Masters of Science / Coders of databases repeatedly face the problem of checking their Structured Query Language (SQL) code. Instructors face the difficulty of checking student projects and lab assignments in database courses. We collect and categorize common MySQL programming errors into three groups: data definition errors, data manipulation errors, and transaction control errors. We build these into a comprehensive list of MySQL errors, which novices are inclined make during database programming. We collected our list of common MySQL errors both from the technical literature and directly by noting errors made in assignments handed in by students. In the results section of this research, we check and summarize occurrences of these errors based on three characteristics as semantics, syntax, and logic. These data form the basis of a future static MySQL checker that will eventually assist database coders to correct their code automatically. These errors also form a useful checklist to guide students away from the mistakes that they are prone to make.

This dissertation is a study of artistic conventions in the formation of the image of the Others in Chingiz Aitmatov’s novels in different periods. The author intends to point out different conventional forms in Chingiz Aitmatov’s novels by using concrete examples from original texts. In the following part the writer’s thoughts and opinions which are reflected in the process of using conventional forms are analyzed. In the conclusion the author reviews how the use of different conventional forms changes depending on the social-cultural task of forming the image of the Others. This is a new shift in the study of Aitmatov’s works which has positive significance for the study of the writer’s artistic techniques and the development of his art thinking. / Предметом исследования данной диссертационной работы является художественная условность в прозе Айтматова в формировании образа Другого на разных этапах творчества. Автор работы намерен выделять разные формы художественной условности в прозе Чингиза Айтматова, используя конкретные примеры из текстов-оригиналов. Далее в работе анализируются мысли и идеи писателя, отраженные в процессе употребления условных форм. В Заключении автор рассматривает, как меняется применение различных форм художественной условности в зависимости от социокультурной задачи изображения образа Другого. Это новый поворот в исследовании творчества Айтматова, который имеет позитивное значение для изучения художественных способов и развития художественных мышлений писателя.

The study’s purpose was to investigate how Family Law appraises the Children´s Rights Conventions principle "the best interests of the child" when assessing visitation in cases with domestic violence, moreover, how the approaches can impact the children. Four family law caseworkers were interviewed through a combined interview and vignette study. The empiricism was analysed with a thematic analysis. Results indicated that the interviewees take the child's best interests into account by acknowledging their opinions. The results showed an inherent problem with a family-oriented stance in investigations. The child's relationship with parents is highly valued, which can be against the child's best interests. Ultimately, violence was seen as a serious risk factor in visitation proceedings, this contributes to negative consequences on the child. Despite that the Convention now is law, the results showed contradictions regarding what the best interest of the child is, therefore continued research is needed on the issue. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka familjerättens förhållningssätt till Barnkonventionens grundprincip om barnets bästa vid bedömningar av umgänge i ärenden där det förekommer våld i hemmet, samt vad förhållningssätten kan innebära för barnet. Fyra familjerättssekreterare intervjuades genom en kombinerad intervju- och vinjettstudie. Empirin analyserades med en tematisk analys. Studiens bärande resultat visade på att familjerättssekreterarna beaktar barnets bästa genom att låta barnet få komma till tals. Resultatet fann även ett inneboende problem med ett familjeorienterat synsätt i umgängesutredningar. Det framkom att barnets relation till båda föräldrarna värnas högt vilket kan strida mot barnets bästa. Slutligen fann studien att våld utgör en allvarlig riskfaktor i umgängesutredningar och bidrar till negativa konsekvenser för barnet. Trots att Barnkonventionen är lag påvisade resultatet motstridigheter om vad barnets bästa innebär, och därför behövs fortsatt forskning i frågan.

In the music genre reggaetón there has been an ideal premiering hypermasculine behaviour and narratives. The female reggaetón artist Ivy Queen has been active within the genre since the early beginnings. She has spoken about the impact it had on her, working against so many men i a masculine culture. Ivy Queen has expressed that her masculine energy has served her well in situations where people have tried to put her down for being a woman. Ivy Queen is known for challenging gender norms with different artistic expressions. She has without a doubt paved the way for today's female reggaetón artists who are using classic women's rights-messages in their songs and images.  This study starts of with the theories used which are queer- and intersectional feminist-theories. Then working its way in to giving context with an introduction to history of gender in Latin America in relation to colonialism and Catholicism. Here, marianismo and machismo are important themes to introduce when the study moves toward characteristics of reggaetón and giving background in Ivy Queen.  This study will use an audiovisual model to analyze Ivy Queens song and music video "Quiero Bailar" in relation to machismo and marianismo in Latin America, and genre conventions in reggaetón.  The result of this study shows us that not only does Ivy Queen choose some parts of what critics see as problematic in reggaetón and machismo and uses it to her advantage. She also breaks down hegemonic structures through usage of queer modes in voice, image, and lyrics - while keeping the music traditionally formed.

The purpose of this study was to understand the process of music teacher large-scale conference professional development (PD) implementation (i.e., the integration of conference-derived learnings into classroom practice). The context of this investigation was two national music conferences, the Midwest Clinic and the National Association for Music Education National In-Service Conference, and one state music conference, the Texas Music Educators Association Clinic/Convention. Using purposive maximum variation sampling, active music teachers (n = 32) who each attended one of these conferences were recruited. Data collection occurred in a series of three participant interview phases, staggered according to which conference participants attended and when each conference was held. Twenty-eight participants were interviewed twice, and four participants were interviewed once, yielding a total of 60 interview transcripts, which were then openly, axially, and selectively coded in accordance to grounded theory method. The principal finding, the cycle of music teacher large scale conference professional development implementation (C-MTPDI), revealed an implementation process in three phases. First, the consideration phase (before/during conference) entailed needs assessment, direct engagement, change articulation, and, for some participants, deterrent factors/contingencies. Second, the realization phase (immediate post-conference) included translation, integration, and recalibration. Third, and finally, the decision phase (3-5 weeks post-conference) included evaluation. The core category, or main theme of the research, was seeking convergence: relevance, practicability, and impact. Contextual conditions included PD worldview and PD policy environment. Avenues for future scholarship include clarifying differences in design and effectiveness among and within music-specific PD models, more fully understanding the status of large-scale conference PD in music education and its effect on practice, and theorizing PD implementation in non-conference contexts. Practical implications include developing new theory-aligned PD policies, putting into place more robust infrastructures of implementation support for large-scale conference attendees, addressing PD funding inequities between teachers in music and non-music disciplines, and helping practitioners to newly conceive "one-off" PD events (e.g., large-scale conferences) as sustainable investments in long-range professional growth.

Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec en Outaouais. / Plusieurs études et sources médiatiques font état d’une pénurie de main-d’oeuvre (MO) dans la profession des sciences infirmières. On prédit même que la situation n’est pas prête à s’améliorer puisqu’avec le vieillissement de la population, la demande pour les services de soins infirmiers ne peut qu’augmenter. Étant donné cette pénurie, on pourrait supposer que, dans une perspective de maximisation du revenu salarial, les infirmières en poste auraient une plus forte intensité de travail que les employés des autres secteurs de l’économie, sinon au moins la même intensité de travail. Pourtant, cela ne semble pas être le cas. C’est dans cette optique que s’intègre le premier article de cette thèse. Il vise à faire la lumière sur le marché du travail des infirmières en cherchant à saisir la nature et l’ampleur de la pénurie. Il traite de l’efficacité et des distorsions du marché du travail des infirmières à travers des dimensions classiques: soit l’offre, la demande, le salaire et les différentes institutions en présence. Un des résultats principaux de cette étude est qu’il existe différents concepts de pénurie. Il est important d’en identifier le type pour mieux cibler la façon d’intervenir en termes de politiques publiques. Compte tenu de la pénurie de MO infirmière et du fait que cette dernière n'a pas travaillé plus d'heures par semaine que les travailleurs similaires dans d'autres secteurs de l'économie, cela implique que l'objectif de maximisation du revenu peut être poursuivi en cherchant des taux de rémunération plus élevés. Avec un taux de syndicalisation élevé, une telle stratégie est plausible. Cependant, la littérature suggère également que les infirmières font face à un marché du travail caractérisé par le monopsone (ou oligopsone), c'est-à-dire qu'elles offrent leur travail dans un seul hôpital (ou quelques hôpitaux) dans une région donnée. Dans un tel contexte, ces hôpitaux peuvent offrir un salaire inférieur à celui que nous aurions vu dans un marché concurrentiel, i.e. qu’on s’attend à ce que les salaires horaires soient plus faibles dans les hôpitaux à forte concentration de marché, ce qui peut être source de pénurie régionale. Le second article cherche à vérifier cette hypothèse en utilisant les fichiers de micro-données de l’Enquête sur la population active (EPA) de Statistiques Canada pour les années 2010, 2011 et 2012. La méthode utilisée est l’analyse multi-niveaux. Les résultats empiriques n'appuient pas le modèle de monopsone pour expliquer la pénurie de main-d'oeuvre infirmière: il n'y a pas de relation statistiquement significative entre les salaires des infirmières et la part de marché des hôpitaux. Cela suggère que l'explication de la pénurie de main-d'oeuvre infirmière doit être recherchée ailleurs. Les hôpitaux (comme employeurs) ne pratiquent pas de discrimination salariale basée sur la part de marché, en dépit de leur petit nombre. Cela suppose que le fort taux de syndicalisation pourrait jouer un rôle compensatoire sur ce marché en aplatissant la structure des salaires. Cette situation est typique d’un système centralisé de fixation des salaires (lorsque le processus de détermination des salaires se produit au niveau du secteur plutôt qu'au niveau de l'entreprise). Ce système, supposément prépondérant au Canada, répond au principe d’équité mais risque d’être une source de pénurie s’il ne s’ajuste pas aux réalités régionales. Un tel système peut décourager la concurrence, entraver l'allocation efficace des ressources dans certaines régions et créer une pénurie régionale. Le mécanisme de fixation des salaires et les comparaisons régionales dans quelques provinces constituent l’objectif du 3e article. Ce dernier jette un regard plus approfondi sur la façon dont les institutions se sont organisées pour arriver aux conventions collectives en vigueur sur le marché du travail des infirmières au Canada. La théorie des disparités régionales compensatoires des salaires (DRCS) dans un marché concurrentiel est le cadre utilisé pour analyser la question de la centralisation des salaires et tester l’hypothèse de l’uniformisation de ceux-ci. Les résultats indiquent que le processus de fixation des salaires des infirmières est plutôt centralisé, mais la structure des salaires ne peut pas être décrite comme étant uniforme. Ceci signifie qu’il y a des disparités régionales de salaires, mais apparemment elles ne sont pas assez grandes pour enrayer la pénurie de main-d’oeuvre. Par exemple, des régions métropolitaines de recensement comme Montréal et Toronto ont des DRCS inférieures à leur moyenne provinciale respective. Mots clés: Salaires, Infirmières, Pénurie, Monopsone, Capital humain, Institutions, Recherche quantitative, Modèle multi-niveaux, Canada, Provinces, Régions, Hôpitaux, Conventions collectives, Écarts salariaux. / Several studies and media sources report a shortage of labour in the nursing profession and indicate that the situation is not likely to improve as demand for nursing services can only increase due to the aging of the population. Given this shortage, it could be assumed that, in a perspective of maximizing wage income, employed nurses would work more hours than employees in other sectors of the economy, if not at least have the same work intensity . Yet, that does not seem to be the case. The first article of this thesis aims to shed light on the nursing labor market by seeking to understand the nature and scope of the shortage. It discusses the efficiency and distortions of the nurses' labor market via the traditional dimensions of supply, demand, wages and the various institutions involved. One of the main findings of this study is that there are different concepts of shortage. It is important to identify the type to better target how to intervene in terms of public policies. Given the shortage of nurses and the fact that the latter did not work more hours per week than similar workers in other sectors of the economy, this implies that the goal of maximizing income can be pursued by seeking higher rates of pay. With a high unionization rate, such a strategy is plausible. However, the literature also suggests that nurses face a labor market characterized by monopsony (or oligopsony), that is, they offer their work in a single hospital (or a few hospitals) in a given region. In such a context, these hospitals may offer a lower wage than we would have seen in a competitive market; that is hourly wages are expected to be lower in hospitals with high market concentration; which can be source of regional shortage. The second article attempts to verify this assumption using Statistics Canada's Labor Force Survey (LFS) microdata files for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. The method used is multilevel analysis. Empirical results do not support the monopsony model in explaining nursing shortage: there is no statistically significant relationship between nurse wages and hospital market share. This suggests that the explanation for the nursing shortage needs to be explored elsewhere. Hospitals (as employers) do not discriminate on the basis of market share, despite their small numbers. This suggests that the strong union could play an offsetting role in this market and flatten the wage structure. This situation is typical of a centralized wage setting system (where the wage determination process occurs at the sector level rather than at the enterprise level). Such a system, which is supposedly predominant in Canada, is in line with the principle of equity, but it could be at the origin of the shortage if it does not adjust to regional realities. It can discourage competition, hinder the efficient allocation of resources in certain regions and create a regional shortage. The wage-setting mechanism and the regional comparisons in some provinces are the objective of the third article. The latter takes a closer look at how institutions and stakeholders are organized to come up with collective agreements for nurses in Canada. The theory of Standardized Regional Wage Differentials (SRWD) in a competitive market is the framework used to analyze this issue and to test the wage uniformity hypothesis. The results indicate that the process of wage setting for nurses is rather centralized, but the wage structure cannot be described as flat or uniform. This means that there are regional differences in wages, but apparently they are not large enough to halt the labor shortage. For example, Census Metropolitan Areas such as Montreal and Toronto have SRWD below their respective provincial average. Keywords: Wages, Nurses, Shortage, Monopsony, Human Capital, Institutions, Quantitative Research, Multilevel Model, Canada, Provinces, Regions, Hospitals, Collective Agreement, Pay Gap.

Water has been used for military purposes in the past and still continues today, i.e. poisoning of enemy water, attacking enemy water installations, etc. This conduct denies access to water, affects the supply of water, health, supply of electricity, etc. Public international law, such as treaties (e.g. The 1949 Geneva Conventions), customary international law, etc, regulate the protection of water during armed conflict. Chapter I of the dissertation analizes the public international law ire the abovementioned. The application of public inteniational law, depends on the municipal law of the state concerned. This municipal law is, in the case of South Africa, found in the 1996 Constitution. The 1996 Constitution contains specific provisions regarding inter alia the legal obligations of the South African security services, the legal status of international agreements, as well as the application of customary international law and international law. Chapter II of the dissertation analizes the abovementioned wrt the legal obligations of the SA National Defence Force ire the subject matter. / Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law / LL.M. (Public International Law)

Water has been used for military purposes in the past and still continues today, i.e. poisoning of enemy water, attacking enemy water installations, etc. This conduct denies access to water, affects the supply of water, health, supply of electricity, etc. Public international law, such as treaties (e.g. The 1949 Geneva Conventions), customary international law, etc, regulate the protection of water during armed conflict. Chapter I of the dissertation analizes the public international law ire the abovementioned. The application of public inteniational law, depends on the municipal law of the state concerned. This municipal law is, in the case of South Africa, found in the 1996 Constitution. The 1996 Constitution contains specific provisions regarding inter alia the legal obligations of the South African security services, the legal status of international agreements, as well as the application of customary international law and international law. Chapter II of the dissertation analizes the abovementioned wrt the legal obligations of the SA National Defence Force ire the subject matter. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.M. (Public International Law)

The primary goal of this study was to identify key success factors for the management of a conference centre in South Africa. This goal was achieved by firstly portraying an overview of the conference industry in South Africa. Secondly, a literature study was conducted in order to determine the aspects in the literature that are regarded as of vital importance in managing a conference centre. Thirdly, the results of the empirical research were discussed. Lastly, conclusions were drawn from the research and recommendations were made with regard to further research. From the literature study, aspects of strategic management, financial management, marketing management, human resource management and management of operational aspects were identified as being important in the management of a conference centre. These aspects were used to compile a questionnaire. The objective of the questionnaire was to measure the importance that conference centre managers attach to the identified elements. Questionnaires were e-mailed to 250 conference centres. A total of 100 questionnaires were received back. The study population consisted of a database as compiled by the researcher from the Direct Access Conference Handbook (2004) and the Africa Conference Directory (2006/7). Questionnaires were also handed out personally to exhibitors at the INDABA Tourism Exhibition (2006). From the responses to the questionnaire it can be deduced that conference centre managers regard the aspects of strategic management, financial management, marketing management, human resource management and management of operational details as important to very important. A factor analysis was done to determine the key success factors in managing a conference centre. The following factors were identified, namely to: • Provide a conference centre with a functional layout and the correct variety of activities; • perform marketing management; • ensure that operational aspects are in place; • do proper planning; • provide an attractive venue and conduct a post-conference evaluation; and • perform human resource management. Conference centre managers have to apply the above-mentioned key success factors to ensure that the conference centre is successful over the longterm. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Cette thèse analyse à travers une étude de cas, le parcours d’un programme de micro-crédit rural mis en place par l’ONG Plan International, transformé en institution formelle et intégré aujourd’hui dans l’un des plus grands réseaux mutualistes du Sénégal : l’UM-PAMECAS (Union des Mutuelles du Partenariat pour la Mobilisation de l'Epargne et du Crédit au Sénégal). Notre objectif était de montrer comment les organisations de microfinance concilient les logiques sociale et financière, à priori en opposition, dans leur mode d’action après une transformation institutionnelle. Compte tenu de la diversité des règles et des modes d’actions observés au sein des organisations étudiées, nous avons mobilisé l’économie des conventions pour construire notre cadre d’analyse. La thèse s’appuie sur une analyse qualitative diachronique des logiques en présence, de façon à comprendre ce qui les soustend, les mécanismes et enjeux de pouvoir qui les font évoluer et se stabiliser. Sur une période s’étalant de 2006 à 2008 nous avons mené des enquêtes auprès de 169 personnes aux statuts divers (salariés, élus, bénéficiaire des crédits, etc.). Ce travail a apporté un éclairage sur le processus de transformation institutionnelle des organisations de microfinance rural et ses enjeux. Nous avons montré que grâce à une méthodologie combinant plusieurs principes relevant de cités différentes mais essentiellement rattachés à une « logique sociale », les organisations de microfinance de premières générations ont permis à des personnes vivant en milieu rural, dont le profil socio-économique n’intéressait pas les banques commerciales, d’accéder aux services financiers. La transformation institutionnelle induite par des facteurs exogènes et endogènes a apporté des bouleversements auxquelles les organisations devaient faire face pour assurer leur pérennité. Notre recherche a montré que pour réussir cette transition et éviter des conflits, des concertations doivent être menées tout au long du processus avec l’ensemble des acteurs afin que tous s’entendent sur le but de la transformation, la façon dont le processus doit être mené et les réformes à mettre en place. En outre, les nouvelles procédures mises en place doivent être en adéquation avec les spécificités locales. Par ailleurs, cette thèse a montré la forte prédominance des tontines. Ces dernières ont fortement évolué et se sont enrichies grâce à l’hybridation de règles marchandes, domestiques et civiques qui en font aujourd’hui, des dispositifs locaux concurrençant fortement la collecte de l’épargne au niveau des structures formelles / This thesis analyses, trough a case study, the operation of a rural micro-credit program implemented by Plan international NGO. It has then been changed into a formal institution and integrated into one of the largest network of mutual organizations in Senegal: UMPAMECAS. Our objective was to show how micro-finance organizations reconcile social and financial logics that are primarily contradictory, in their action after institutional changes. Considering the diversity of rules and operation modes observed in the institutions under scrutiny, we have mobilized the convention economy to build the framework of our analysis. The thesis is based on a diachronic quantitative analysis of those logics to understand what underlies them, power mechanism and stakes that make them evolve and stabilize. For a period from 2006 through 2008, we surveyed 169 people from different (wages-earners, elected, credits beneficiaries, etc.). This work has cast light on the transformation process of rural microfinance and its stakes. We have shown that, thanks to a methodology combining several principles from different cities, but essentially related to a “social logic”, the first generation of microfinance institutions have enabled several people living in rural areas, whose economic profile did not appeal to commercial banks, to get access to financial services. The institutional transformations induced by endogenous and exogenous facts have brought changes which should be dealt with by the institutions to ensure their sustainability. Our research has shown that to survive the transition and avoid conflicts, consultations should be conducted all through the process with all the stakeholders for all to agree on the objective of the transition, the way the process should be conducted and the reforms that need to be implemented. Besides, the newly implemented procedures should match local specificities. Furthermore, this thesis has shown the supremacy of the “tontine” systems (rotating saving and credit associations). Those systems have deeply evolved and enriched due to the hybridization of commercial, domestic and civic rules that make them today local organizations that strongly challenge formal structures in the collecting of savings