<p>By the late nineteenth century childbirth was firmly established in the domestic sphere. However, in the early years of the twentieth century different forms of maternity clinics were established where normal, as well as complicated, deliveries could take place. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the institutionalisation of maternity care in a local urban context, the role of women in confinement in this process, and its impact on infant mortality. The geographical setting of the thesis is Sundsvall, a town in northern Sweden. The study concentrates on the period spanning from 1900 to 1930, when local communities, rather than federal agencies, were charged with creating and implementing community standards for maternity care.</p><p>In order to lower the mortality rate of illegitimate infants, and to improve delivery conditions for unmarried women, a maternity home was opened in Sundsvall in 1913. Moreover, a maternity ward was established at the local hospital in 1920. In this study it is clear, that when institutional maternity care became available, the transition was rapid and unhesitating. When analysing the local practices it is possible to highlight the central role women played as part of this process. Initially indigent women and women bearing children out of wedlock accepted the institutional alternative, but shortly thereafter married women of means turned to the newly created wards. As a result of this early acceptance, these institutions were soon filled to capacity. </p><p>During the period in question a significant reduction in infant mortality rates can be noticed in the Swedish towns. A reasonable assumption is that the institutionalisation of maternity care improved infants chances of survival. In the study it is suggested that the institutionalised maternity care made an impact on neonatal mortality, as well as on post-neonatal mortality. The study shows that local practices of care played a key role in infant survival.</p><p>This dissertation reveals the value of examining local practices in order to understand the rapid changes of maternity care. Childbirth changed from being a private matter, taking place in one’s home, to be a public concern, taking place in the institutional setting. At the 1937 Parliament (Riksdag) the responsibility for institutionalised maternity care became a public and a State concern, and maternity care became a part of the Swedish welfare system.</p>

By the late nineteenth century childbirth was firmly established in the domestic sphere. However, in the early years of the twentieth century different forms of maternity clinics were established where normal, as well as complicated, deliveries could take place. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the institutionalisation of maternity care in a local urban context, the role of women in confinement in this process, and its impact on infant mortality. The geographical setting of the thesis is Sundsvall, a town in northern Sweden. The study concentrates on the period spanning from 1900 to 1930, when local communities, rather than federal agencies, were charged with creating and implementing community standards for maternity care. In order to lower the mortality rate of illegitimate infants, and to improve delivery conditions for unmarried women, a maternity home was opened in Sundsvall in 1913. Moreover, a maternity ward was established at the local hospital in 1920. In this study it is clear, that when institutional maternity care became available, the transition was rapid and unhesitating. When analysing the local practices it is possible to highlight the central role women played as part of this process. Initially indigent women and women bearing children out of wedlock accepted the institutional alternative, but shortly thereafter married women of means turned to the newly created wards. As a result of this early acceptance, these institutions were soon filled to capacity. During the period in question a significant reduction in infant mortality rates can be noticed in the Swedish towns. A reasonable assumption is that the institutionalisation of maternity care improved infants chances of survival. In the study it is suggested that the institutionalised maternity care made an impact on neonatal mortality, as well as on post-neonatal mortality. The study shows that local practices of care played a key role in infant survival. This dissertation reveals the value of examining local practices in order to understand the rapid changes of maternity care. Childbirth changed from being a private matter, taking place in one’s home, to be a public concern, taking place in the institutional setting. At the 1937 Parliament (Riksdag) the responsibility for institutionalised maternity care became a public and a State concern, and maternity care became a part of the Swedish welfare system.

There is some evidence about the efficacy of preferred music on agitation in elders with dementia; however, little is known about its effectiveness on agitation when implemented by nursing staff in long-term care facilities. Even less is known about use of preferred music for managing anxiety in those with dementia. This quasi-experimental study aimed to evaluate the implementation of a preferred music intervention delivered by nursing staff on agitation and anxiety of institutionalised elders with dementia. The sample comprised of 57 elders with dementia residing in two building complexes which provided similar care routines and staffing in a large Taiwanese residential care facility. These two building complexes were randomly assigned as the experimental and control group. Nursing staff in the experimental group received a facilitation program to prepare them for implementing the preferred music intervention; whereas nursing staff in the control group received no facilitation program. The music intervention based on each resident's music preferences was then provided by the trained nursing staff for 32 experimental residents twice a week for six weeks. Meanwhile, 25 residents in the control group only received the usual standard care without music. All residents were assessed by Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) for overall and three subtypes of agitated behaviours and by Rating of Anxiety in Dementia for anxiety at baseline and week 6. Additionally, the modified CMAI measured the 30-minute occurrence of agitation at baseline, session 4, and session 12. The results indicate that institutionalised elders with dementia who received six weeks of preferred music intervention implemented by trained nursing staff had significant reductions on overall, three subtypes of agitated behaviours, anxiety, and 30-minute occurrence of agitation over time compared to those who received the usual standard care without music. Preferred music shows promise as a strategy for reducing agitation and anxiety in those with dementia when implemented by trained nursing staff. Such intervention can be incorporated into routine activities to improve the quality of care provided by nursing staff and the quality of life of those with dementia in long-term care settings. Our study results provide clinically relevant evidence which contribute to closing the gap between research and practice.

The research focused on examining the interplay between innovations in information and communication technology (ICT) in three different micro-level settings with broader development processes within the emerging global economy of Mozambique. There is a great deal of concern among different national governments, international and national agencies about the role of ICT in development. The question often asked is how we can understand the contribution of ICT initiatives to the socio-economic development of a country. This research was conducted as follows. First of all, the nature of the problem was analysed from four points of view: globalisation, focusing on the global-local debate, discourses around development, transfer of ICT-based innovations to developing countries and the relationship between IS/ICT and organisational change in the context of a developing country. Secondly, a literature survey was undertaken to discuss these issues. The results of the literature survey guided the empirical research undertaken in two organisations and one rural community in Mozambique. Thirdly, the results of the empirical work were analysed with regard to the four perspectives discussed earlier. The research objective required the development of a framework for understanding the process of the adoption and use of ICT-based initiatives for development. Theories such as Actor-Network Theory, the Human Environment Model and Structuration Theory form the basis of a framework that was constructed using the results of the fieldwork. The framework is composed of three levels of analysis: the micro-level analyses the ICT-related initiatives by using the sociology of the translation process from an ANT perspective and by applying the due process model. The meso-level examines the social context within which the ICT-related initiatives are implemented. For this purpose the human environment model (HEM) is used. Finally, the macro-level attempts to describe the interaction between the ICT-related initiatives and socio-economic development. This part of the framework is addressed by the application of the structuration theory and concepts related to sustainable development. The proposed framework can be used as an analytical tool to guide the analysis of the process of implementation of ICT-based initiatives in organisations and communities, and can also be applied as a normative tool to support the process of introducing a new ICT-based initiative in organisations or communities, especially within the context of developing countries. The author argues that the use of this framework can enhance the likelihood of achieving institutionalisation of an ICT-based initiative within a particular organisational setting. Appendices mostly in Portuguese. / Dissertation (PhD (Information Technology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Informatics / unrestricted

This dissertation profiles the needs of abandoned or orphaned, HIV affected or infected children living in a South African institution. The purpose of my research is to identify the needs of the children; then identify how the staff within the institution perceive that they provide for these needs; and lastly look at what Music Therapy as a discipline can offer the children in regards to the needs identified. Interviews with fulltime and part-time staff members suggest that the needs of the children relate mainly to a lack of individual attention. Inconsistent quality of care and limited opportunities for forming attachments to specific caregivers were identified foremost as resulting in difficulties with forming and maintaining relationships and social functioning with peer members and staff members, in the institutional social cultural context. The therapeutic relationship offered to the children in Music therapy sessions offers opportunities to address the individual and social needs identified. / Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Music / unrestricted

The recent election victory of gen. Obasanjo highlights the fragile civil-military relations encountered in Nigeria. It also illustrates the impact environment has on the recruitment process of political leaders, as a changed environment paved the way for democratic elections in Nigeria. To shed light on the phenomenon of the undemocratic recruitment of military leaders as political leaders, a model encompassing environment, recruitment and leadership elements was formulated and applied to the Nigerian situation as experienced under the Gowon, Babangida and Abacha regimes. The first step of the environment determined political leadership model is to perform a specific analysis of the historical situation to facilitate the description, explanation and clarification of undemocratic recruitment. In the next step, the dynamic interaction between leadership, environment and recruitment, as revealed in the previously assessed historical situation, is analysed and tabularised to facilitate prediction. The third step of the model is to test set linkages of statements, to formulate a theory for the prediction of undemocratic recruitment in general. This theory is as follows: The military leader (micro environment) will adopt a challenger personality, when the macro - and global environment allow the micro environment to challenge them for political domination. If the micro environment is able to mobilise resources and the macro environment is unable to mobilise resources and the global environment remains neutral, the military leader can be recruited in an undemocratic manner as political leader. To remain in power, the military leader must either dominate the macro environment or adopt legitimacy. In the application of this model, it was determined that a challenger personality developed in the micro environment due to a weakened macro environment pestered by the absence of nationalism and national political leadership, as well as constant psychological conditioning, but also because the global environment remained uninvolved in the recruitment process. Besides the colonial legacy of Nigeria, this background provided the opportunity for a strong supportive organisation to develop in favour of military regimes. This eased the mobilisation of military resources for attempting undemocratic recruitment actions and facilitated the institutionalisation of military regimes in Nigeria. These identified behavioural patterns confirmed the mentioned general theory on the undemocratic recruitment of military leaders. In conclusion it was stated that undemocratic recruitment attempts in Nigeria can be prevented if a balance is kept between the micro -, macro - and global environment. To address this imbalance, political restructuring (including leadership, institutions and processes), and also economic - and social restructuring need to take place in order for Democracy to be institutionalised. This requires that the lack of nationalism and the attitude of the military be addressed immediately. It also necessitates the participation of the global environment in condemning undemocratic recruitment actions. Fact is, the environment has changed and in the process has begun to hinder Africa's military's self imposed mission to redeem the continent from corrupt politicians. The more Africa reacts on the new social dimensions in the environment, such as education, Information Technology and accelerated time, the more difficulty the military will have in intervening in politics. / Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Ma thèse traite de la sociologie britannique au XXe siècle (1904-2014). Comment expliquer que pendant longtemps, il n’y ait pas eu de sociologie en Grande Bretagne et qu’elle apparaisse si tardivement au XXe siècle ? L’apport principal de mon travail est de montrer qu’une discipline se construit à deux niveaux : d’un côté des institutions, de l’autre une identité. Si les britanniques ont disposé des premières très tôt, ils n’ont pas réussi à construire la seconde avant les années 1960. La sociologie est donc largement restée une « affaire d’amateurs ». La faiblesse et l’oubli historiographique dont souffre la sociologie britannique tient dans ce simple constat, qui n’a pas grand-chose à voir avec un échec intellectuel (Soffer, 1982 ; Goldman, 1987) comme on le croit souvent. Le fil rouge de ma thèse est donc la question de l’identité des sociologues. L’absence de frontières disciplinaires claires en sciences sociales avant les années 60 a fait que la sociologie britannique est longtemps restée insulaire. Cela explique qu’il faille la chercher, notamment hors des universités, pour la (re)trouver. Ma thèse apporte donc une pierre à l’édifice historique de la sociologie mais elle peut aussi aider les britanniques à s’affirmer comme ce qu’ils sont, une grande nation avec une sociologie originale qui mérite d'être au panthéon des grandes disciplines. C’est tout le problème du « complexe d’infériorité » qui domine les sociologues britanniques jusqu’à nos jours, alors même que la sociologie y est florissante. Il lui reste à gagner, toujours, en légitimité – à la fois sociale et scientifique. » Enfin cette thèse utilise des archives inédites des universités, du Parlement et des sources primaires ainsi que N=11 entretiens et une base de données de N=1 565 articles sociologiques pour montrer à quel point la sociologie britannique contemporaine est l’égal d’autres grands sociologies occidentales désormais. / This dissertation seeks to explain the peculiar development of British sociology in the 20th century (1904-2014). Why did it take it so long to emerge? Is it true to say that there is such things as “a British tradition in sociology?”. This thesis argues that British sociologists had institutions very early on, but lacked a coherent and cogent definition of themselves. In other words, British sociologists had institutions but no identity. This impacted on the definition of a discipline in universities, and thus its lack of recognition among academics. We therefore explore the long-running trend of “extra-mural” sociology and show how important it was for the post-WWII discipline, when the professionalisation of sociologists started as a process. It remains that British sociology was mostly insular and “parochial” for most of the twentieth century. However, our last chapter shows that British sociologists are coming to terms with the current intellectual situation in the world. British sociology has never been so lively and is on a par with all the other “grand sociologies” in the western World nowadays. But they need to realise that. To argue that sociologists lacked a definition of their discipline and still suffer from an “inferiority complex” both socially and intellectually, we use previously unused archives from universities and the Parliament, printed sociological sources such as journals, novels and newspapers as well as interviews with N=11 contemporary British sociologists and a database of N=1565 recent articles in sociology.

This thesis examines the formation and stabilization of genuinely new political parties in the Czech Republic through the theory of institutionalization. In the theoretical part the theory of institutionalization, which serves as a basis for the analytical framework, is firstly introduced. Institutionalization is understood as a process that occurs in four dimensions and can be strengthened or weakened over time. There are mentioned main approaches to the classification of new political parties, focusing on category of genuinely new political parties in the following chapter. These parties come to party system as external actors, so they represent suitable cases for examining the impact of their electoral gains at the rate of institutionalization. The next section is dedicated to development of the Czech party system with regard to the increasing success of genuinely new political parties. For a detailed analysis of the examined phenomenon a case study of political party Public Affairs has been chosen, because it represents case of genuinely new party which has achieved a relevant position in the party system due to the first candidacy in the first-order election. Thus, organizational development of Public Affairs is described on the basis of pre-defined theoretical categories. Consequently, observed trends...

L'institutionnalisation de Zola, comportant à la fois la consécration d'une image officielle et la labellisation d'un corpus textuel, doit être envisagée à travers des manuels scolaires, histoires littéraires, études critiques et générations de lecteurs, en tant que réconciliation des métadiscours et conciliation des horizons d'attente. Linéarités, stratifications, constellations sémantiques et formelles sont des visions différentes d'un même objet de lecture, à savoir le texte naturaliste. Une entité qui parcourt sans cesse, par le biais du paratexte - documents critiques, sons et images - prolongation de la lecture jusque dans la périphérie de l'espace textuel, un chemin à double sens. De l'univocité sémantique longuement promue sur le plan scolaire à travers une critique de l'intentionnalité au trop plein de « déstructuration » menant parfois à un non sens ; puis de l'approche structuraliste comme réaction contre l'historicité atrophiant les sens et claustrant la spontanéité du lecteur à l'approche thématique libérant les fantasmes de la lecture dans un monde de symboles, le texte zolien cherche à joindre son lecteur. Ainsi, tout au long de notre étude, nous sommes allée à sa rencontre. Nous n'avons fait qu'observer, noter et constater. À présent, nous laissons entièrement aux lecteurs le soin de conclure … et de recevoir. / The process institutionalising Zola, implying both a recognition of an official image and the labelling of a textual corpus should be considered, by examining school text books, history of literature books, essays and other critical studies, and readers' generations as reconciliation of metadiscourses and conciliation among several « horizons of expectation ». Semantic and formal linearities, stratifications, constellations are all different sides of the same reading object, i.e. the naturalistic text. This entity travels incessantly along a doubleway road through the paratext, an extension of the reading experience up to the peripherical text area : critical documents, sounds and images. From the semantic univocity, which was longly promoted at school level thanks to an intention-focused criticism, up to an overdestructuration sometimes leading to nonsense ; then, from the structural approach reacting against that historicity which atrophies sense and confines spontaneous reading up to a thematic approach liberating a whole world of symbols, Zola's text tends to reach its reader. Thus, we have tried to join his text all throughout this analysis. Indeed, we have simply observed, noted and attested. From now on, we assume that it belongs to readers to get to a conclusion and… to receive.

Diese Dissertation konzentriert sich auf die Untersuchung schwieriger Demokratisierungsprozesse auf dem westlichen Balkan. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht die Frage, welche Faktore den Erfolg oder das Scheitern der „dreifachen Transformationen“ der Region beeinflussen. Die Forschungsfrage wird mit Hilfe des „most similar cases design“ durch den Vergleich der zwei ähnlichsten Fälle der Region, Kroatien und Serbien, untersucht. Diese beiden ehemaligen jugoslawischen Teilrepubliken teilen nicht nur eine gemeinsame sozialistische Vergangenheit, sondern auch eine Vielzahl ähnlicher sozioökonomische, kulturelle und strukturelle Merkmale. Die Identifizierung unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsmerkmale soll nicht nur die unterschiedlichen Transformationserfolge beider Länder erklären, sondern auch über die Einzelstudien hinaus Rückschlüsse auf den Verlauf anderer Transformationsprozesse erlauben. Die zentrale Hypothese der Arbeit ist, dass die Entwicklungsunterschiede auf der institutionelle Ebene erklärt werden können: während in Kroatien die Institutionalisierung der Demokratie weitgehend erfolgreich verlaufen ist, konnte in Serbien der Institutionalisierungsprozess nicht erfolgreich abgeschlossen werden. Um diese Hypothese empirisch zu belegen, konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf die Herausbildung der „Meta-Institution“ jedes Demokratisierungsprozesses; sie untersucht detailliert die Verfassungsgebungsprozesse beider Länder. Dabei steht im Zentrum des Interesses die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Akteuren, die neuen Institutionen und den institutionellen und strukturellen Bedingung, die den Handlungskorridor der Akteure prägen. Die Dissertation sieht die Erklärung für die unterschiedliche Entwicklung der Institutionalisierungsprozesse, und somit die Erklärung für den unterschiedlichen Transformationserfolg im Zusammenwirken der untersuchten Faktore. / The dissertation focuses on the analysis of difficult democratization processes on the western Balkans. The main question of analysis is what factors influence the success and failure of triple transformation processes in the region. The research question is investigated using the comparison of the two "most similar cases" in the region, namely Croatia and Serbia. These former Yugoslav Republics share not only a common socialist past, but also plenty of socio-economical, cultural and structural similarities. The identification of differing attributes allows not only the explantion of the dissimilar success of transformation in both countries, but also relevant conclusions on other transformation processes. The main hypothesis of the author is that the research question can be explained on the institutional level: while the institutionalization in Croatia was widely successful, the institutionalization process in Serbia was not finished successfully. To support this hypothesis empirically, the analysis focuses on the establishment of the “meta-institution” in the democrationzation process by investigating the development of the constitutional framework. In doing so, the core focus lies on the interplay of actors, new institutions and the institutional and structural preconditions forming the “action-corridor” of the main actors. For this analysis especially the interaction of the different factors seem relevant for the explanation of the research question.