded the news, so that “Korea” could be reported in discreet ways. The representations of Korea then emerged between the media and the government in visible and invisible Korea news.

MA (English) / Department of English / The study analysed the language used by The Herald and Daily News journalists to report on the marriage conflict between the former Prime Minister Morgan Richard Tsvangirai of Zimbabwe and Ms Locardia Karimatsenga. The Herald is a state-owned newspaper and Daily News is a privately-owned newspaper. An analysis of the marriage conflict enabled readers, in a magnified way, to see how ideological differences between the public and private media in Zimbabwe are represented. The study examined the similarities and/or differences in the manner in which the marriage conflict was represented in both papers. The study also examined the language used in the headlines, established the sources used and evaluated the ideological stances of the two newspapers. The study utilised the case study design. The researcher only focused on articles which were published during the month when the former Prime Minister married Ms Elizabeth Macheka in September 2012. It was also the month when the media published many articles about the marriage saga. Seventeen articles were analysed, eleven from The Herald and six from the Daily News. Framing and Representation theories were deemed appropriate to analyse the articles. Critical Discourse Analysis and semiotic analysis were used to analyse the selected articles and visuals which accompanied them. The findings of the study revealed that The Herald reports tended to be biased against the Prime Minister, while the Daily News was more objective in its use of language.

新聞報導是一種語藝的行動或一種說服之過程，也是一種真實的再現，透過不斷的傳播，建構出團體成員對外在世界的共同認知，逐漸成為閱聽人的共同印象。以社會運動來說，新聞工作者往往認為「衝突、對抗、造勢」等戲劇性效果，最具新聞價值，也最能代表社運，因此，媒體建構了社運，同時建構了人們對社運的印象。而以學生為主體的社會運動，因角色的轉換與社會的想像，使得媒體刻意在報導中多了些「保護」與「憐惜」，易產生與其它社會運動不同的報導取徑。 　　本研究以《聯合報》的野百合學運和太陽花學運的新聞報導作為研究對象，透過「幻想主題分析」的研究架構，輔以外在分析，探討單一媒體建構學運的語藝視野是否會隨著時代變遷而有所變化？ 　　研究發現，在《聯合報》語藝建構下，兩代學運呈現迥然不同的語藝視野，野百合學運的語藝視野為「憲政改革眾望所歸」和「民主自由難能可貴」；太陽花學運的語藝視野為「朝野惡鬥國會失能」和「民主之恥民主鬧劇」，並發現學運期間的讀者投書，具明顯的覆誦現象，形成一致的語藝社群，不僅如此，本研究同時驗證了單一媒體在建構不同世代學運的語藝視野，並不會全然產生相同的觀看視角與報導取徑。

The study critically explored the tabloidisation of political news in Zimbabwe by focussing on the coverage of the expulsion of Joice Mujuru from ZANU PF and government by selected newspapers. The study analysed three national dailies across the ownership divide; The Herald, Daily News and NewsDay. The objective of the study was to establish whether or not the decline in standards of journalism and performance in Zimbabwe could be attributed to tabloidisation. The study employed a qualitative methodology through qualitative content analysis and in-depth interviews to assess whether the framing reflected tabloid or broadsheet journalism styles. The framing of Joice Mujuru by The Herald was pejorative and derisive as she was depicted as corrupt, traitor, inept and a simplistic thinker who cannot handle issues to do with statecraft. Daily News sympathised with Joice Mujuru as a victim of chauvinistic factional politics in ZANU PF, especially, after the death of her husband, General Solomon Mujuru. The study argued that Joice was also depicted as a brave leader who could challenge for the office of the president, if she formed a coalition with MDC –T leader Morgan Tsvangirai. Daily News sought to counter all the negative framing of Joice Mujuru by The Herald. NewsDay framing was sympathetic, like Daily News but was more inclined on creating an image of a moderate leader in Mujuru, one who would be acceptable to all Zimbabweans because she had the critical liberation war credentials that Tsvangirai lacked and Mujuru’s perceived abilities to extricate the country from the economic challenges by mending relationships with the West. Despite the diametrically opposed frames in terms of The Herald versus Daily News and NewsDay, all the newspapers are undergoing the damaging process of tabloidisation by employing tabloid styles and formatting in their political news coverage through sensationalism, trivialisation and emotionalism. It was argued that the media needs self-introspection and recommitment to ethical and objective journalism as the watchdogs of society. / Communication / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)