Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 70-71).

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

O Estado percorreu um longo caminho até alcançar as garantias previstas na Constituição Federal e assegurar direitos relacionados à vida, à saúde e à dignidade, que se relacionam ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, indispensável para a sobrevivência. O reconhecimento da natureza como direito fundamental na Carta Política de 1988, reforçou legislações anteriores e possibilitou o surgimento de novas, destacando a importância de uma compreensão diversa para lidar com os efeitos advindos de uma crise global relacionada ao esgotamento dos recursos naturais e o aumento considerável dos danos ambientais. O impacto à natureza tornou necessária a existência de mecanismos para prevenir e reparar os estragos ocasionados, que se deu através da aplicação de princípios como a prevenção e precaução, reparação integral, poluidor-pagador e desenvolvimento sustentável; assim como, do instituto da reparação, realizada através da reposição natural e compensação ecológica. Além disso, destaca-se a responsabilidade civil, que na última década além da tradicional indenização por dano material, ganhou notoriedade, em especial no Superior Tribunal de Justiça, a indenização por dano moral ambiental coletivo, que apesar de apresentar dificuldades quanto a sua delimitação, valoração e destinação é considerada uma grande conquista para a causa verde. Assim como a responsabilidade penal, que através do advento da Lei dos Crimes Ambientais tornou possível a responsabilização da pessoa jurídica, ampliando o alcance da alfabetização ecológica, que passa a cumprir seu papel repressivo e pedagógico contra os maiores causadores de danos ambientais, que através da severidade das penas impostas, percebem que a prática delituosa se comparada à responsabilidade que o uso indevido do meio ambiente poderá desencadear, não compensa; permitindo que o processo de alfabetização reforce o principio da prevenção e desenvolvimento sustentável, evitando a ocorrência de danos ambientais. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-06-22T13:46:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Grayce Kelly Bioen.pdf: 1227890 bytes, checksum: c0a1c7ef2e2d615201f4749b2fe7b62a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T13:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Grayce Kelly Bioen.pdf: 1227890 bytes, checksum: c0a1c7ef2e2d615201f4749b2fe7b62a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / The State has come a long way until it reaches the guarantees provided for in the Federal Constitution and guarantees rights related to life, health and dignity, which are related to the ecologically balanced environment, indispensable for survival. The recognition of nature as a fundamental right in the Political Charter of 1988, reinforced previous legislation and made possible the emergence of new ones, highlighting the importance of a diverse understanding to deal with the effects of a global crisis related to the exhaustion of natural resources and the considerable increase Environmental damage. The impact on nature made it necessary to have mechanisms to prevent and repair the damage caused through the application of principles such as prevention and precaution, integral reparation, polluter pays and sustainable development; As well as from the repair institute, carried out through natural replacement and ecological compensation. In addition, it should be noted that civil liability, which in the last decade beyond the traditional indemnity for material damage, has earned notoriety, especially in the Superior Court of Justice, compensation for collective environmental moral damages, which despite difficulties in delimiting, valuation and destination is considered a great achievement for the green cause. Just as criminal responsibility, which through the advent of the Law of Environmental Crimes has made it possible to hold the legal person accountable, broadening the scope of ecological literacy, which begins to fulfill its repressive and pedagogical role against the major causes of environmental damage, which through Severity of the penalties imposed, they perceive that the criminal practice compared to the responsibility that the misuse of the environment can trigger, does not compensate; Allowing the literacy process to reinforce the principle of prevention and sustainable development, avoiding the occurrence of environmental damage.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da teoria da avoidability ou duty to mitigate the loss à luz do Direito Brasileiro. Sua escolha decorreu do fato de o ordenamento pátrio, diferente de outros tantos, não prever a existência expressa de um dever ou mais propriamente de um ônus de o contratante inadimplido adotar as medidas razoáveis ao seu alcance para reduzir as perdas e danos causados pelo inadimplemento do outro contratante. Do estudo do direito estrangeiro, procurou-se compreender as principais características do instituto, bem como as críticas feitas a ele, para que sua estrutura e suas possíveis objeções pudessem também ser examinadas sob a perspectiva do direito nacional. Demonstrado que o problema da redução dos prejuízos pelo próprio credor da indenização não poderia ser satisfatoriamente resolvido ao menos não integralmente sob a perspectiva da causalidade concorrente, e que não haveria nenhum óbice intransponível à adoção da regra, passou-se a avaliar se ela já seria uma leitura possível do princípio da boa-fé objetiva. A conclusão alcançada com base na doutrina, e posteriormente confirmada com o posicionamento jurisprudencial, mostrou-se positiva. Demonstrou-se, portanto, que a mitigação de danos pelo credor é um ônus decorrente da cláusula geral que impõe aos contratantes o dever de agir com probidade e boa-fé, dever esse que não é afetado sequer pelo inadimplemento da prestação principal pela contraparte, sob pena de o exercício do direito de indenização tornar-se abusivo. A ausência de uma regra expressa que imponha ao contratante inadimplido o ônus de mitigar seu próprio prejuízo não impede, pois, o reconhecimento da regra no Direito Brasileiro, de modo que sua positivação expressa, embora disponível, traria como única vantagem a maior clareza sobre as regras de responsabilidade contratual, com a facilitação apenas relativa do processo decisório nesses casos. / The purpose of this work was to study the theory of avoidability or the duty to mitigate the loss in light of the Brazilian law. Its choice arose from the fact that the domestic legal system, different from many others, does not set forth the express existence of a duty or more properly of a burden of the breached against party to adopt the reasonable measures available to him/her in order to reduce the losses and damages caused by the breach by the other contracting party. The study of the foreign law was sought to allow the understanding of the main characteristics of the rule, as well as the criticisms raised against it, so that its structure and its main objections could similarly be assessed under the perspective of the national law. Once demonstrated that the problem of the reduction of losses by the creditor himself/herself could not be satisfactorily resolved at least not totally based on the joint causation and that there was no unbridgeable obstacle to the adoption of the rule, it was then evaluated whether it was already a possible construction of the principle of good faith. The conclusion reached based on the literature and afterwards confirmed by the case law was positive. It was evidenced, therefore, that the mitigation of damages by the creditor is a burden arising from the general clause that poses on the contracting parties the duty to act with correctness and good faith, duty which not affected even by the breach of the main obligation by the counterpart, under the consequence of the right to damages being exercised abusively. The lack of a express rule that poses a burden on the breached against party to mitigate his/her own losses does not prevent, thus, the recognition of such a rule in the Brazilian legal system, meaning that its formal adoption, although unessential, would only bring the advantage of more clarity on the rules of damages arising from the breach of contract, with a mere relative facilitation of the decision process on these cases.

O Estado percorreu um longo caminho até alcançar as garantias previstas na Constituição Federal e assegurar direitos relacionados à vida, à saúde e à dignidade, que se relacionam ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, indispensável para a sobrevivência. O reconhecimento da natureza como direito fundamental na Carta Política de 1988, reforçou legislações anteriores e possibilitou o surgimento de novas, destacando a importância de uma compreensão diversa para lidar com os efeitos advindos de uma crise global relacionada ao esgotamento dos recursos naturais e o aumento considerável dos danos ambientais. O impacto à natureza tornou necessária a existência de mecanismos para prevenir e reparar os estragos ocasionados, que se deu através da aplicação de princípios como a prevenção e precaução, reparação integral, poluidor-pagador e desenvolvimento sustentável; assim como, do instituto da reparação, realizada através da reposição natural e compensação ecológica. Além disso, destaca-se a responsabilidade civil, que na última década além da tradicional indenização por dano material, ganhou notoriedade, em especial no Superior Tribunal de Justiça, a indenização por dano moral ambiental coletivo, que apesar de apresentar dificuldades quanto a sua delimitação, valoração e destinação é considerada uma grande conquista para a causa verde. Assim como a responsabilidade penal, que através do advento da Lei dos Crimes Ambientais tornou possível a responsabilização da pessoa jurídica, ampliando o alcance da alfabetização ecológica, que passa a cumprir seu papel repressivo e pedagógico contra os maiores causadores de danos ambientais, que através da severidade das penas impostas, percebem que a prática delituosa se comparada à responsabilidade que o uso indevido do meio ambiente poderá desencadear, não compensa; permitindo que o processo de alfabetização reforce o principio da prevenção e desenvolvimento sustentável, evitando a ocorrência de danos ambientais. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES. / The State has come a long way until it reaches the guarantees provided for in the Federal Constitution and guarantees rights related to life, health and dignity, which are related to the ecologically balanced environment, indispensable for survival. The recognition of nature as a fundamental right in the Political Charter of 1988, reinforced previous legislation and made possible the emergence of new ones, highlighting the importance of a diverse understanding to deal with the effects of a global crisis related to the exhaustion of natural resources and the considerable increase Environmental damage. The impact on nature made it necessary to have mechanisms to prevent and repair the damage caused through the application of principles such as prevention and precaution, integral reparation, polluter pays and sustainable development; As well as from the repair institute, carried out through natural replacement and ecological compensation. In addition, it should be noted that civil liability, which in the last decade beyond the traditional indemnity for material damage, has earned notoriety, especially in the Superior Court of Justice, compensation for collective environmental moral damages, which despite difficulties in delimiting, valuation and destination is considered a great achievement for the green cause. Just as criminal responsibility, which through the advent of the Law of Environmental Crimes has made it possible to hold the legal person accountable, broadening the scope of ecological literacy, which begins to fulfill its repressive and pedagogical role against the major causes of environmental damage, which through Severity of the penalties imposed, they perceive that the criminal practice compared to the responsibility that the misuse of the environment can trigger, does not compensate; Allowing the literacy process to reinforce the principle of prevention and sustainable development, avoiding the occurrence of environmental damage.

This work deals with the theoretical definition of the basic concepts of employment law. It defines main participants of employment relations, outlines liability relations and explains function of the liability institute. Work is deeper devoted to general and specific labor responsibility and the practical part analyzes both historical and contemporary court decisions of the Czech and Slovak Republic in the matter. It evaluates development of legislation after separation of republics in 1993 and then compares differences on specific cases.

222 Methodology for Determination of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases Abstract The thesis examines to what extent the Methodology for Determination of General Damages in Personal Injury Cases (published by the Czech Supreme Court) meets the requirement of Section 2958 of the Czech Civil Code and its explanatory memorandum requesting that fair and just compensation is provided in personal injury cases. Detailed analysis is applied to the process of creating the Methodology, as well as to its individual rules, addressing, consecutively, the compensation of pain and suffering, of "other non-material harm" (a new legal concept under Czech law) and of lowered quality of life. Legal and logical conclusions regarding effects of the respective rules on the amounts of general damages are substantiated also by concrete statistical data, including data on the average amount of compensation for pain and suffering, and for lowered quality of life in the years 2010-2019. Based on detailed analysis of individual Methodology rules and of the statistical data, the thesis draws a conclusion that the Methodology, in its current form, is not in line with aim of the legislator to provide fair and just compensation in personal injury cases. Therefore, targeted solutions of the respective issues are presented. For the...

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Quantification of damages for loss of amenities of life is a difficult task because there is no connection between enjoyment of life and money. The court however has to compensate the plaintiff with money because that is the only way of restitution. In compensating the plaintiff the court will award a conservative amount which is fair to both parties. The court will take into account previous awards in comparable cases but the personal circumstances of the plaintiff will form the background of the assessment. The intensity and duration of the loss of amenities of life, the plaintiff's contributory negligence, his obligation to mitigate his loss, his ability to cope with his loss and patrimonial damages tending to minimize the loss of amenities of life are all factors to be taken into account in the quantification process. / Die kwantifisering van die vergoeding vir die verlies aan lewensgenietinge is 'n moeilike taak aangesien daar geen verband tussen lewensgeluk and geld is nie. Die hof moet egter die eiser vergoed met 'n som geld aangesien dit die enigste manier van restitusie is. By kwantifisering word die doel van die vergoedingsbedrag asook billikheid en regverdigheid in gedagte gehou. Die hof sal eerder konserwatief as wispelturig te werk gaan by kwantifisering. Verder sal daar na vorige toekennings in vergelykbare gevalle gekyk word, maar uiteindelik sal die omvang van die vergoedingsbedrag bepaal word deur die persoonlike omstandighede van die eiser wat die agtergrond van die kwantifiseringsproses sal vorm. Die tydsduur en intensiteit van die verlies aan lewensgenietinge, die eiser se bydraende nalatigheid, sy verpligting om skade te beperk, sy vermoe om sy verlies te verwerk asook toekennings van 'n vermoensregtelike aard is relevant by kwantifisering. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.