The Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Crystal Movement is the largest humanitarian movement in the world with 97 million volunteer workers around the globe. The organisation relies on seven fundamental principles, the Neutrality Principle being one of them. The questions of this essay are: *Is it yet possible to provide neutral humanitarian aid in the 21st century? *Have the humanitarian crisis’s changed between the 20th century and the 21st century?

This essay is about use, misuse and non-use of history in politics. To recognize genocide is a use of history that has been established in politics, but also sparked debate. The position of non-use of history in international policy towards Turkey's denial policy has increasingly been replaced by recognition of genocide as a matter of making up with the story, moral consider, and where fundamental issues of culture, identity, history and morality has become guiding element in the discourse behind European expansion and integration policies. A breakthrough for this change is due to the Cold War's end; since the 1980s it has become possible to realize the humanitarianism which has its roots in the Enlightenment humanism underlying the United Nations, and later the EU conventions on human rights and genocide conventions. A genocide concept has become an important discourse in world politics that puts moral pressure on states to act. Parliamentary recognition of the genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians / Syrians / Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks, is partly redress for the victims and their descendants, but also an opportunity for reconciliation.

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L'objet de ce mémoire est d'étudier la façon dont la limitation de responsabilité est appliquée dans le transport multimodal international de marchandises. La première partie du mémoire déterminera le concept du transport multimodal, ainsi que les origines de la limitation de responsabilité dans le transport de marchandises. On étudiera aussi comment la responsabilité est limitée dans les divers modes de transport qui peuvent composer le transport multimodal, avec un spécial intérêt sur l'Amérique du Nord. La deuxième partie du mémoire fera une analyse des diverses conventions et traités internationaux qui peuvent régir le transport multimodal international, en étudiant la façon dont la limitation de responsabilité est régie par ces conventions. De même, une analyse sera faite sur l'utilité et justification actuelle d'une limite à la responsabilité des transporteurs de marchandises. Finalement on étudiera les possibilités d'obtenir un traité international qui régisse le transport multimodal et qui puisse établir une limite de responsabilité uniforme a travers le monde. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the manner in which liabilities are limited in the international multimodal transport of goods. The first part of the thesis will establish the concept of multimodal transport, as well as the origins of the limitation of liability in the transportation of goods. We shall also study how the liability is limited in the various modes of transport that conform multimodal transport, making a special emphasis in North America. The second part of the thesis will analyze the different conventions and international treaties that may regulate the multimodal transport of goods, by studying the manner in which limitation of liability is regulated in these conventions. It will also analyze will be made about the present need and justification of a limitation of liability for transporters of goods. Finally, we shall study the possibility of an international treaty being created which will regulate the multimodal international transport of goods and which will establish a uniform limitation of liability through out the world. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de L.L.M. en droit des affaires"

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Alternative agriculture and counter-cuisine movements have grown to a strong cultural current in Western European and North American societies. In recent years,these movements have begun to converge and coalesce around the concept of localizing agri-food relations and commodity chains as a way of redressing the deleterious environmental, social, and economic consequences of what are seen as dominant globalized food relations. This dissertation reports on a regional study in Eastern Kansas of the political economy of local food relations that has arisen through this producer and consumer response. It is an effort to recognize the regional interplay of disparate forces in constructing local food systems in the interest of framing more contextualized and nuanced questions about the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of alternative agri-food development. Network, conventions, and spatial analysis theories and methods were customized and put into practice in the service of these aims, using triangulation among them to mitigate each of their individual weaknesses in representing the variable embeddedness, politics, and spaces of local food in Eastern Kansas. It was found that local food generally represents a marketing niche in urban consumerism that is served primarily by regional rural producers. The distances, agricultural and food ecologies, forms of organization, and values underpinning local food linkages were all found to vary quite considerably throughout the region, creating a diverse combination of development agendas and impacts from local food networks and making food localization a highly contested concept. Local food development in its current form is thus highly dependent on urban/rural dialectics and projects of urbanization that lack open, transparent, and reflexive governance. Critical acknowledgement of these development interdependencies is important as a step toward encouraging social, economic, and environmental justice through local food development.

Pour comprendre les origines du système français de relations professionnelles, cette thèse revient sur l’un des épisodes majeurs de sa construction : la négociation des conventions collectives du Front populaire. Inscrite dans une perspective de moyenne durée allant du début du siècle jusqu’au vote de la loi de 1950, l’étude porte une attention particulière au contenu des conventions collectives, mais aussi aux pratiques des acteurs du système de relations industrielles. Enfin, elle adopte une perspective comparative, croisant l’étude de divers secteurs et de trois espaces : la Seine, le Nord et la région lyonnaise. En ce qu’il étend les conventions collectives à l’ensemble des secteurs, le Front populaire apparaît bien comme un moment fondateur. Mais les mutations à l’œuvre en 1936 sont également le produit d’un apprentissage qui révèle une implication précoce et croissante de l’Etat et des syndicats et d’une réflexion sur la réforme des relations professionnelles qui se noue autour du rapport Laroque en 1934. Trois registres s’en dégagent. La convention collective doit permettre d’établir un contrôle sur la gestion patronale de l’usine, d’organiser la profession, de pacifier et stabiliser les relations sociales. Loin de correspondre à ces attentes, les conventions du Front populaire sont avant tout des instruments de protection et de hiérarchisation des travailleurs. Toutefois, selon les secteurs, le sens accordé aux conventions collectives, leur contenu ne sont pas les mêmes, ce qui suggère l’importance des dynamiques sectorielles à l’œuvre dans la construction d’un modèle français de relations professionnelles. / To help understand the origins of the French system of industrial relations, this thesis focuses on one major phase of its building, namely the negotiation of collective agreements under the Popular Front. Covering a span of moderate length this study pays special attention not only to the content of collective agreements but also to the practices of parties in the industrial relations system. Last, it takes a comparative approach, cross-checking studies on several sectors in three major industrial areas: the Nord and Seine departments and the Lyon region. Inasmuch as it extends collective agreements to all sectors, the Popular Front must indeed be seen as a founding period. But structural shifts implemented in 1936 are also the result of a developing practice which testifies both that the Government and unions were involved quite early and ever more so, and that thorough consideration was given to ways of reforming industrial relations right after the Laroque report came out in 1934. Three aspects stand out: a collective agreement should permit to exercise control over the business management of a factory, to organize the profession, to pacify and stabilize labour relations. Far from achieving these aims, collective agreements brought into effect by the Popular Front were first and foremost devised to protect the workers and establish a hierarchy among them. Yet, depending on the sector, the meaning granted to these collective agreements and their content may vary, which suggests the important part sector dynamics play when it comes to building a French model of industrial relations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matushima_mk_dr_rcla.pdf: 3301922 bytes, checksum: 98743736902cdd763da98a5af28c01dd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho estuda o desenvolvimento da aglomeração industrial de Ibitinga-SP, a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva que atinge a indústria brasileira na última década. A origem da indústria de Ibitinga está relacionada a uma combinação de fatores eminentemente endógenos, que possibilitaram o surgimento e a evolução do ramo de confecção, constituindo um cluster industrial. A indústria de confecções local se torna, já nos anos 1970, a principal atividade econômica do município de Ibitinga, e teve como principal característica a produção de artigos de cama, mesa e banho bordados à máquina. A partir da crise dos anos 1980 e do processo de abertura econômica dos anos 1990, a indústria local passa por um processo de reestruturação para se adaptar à nova realidade nacional e mundial, com a ampliação do espectro produtivo, através da introdução de maquinário moderno e novos produtos. Soma-se a isso a importância do conhecimento tácito difundido na aglomeração industrial, o qual assume um papel relevante no processo de estruturação do ramo de confecções como principal atividade industrial em Ibitinga. Concluiu-se que o relativo sucesso no surgimento e na consolidação desta aglomeração industrial está ligado a uma combinação de fatores e processos endógenos, entre eles um bom desempenho articulado das normas, convenções e instituições locais, que procuraram reestruturar a indústria de confecções para mantê-la competitiva, mesmo quando desafiada por determinações oriundas das escalas geográficas nacional e mundial. / This investigation studies the development of industrial agglomeration of Ibitinga-SP, at the beginning of productive restructuration affects the Brazilian industry in the last decade. The origin of Ibitinga industry is related with a combination of factors eminently endogenous, that possibility the appearance and the evolution of field of clothes, constituting an industrial cluster . The local clothes industry become already in the seventies, the main economic activity of Ibitinga municipality , and had as main characteristic the production of bed, table and shower articles embroidery by the sewing machine. The crisis of the eighties and the process of opening of the nineties, the local factory passes a process of restructuration in order to adapt a new reality, with an enlargement of productive spectrum, and the introduction of modern machines and new products. Besides that, the importance of tacit knowledge widespread in the industrial agglomeration, accept an importance in the process of structuration in the field of clothes as main industrial activity in Ibitinga. Reach a conclusion, therefore, the relative success of this industrial agglomeration is related with a combination of factors and process in several levels, by articulation of rules, conventions and local institutions, gave the possibility of the clothes industry restructure and remain competitive, same when challenged by determinations originating from of the national and world geographical scales.

A tese que apresento perante a Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo tem por foco a análise dos mecanismos de controle da dupla-tributação apurados pelas Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais e os princípios decorrentes dos Tratados Comerciais, especialmente o de não-concessão de subsídios e o tratamento da nação mais favorecida. Tomando como pano de fundo a relação entre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, demonstro que a resistência dos Estados exportadores de capital na implementação das cláusulas de crédito fictício nas Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais é injustificada, prestando-se unicamente para dar prevalência à tributação com base na residência, em detrimento da neutralidade fiscal em face dos Estados de fonte dos rendimentos. Ainda, colocada a relação entre os fundamentos da celebração de Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais, afasto a possibilidade de o regime delas decorrente ser estendido a terceiros por força da cláusula do tratamento da nação mais favorecida constante do GATT e de outros Tratados Comerciais. / This thesis makes an analysis of the mechanisms of control of the double-taxation thickened by the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions and the principles of the Commercial Agreements, especially the one of no-concession of subsidies and the treatment of the most-favored-nation. Taking as backdrop the relationship among the developed countries and indevelopment countries, I demonstrate that the resistance of Capital Exporters States in the negotiating fictitious credit in the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions is unjustified, being only rendered to maintain to the taxation based in the residence, avoiding the fiscal neutrality in face of States of source of the revenues. Still, placed the relationship among the foundations of the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions, I move away the possibility of the regime of them to be extended in favor of Third Countries using the GATTs most favored nation clause.