This thesis is devoted to the proposal of the motivational system PHOENIX CONTACT Inc., based on an analysis of the current situation. Intention of this work is to be a basis establishing more efficient motivational system, and also contains a proposal that aims at higher satisfaction employees and employee morale

In recent years, a new wave power of sharing economy, or known as collaborative consumption has emerged in accommodation, and tourism marketplaces (Guttentag, 2015). Airbnb is one of the most talked-about among the sharing hospitality companies, which is an online marketplace and a platform connecting worldwide travelers with local hosts somewhere. Although Airbnb has two types of users, guests and hosts, in current studies of Airbnb hosts, most researchers focus on the hosts from a business perspective. This study aimed to identify and understand hosts’ motivations to start the Airbnb business, and the benefits and challenges in a host’s experience. The informal interview was the method for the study, and data were processed by thematic analysis. The results find that motivations varied from host to host when sharing nature in common. The benefits overweighed the challenges in each host’s experience since participants could gain economic benefits (extra income), mental health (brain exercise for old hosts) and well-being (cross-cultural social learning) in sharing economy. Worries about security and extra physical work did not bother most hosts, and the effects of a tax on Airbnb hosts were not obvious.

abstract: The purposes of this dissertation are two-fold. First, it aims to re-examine the new generation of Chinese students in the United States (U.S.) in light of the changing international and educational contexts. Second, the dissertation seeks to understand the new generation of Chinese students’ experience in First-year Composition (FYC) classes in a public U.S. university. A model of dynamic sociocultural approach is developed and applied to explore this new generation of Chinese students. Compared to previous generations of overseas students, the new generation is substantially different in their backgrounds and shares their own unique characteristics. Taking a sociocultural approach, this dissertation undertakes a systematic examination to delineate Chinese overseas students’ demographic trends over time, the backgrounds and characteristics of the new generation, the motivations for them studying in the United States, and the pathways these students take to come to the U.S. universities. Furthermore, this dissertation explores the experiences of 23 Chinese undergraduate student participants in FYC classes at a U.S. university. In the past decade, with a soaring number of Chinese undergraduate students, there is a dramatic rise in the number of Chinese students in FYC classes. Compared with their previous English education and learning experience in China, what these Chinese undergraduates are experiencing and how them adapting to in their FYC classes will shed light to better understanding of this new generation, as well as how their previous educational experience in China overlap, facilitate, or collide with their current studying in the United States. This dissertation enriches the literature on understanding the new generation of Chinese students, their background, and their adjustments to foreign countries and new educational environments. Using the dynamic sociocultural approach, the study provides teachers and administrators an approach for viewing Chinese and other second language (L2) students in a more holistic way. To a greater extent, the study has implications on how to meet the challenges of diversity in our universities and how to help students with different home cultural backgrounds to succeed in class. The results can also be used to improve the services and programs in the U.S. higher education institutions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2020

Visitors to parks and protected areas (PPAs) engage in a variety of activities and choose different modes of travel, especially when the location itself has few limitations, such as open-water settings with relatively few backcountry visitors. Managers must understand why visitors are recreating in a particular place and the quality of their experiences in order to offer appropriate and meaningful opportunities. This study seeks to better understand visitor motivations (the “why”), to develop and measure effective indicators for evaluating the quality of visitor experiences, and to contextualize these findings with a unique investigation of historical Glacier Bay National Park data. This study contributes to current literature by exploring visitor dimensions in a coastal Alaskan park. Visitor intercept surveys were conducted for six different visitor groups. Several statistical analyses were completed, resulting in eight visitor motivations, a three-group clustering of visitors based on their motivations, and an overall report of high-quality experiences. Historical comparisons confirm that decades later visitors continue to be motivated by opportunities to experience glaciers, solitude, and natural connection and renewal; litter, cruise ships and propeller-driven aircrafts continue to be the main social factors detracting from the visitor’s overall experience; and visitors are shifting to older, highly educated, wealthy travelers.

In recent years protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts has become largely mentioned issue. Despite broad international legal codification of principles to prevent destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts, destruction of cultural property obviously occurs. Within discussion on their protection, attention is not so paid to the values of cultural property representing for interested actors not merely in the event of armed conflicts. Attention is not much paid also to the motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. The thesis is based on current state of knowledge both in academic or international law and it focuses on exploring motivations leading actors to destroy cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. To answer the research question: "What motivators are leading actors to actively destroy cultural monuments in armed conflicts?" is proceeded from analysis of literature that expounds the motivations for the destruction of cultural property in the event of armed conflicts. These motivations will be understood as theoretical explanations of destruction for the purposes of the work, and on the basis of five case studies, their validity will be checked. The subsequent synthesis of the conclusions of...

<div>Human disturbance to birds is a subject of concern for bird conservation. Bird recreationalists, such as birders and bird photographers, who actively seek out birds, are identified as a broad group of people that contribute to bird disturbance. There are few studies on birders’ and bird photographers’ perceptions and behaviors related to bird disturbance, and these studies have conflicting results. Furthermore, little research identifies why bird recreationalists engage in behavior that disturbs birds. Understanding perceptions and behavior related to bird disturbance and the context behind engaging in this behavior is important for creating comprehensive solutions for preventing disturbance to birds. The purpose of this thesis is to create a typology of bird recreationalists, based on whether they engage in birding or bird photography as primary activities; identify the socio-demographic characteristics among bird recreationalists that are connected to an increased likelihood to engage in behavior that disturbs birds; assess perceptions of blame for disturbance to birds; and identify how motivations, barriers, challenges and trade-offs are associated with following ethical birding and bird photography guidelines. </div><div><br></div><div>The thesis used an online survey and in-person interviews of birders and bird photographers in two Midwestern states in the U.S., Illinois and Indiana, to achieve these objectives. Three sub-groups of bird recreationalists were identified through the online survey: individuals who only engage in birding; individuals who primarily engage in birding and secondarily, bird photography; and individuals who primarily engage in bird photography and secondarily, birding. Our findings indicate that individuals who 1) are male, 2) only engage in birding, 3) maintain life lists, 4) have more birds on their life lists, 5) can identify more birds by sight, 6) have more years of experience or 7) have a higher level of achievement-oriented motivation are more likely to engage in potentially harmful behaviors to birds. Additionally, quantitative findings suggest that birders and bird photographers may not perceive themselves as main contributors to bird disturbance. </div><div><br></div><div>The qualitative portion of the research identifies multiple ethical birding and bird photography guidelines that recreationalists found challenging to follow that had both ecological (e.g., maintaining distance) and social (e.g., respectfully educating others) implications. Recreationalists identified listing, photographing and seeing birds as key motivations to breaking ethical guidelines. Barriers to following guidelines included apathy, ignorance and improper technology. Finally, recreationalists identified bad photography and missed experiences as major trade-offs associated with following ethical guidelines. he concepts explored in this thesis research provide important management implications for natural resource managers and stakeholders in bird conservation and suggest a further need for examining bird recreationalists’ decision-making around bird disturbance.</div>

The purpose of this study has been to investigate the Swedish ultras culture based on subculture theories, it’s motivations and it’s conflict with the police. The ultras culture is a part of football and supporter culture. Through eight semi-structured interviews the study has been able to show that ultras culture, as the interviewees experience it, can be explained by the use of postmodern subculture theories where participation is based solely on one’s own chosen lifestyle and not socio-economic factors. The community, being able to support their team in the best possible way and experiencing arousal has been identified as motivations. The conflict with the police has proven to be protracted and is based on an experienced illegitimacy and experienced assault from the police. This has lead the ultras groups to take illegal acts against the police, creating a vicious circle and an infected conflict. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka den svenska ultraskulturen utifrån subkulturteorier, dess drivkrafter och dess konflikt med polisen. Ultraskulturen är en del av fotbolls- och supporterkulturen. Genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer har studien kunnat visa att ultraskulturen, som deltagarna upplever den, kan förklaras med hjälp av postmoderna subkulturteorier där deltagandet främst är baserat på egen vald livsstil snarare än socioekonomiska faktorer. Gemenskapen, att kunna stötta sitt lag på allra bästa sätt och att få uppleva arousal har identifierats som drivkrafter. Konflikten med polisen har visat sig vara långdragen och grundar sig i en upplevd illegitimitet och upplevt övervåld från polisens sida. Dessa leder till att ultrasgrupperna själva tar till illegala handlingar mot polisen, vilket skapar en ond cirkel och en svårlöst konflikt.

Background: Managers working with sustainability and environmental issues are receiving higher priority in organizations (Knight &amp; Paterson, 2018) and the environmental issues are today discussed at the top management level in corporations worldwide (Landrum, 2017). In line with the increased interest of the role, literature focusing on the individual sustainability manager, has recognized the need for competencies and motivational drivers in order to take sustainable actions (Wiek et al., 2011; UNESCO, 2017; Rieckmann, 2018). In addition, literature presents a significant positive relationship between motivations of individual managers and firm performance. However, previous literature covering key competencies for sustainable development, as well as individual motivations for working with sustainability, is rather ambiguous. Therefore, the authors identified a gap in the literature and initiated an interest to further investigate the key competencies and individual motivations of a sustainability manager operating in Sweden today. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the individual sustainability manager operating in Sweden today. The study aims to identify the key competencies required for operating in the role, and to explain corresponding underlying motivations for working with sustainability. Method: The study follows a qualitative and exploratory approach by combining existing literature, theories and empirical data. The empirical data was collected through six semi-structured interviews. The empirical findings were further analyzed following a thematic analysis technique. Conclusion: The authors suggest a proposed framework that illustrates the identified key competencies required for operating as a sustainability manager in Sweden today, as well as the underlying motivations for working with corporate sustainability. The illustration of the proposed framework provides a generalized foundation for understanding the sustainability manager role in terms of key competencies and individual motivations. This framework adds to current literature on the topic of sustainability management and can be used as a means for evaluating current sustainability managers, as well as a means to analyze current education for sustainable development.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate differences in the R&amp;D motivations for manufacturing and service firms. The thesis contributes to existing R&amp;D literature as it proposes a novel approach for the categorization of manufacturing and service firms. Using data from the Statistics Sweden R&amp;D survey, the paper classifies firms according to their income structure, which allows the study to base industry classifications to what best aligns with firms’ actual activities. The methodology consists of Welch’s two- sample t-test in combination with OLS regressions to examine differences in the motivations for manufacturing and service firms. The results suggest that there is a statistically significant difference in the motivations. Manufacturing firms are found to devote a higher proportion of their total R&amp;D investments towards the improvement of existing products. Services were found to devote a greater share of their R&amp;D investments to the development of new processes and to increases in general knowledge-building. Moreover, the study finds a substantial disparity in how firms are classified according to industry classification codes and how they actually earn their revenues and therefore questions the accuracy of conventional industry classification methods.

The growth of digital marketing has poses a challenge in the area of online privacy and ethical conduct. Internet users in Indonesia, a country with with an immense amount of Internet users, have suffered from many online privacy threats such as personal data trading and online scams. As previous studies have shown that users’ online protective behaviors are influenced by their level of concerns, this study aims to investigate the users’ concerns about their online privacy, as well as the motivations, with a focus on the e-commerce sector. The study used a context-based questionnaire method developed based on IUIPC, to investigate the level of concern and the motivations, as well as statistical correlation analysis to measure the influence of privacy awareness and Internet knowledge towards privacy concerns. The study was distributed to adult Internet users in Indonesia that use the Internet for e-commerce and have a minimum education level of high school. The results revealed that in general eight out of ten users are concerned about their personal data online. Specifically, in the privacy concerns dimension of Control, Collection, and Awareness, the users are most concerned about having control over their data and the collection of identifiable information, but less concerned about the absence of privacy policy and the collection of non-identifiable information such as their views and interest. The biggest reason for the users to feel concerned is the worry of data misuse such as fraud, whereas the reasons to be less concerned include applying self-protection online behavior, trust in the services used, and acceptance of trade-off and control loss. Finally, only the awareness of online fraud has shown a significant correlation to the level of privacy concerns out of six privacy awareness and Internet knowledge items assessed. / Tillväxten av digital marknadsföring har inneburit en utmaning när det gäller sekretess online och etiskt uppförande. Internetanvändare i Indonesien, ett land med en enorm mängd internetanvändare, har drabbats av många integritetshot på nätet som handel med personuppgifter och bedrägerier online. Eftersom tidigare studier har visat att användarnas skyddsbeteende online påverkas av deras oro, syftar denna studie till att undersöka användarnas oro för deras online integritet, såväl som motivationerna, med fokus på e-handelssektorn. Studien använde en kontextbaserad frågeformulärmetod utvecklad baserad på IUIPC, för att undersöka graden av oro och motivationerna, samt statistisk korrelationsanalys för att mäta inverkan av integritetsmedvetenhet och internetkunskap mot integritetsproblem. Studien distribuerades till vuxna internetanvändare i Indonesien som använder internet för e-handel och som har en lägsta utbildningsnivå på gymnasiet. Resultaten avslöjade att åtta av tio användare i allmänhet är oroliga över sina personuppgifter online. Specifikt när det gäller integritetsfrågorna för kontroll, insamling och medvetenhet är användarna mest oroade över att ha kontroll över sina data och insamlingen av identifierbar information, men mindre oroade över avsaknaden av integritetspolicy och insamlingen av icke-identifierbar information såsom deras åsikter och intresse. Den största anledningen till att användarna känner sig oroliga är oro för datamissbruk såsom bedrägeri, medan skälen att vara mindre oroliga inkluderar att tillämpa självskyddande onlinebeteende, förtroende för de tjänster som används och acceptera avvägningar och kontrollförlust. Slutligen har endast medvetenheten om onlinebedrägerier visat en signifikant korrelation till nivån av integritetsproblem av sex sekretessmedvetenhet och internetkunskapsobjekt som bedömts.