This thesis explores the municipal politics and race relations in Birmingham, Alabama, from October 1963 to November 1979. While Birmingham is a centerpiece of the traditional Civil Rights Movement for its staging of the Bull Connor and Martin Luther King, Jr., confrontation in 1963, there has been little examination of the continuing struggles between the black and white communities in the years after the media spotlight. Of particular concern are the battles between the black community, white power structure, and the city’s police department over black policemen, professionalization and modernization, and police brutality. The changing role and tactics of black leadership in the city is also a major interest.

Cette thèse appréhende l'histoire de l'évolution des musées et la professionnalisation de ses acteurs, la diversification de leurs fonctions pour répondre à des nouvelles tâches, pour favoriser véritablement un rôle de service public et implanter des services des publics. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux deux groupes professionnels liés à la conservation et à la médiation dans le contexte du rôle social des musées. Cette recherche explore l'état actuel de la fonction des médiateurs et leur non-reconnaissance professionnelle par rapport aux conservateurs dans la division du travail au sein de l'organisation, en dévoilant le processus de construction du champ d'action dédié à la médiation culturelle dans les musées. Finalement, elle se focalise sur les enjeux de la Gestion des Ressources Humaines, à travers une observation des dispositifs visant à reconnaître l'identité professionnelle et les activités des médiateurs au sein des musées. / This thesis apprehends the history of museums development and the professionalization of its actors, the diversification of their functions to meet new tasks, to promote a public service role and implement public services. We were interested in two professional groups related to the conservation and mediation in the context of the social role of museums. This research explores the current state of mediators' function and its non-professional recognition from the curators in the task division within the organization, revealing the process of building the scope dedicated to cultural mediation in museums. Finally, it focuses on Human Resource Management issues in order to recognize the professional identity and activities of mediators in museums.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets d’une politique publique visant à améliorer les résultats du système éducatif français, en mobilisant certains concepts et démarches de la sociologie pragmatique et de la sociologie de la traduction. Ce projet d’amélioration s’est traduit par le dispositif « Plus de maîtres que de classes » en primaire, dans lequel le travail à plusieurs est prescrit. En effet, ce dispositif permet l’affectation d’un maître supplémentaire dans des écoles où les difficultés scolaires des élèves persistent. L’enquête sur les effets sur le travail des enseignants repose sur une approche ethnographique, avec une présence prolongée sur le terrain, permettant la réalisation de monographies sur trois écoles aux caractéristiques socio-démographiques contrastées. Nous avons étudié les modalités et effets des traductions du dispositif pour comprendre comment le travail à plusieurs enseignants au sein d’une même classe se met en place, s’organise et ses effets sur l’activité elle-même. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que le travail à plusieurs peut être un levier de professionnalisation des enseignants et d’évolution de leur professionnalité, par une intensification des échanges sur les apprentissages des élèves, par un renforcement du travail collectif, par le regard réciproque sur le travail de chacun, etc. malgré une hétérogénéité des façons de traduire, concevoir et mettre en œuvre les modalités de ce dispositif. Les enseignants justifient leur manière de faire selon plusieurs principes de justice (égalité, efficacité, tradition, etc.) qu’ils mobilisent au gré des situations, laissant voir un monde professionnel dominé par le pragmatisme et fondé sur une hybridité des principes de justice. Les nouvelles organisations pédagogiques rendues possibles par ce dispositif font émerger une nouvelle division du travail éducatif qui interroge les identités professionnelles des enseignants et pose la question de l’émergence d’un nouveau métier, celui de maître supplémentaire. Finalement, l’exemple de ce dispositif montre un processus de professionnalisation et de développement de la professionnalité par un travail à plusieurs sous conditions : les modalités d’interprétation et d’adaptation des acteurs aux injonctions et aux spécificités de leur environnement, l’adoption ou non de principes de justice partagés en fonction de ce qu’ils considèrent juste pour agir et un poids de certains critères socio-démographiques sur le réel de l’activité en faveur d’un travail à plusieurs. À l’inverse, le travail à plusieurs peut aussi entraîner un sentiment de déprofessionnalisation chez les enseignants du fait d’une baisse de leur autonomie et des évolutions de leur travail. / The research used in this thesis considers the effects of a public policy that aims at improving the French educational system by mobilizing concepts and approaches that come from both pragmatic sociology and sociology of translation. This improvement project is embodied in elementary school in the “Plus de maîtres que de classes” plan, which prescribes collective work. Indeed, the plan enables the assignation of an additional teacher where pupils have persisting schooling difficulties. The enquiry on teachers’ work effects is based on an ethnographic approach, with a prolonged presence in the field that has enabled us to create monographs for three contrasted socio-demographic schools. We examined modalities and effects of the plan to understand how teachers’ collective work within a single classroom is implemented, structured and how it affects the job itself. Results of that research show that collective work can be a lever for the professionalization of teachers as well as for the evolution of their professionalism through an intensification of exchanges related to student learning, a reinforcement of collective work, and the different perspectives on each other’s work, etc. regardless of the many ways one can express, perceive and implement modalities of this plan.Teachers explain their way of proceeding according to several principles of justice (equality, efficiency, tradition, etc.) that they mobilize in any given situation, resulting in a professional world dominated by pragmatism and based on the hybridity of principles of justice. New pedagogical organizations enabled by this plan have created a new division of educational tasks that questions teacher’s professional identity as well as the emergence of a new occupation, the additional teacher.Finally, this plan shows a professionalization process and a professionalism development through a collective work under certain conditions: techniques of interpretation and operators’ adaptation to the injunctions as well as to the specifics of their environment, whether or not to adopt shared principles of justice according to what they consider fair for the common welfare and the weight of certain socio-demographic criteria on the profession in favor of collective work. On the contrary, collective work can also lead to the teachers feeling that they are being de-professionalized because of a reduced autonomy and also because of the evolution of their profession.

The purpose of this research report is to record and analyse the school initiation and implementation of Professional Development for teachers in South African schools. The literature review highlights a number of key terms, namely: professionalism, the status of teachers, teacher appraisal and accountability and instructional improvement. Two significant findings are 1) that teachers find that the new curriculum intensifies their work, leading to some form of de-professionalization, and 2) that teachers prefer professional development related to discipline and classroom management rather than instructional improvement.

Background: Family businesses are a complex, overlapping system of business, ownership, and family, which contribute between 70 to 90 percent of the World’s economy. Family businesses do however struggle to survive over generations, to which only 30 percent makes it to the second generation, emphasizing the need for further research within this field, in order to increase the survival rate and positively affect the World’s economy. Purpose: To fill the research gap within succession in family businesses, by investigating the phenomenon of succession planning and how history matters, through the use of the path dependence framework. For this, we are analyzing the second generational Swedish family business, Holtab, which have undergone a conflicted succession in the past and now are planning for the next succession, to which we seek to answer, “How does path dependence influence succession in family businesses?”. Method: Qualitative, single case study with a relativistic ontology and a social constructionism epistemology to showcase how actors construct their realities, which follows an interpretivist philosophy. We follow abductive reasoning with an explorative research strategy to investigate the theory of path dependence, applied to the Swedish family business named Holtab.            Data was collected through in-depth interviews, both semi-structured and unstructured with open-ended questions. Conclusion: Our findings, with the framework of path dependence, clearly show that history matters, as the acknowledgment of it triggered the process of professionalization at Holtab and set a focus for a planned, well-thought succession process, in order to learn and build on the mistakes of the past [history].

[pt] Esta dissertação analisa o gerenciamento cultural ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma organização familiar. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo de caso do Tex Mex Restaurante, uma pequena cadeia brasileira de restaurantes mexicanos, uma empresa familiar fundada no Rio de Janeiro em 1996 que atualmente tem três restaurantes próprios e um franqueado. Com base em uma pesquisa qualitativa, neste trabalho foi analisado o posicionamento do Tex Mex Restaurante ao longo de sua história segundo algumas tipologias culturais identificadas na literatura. O resultado deste estudo reforça a literatura sobre o tema referente a questão da forte correlação entre cultura e ciclo de vida, evidenciando a importância de algumas variáveis como: processo de comunicação, estrutura de poder e processo decisório no gerenciamento da mudança organizacional e no alinhamento de novas estratégias de desenvolvimento corporativo com a cultura familiar. / [en] This essay focuses on analyzing the cultural management of a small family business through the organization life cycle. To reach this goal a thorough research was conducted involving a case study of a small family business founded in 1996, Rio de Janeiro, currently with three stores and one franchise: Tex Mex Restaurant. On the basis of a qualitative analysis, in this work the positioning of the company was analyzed during its existence, according to some cultural typologies identified in current literature. The result of this study strengthens literature on the referring subject analyzed and its strong correlation between organizational culture and organizational life cycle, evidencing the importance of some variables as: process of communication, power structure and decision process in the management of the organizational change.

[pt] A presente dissertação traz uma reflexão sobre a prática do Serviço Social em sua relação com o campo da saúde mental, a partir do discurso dos assistentes sociais inseridos nos serviços de saúde mental do município de Niterói. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, buscou conhecer como vem se desenvolvendo a prática do Serviço Social na Saúde Mental, suas especificidades, desafios e contribuição para um campo que se reconhece como interdisciplinar. Para tal, reportamo-nos para a história da profissão e sua relação com este campo de atuação, refletindo sobre os marcos teóricos do Movimento da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira e suas implicações na prática profissional. Com apoio na Sociologia das Profissões, procurou-se compreender o processo de profissionalização do Serviço Social, os desafios e entraves enfrentados por seus profissionais no campo em questão. A analise realizada evidencia que os profissionais entrevistados consideram que o Campo da Saúde Mental lhes exige uma atitude de maior flexibilidade para com suas intervenções, o que não deixa de ter seu preço, na medida em que implica em uma indefinição quanto à posição ocupada pela profissão no referido campo. / [en] This present dissertation brings forward a reflection about the practice of Social Service and its connection with the mental health field, taking as a starting point the speech of social workers that are involved in mental health services in the city of Niterói. This study, of quantitative purpose, has sought to know how the practice of Social Service has developed in Mental Health, its specifications, challenges and contribution to a field that is known for its interdisciplinary quality. To accomplish it, we refer back to the history of the profession and its relation with this field, reflecting on the theoretical marks of the Brazil`s Movement for Psychiatric Reform and its implications in professional practice. We have sought to understand the process of the professionalization of Social Service, the challenges and hindrances faced by their professionals in the Mental Health field with the help of the Sociology of Professions. The analysis undertaken shows that interviewed professionals consider that the Mental Health field demands a more flexible attitude in their interventions, which indicates they have to pay a price, given that it means to not have the position they occupy defined in the referred field.

Assumindo como base teórico-metodológica, os estudos da Arqueologia da Mídia e a perspectiva arqueológica de Michel Foucault, nosso objeto de estudo corresponde à caracterização de um novo perfil profissional no campo da Comunicação, o de blogueira de moda. Estabelecemos, então, como objetivo principal de nossa pesquisa, definir como se deu o processo de profissionalização dos blogs de moda no Brasil. Para tal, ao longo da pesquisa apontamos características próprias das blogueiras de moda e de sua prática, assim como definimos etapas de profissionalização da blogosfera brasileira. A escolha pela pesquisa acerca dos blogs de moda e, mais especificamente, das blogueiras se dá pelo fato de que formatos e modelos de negócio que hoje fazem parte da rotina de outros produtores de conteúdo da internet foram desenhados por essas profissionais-amadoras. Para compreender como se deu esse processo de profissionalização, acompanhamos a produção de 52 blogueiras (por meio de posts nos blogs, vídeos no YouTube e publicações no Instagram), entre os anos de 2014 e 2018, em busca de enunciações sobre sua atividade profissional. Entre os resultados obtidos na pesquisa está a caracterização de quatro etapas de profissionalização da blogosfera de moda: vanguarda, legitimação, institucionalização e profissional. Também pudemos desvelar um ethos profissional das blogueiras que evidencia diferenças entre as profissionais, seus percursos na carreira, motivações e produção. / Assuming as a theoretical and methodological basis the studies of Media Archeology and the archaeological perspective of Michel Foucault, our object of study corresponds to the characterization of a new professional profile in the field of Communication; the fashion bloggers. Therefore, we established as the main objective of our research the definition of how the professionalization process of fashion blogs in Brazil took place. Throughout the research we identified characteristics of the fashion bloggers and their practices, as professionals. This research focuses on fashion bloggers because of their importance in establishing new formats and business models for other internet producers. To understand how this process takes place, we analyzed the discursive enunciation of 52 bloggers (through blog posts, YouTube videos and Instagram publications) between 2014 and 2018, searching for statements about their professional activity. Among the results is the characterization of four stages of the process of professionalization in the fashion blogosphere: vanguard, legitimation, institutionalization and professional. We have also been able to unveil a professional ethos of bloggers that shows differences among professionals, their career paths, motivations and production.

Este estudo contribui tanto para o processo organizacional como para a literatura sobre empresas familiares. O tema se apresenta relevante quanto ao crescimento do conhecimento sobre o processo de profissionalização em empresas familiares. A medida que as empresas crescem, crescem também os desafios presentes nas empresas, e nas empresas familiares estes desafios são ainda maiores devido as questões da família, propriedade e gestão. Nesta fase, muitos proprietários reconhecem a necessidade de profissionalizar a gestão de suas empresas, isso como preparação para sua continuidade e crescimento. A profissionalização pode ser entendida como um processo na qual as empresas caminham para um processo de maior formalidade, com o desenvolvimento de organismos formais de governança e sistemas de controle. A profissionalização na empresa familiar pode representar uma grande mudança na forma de gestão. Diante disso o objetivo da pesquisa é compreender como acontece o processo de profissionalização na empresa familiar, analisando ainda a governança corporativa e seus mecanismos nessas organizações. Para tal objetivo a metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de natureza predominantemente qualitativa, feita a partir do estudo de casos múltiplos. Para coletar os dados foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores das organizações escolhidas, da alta e média administração. A investigação foi realizada em duas empresas familiares, uma com sessenta anos de mercado, do setor de prestação de serviços e a outra com mais de vinte anos de mercado do setor de comércio atacadista. Os resultados mostram que a profissionalização foi motivada pelo desejo de continuidade e crescimento das empresas pesquisadas, e que a profissionalização surgiu ligada a questão do processo sucessório em uma das organizações. A Governança Corporativa pode definir regras e procedimentos para a tomada de decisão pelos agentes nessas organizações, além de monitorar e controlar a utilização dos recursos. / This study contributes to both the organizational process and to the literature on family businesses. The theme is presented as relevant to the knowledge on the management of professionalization in family businesses. As companies grow, the present challenges in businesses also grows, and in family businesses these challenges are even greater due to family issues, ownership and management. At this stage, many business owners acknowledge the need to professionalize the management of their companies, as part of its continuity and growth. Professionalization can be understood as a process in which companies move towards a more formal process, with the development of formal governance and control systems. Professionalization in a family business represents a huge change in management. Therefore, the aim of this research is to understand how the professionalization process takes part in the family business, analyzing also the governance and its mechanisms in these organizations. For this purpose the methodology used was an exploratory and descriptive research predominantly qualitative, made from the study of multiple cases. To collect the data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers of the chosen organizations, of high and middle management. The research was conducted in two family companies, one over sixty years, of the service sector and the other with more than twenty years, of the wholesale trade sector. The results present that professionalization was motivated by the desire for continuity and growth, and the professionalization also arises linked to the succession process in one of the organizations. Corporate Governance can define rules and procedures for decision making by agents, as well as monitor and control the use of resources.

Nosso objeto de pesquisa é a Revista do Arquivo Municipal de São Paulo, publicação que esteve veiculada a vários órgãos da municipalidade desde sua criação e foi utilizada no período estudado, entre 1934 e 1950, como espaço de publicação científica e cultural de um grupo de intelectuais no momento de préprofissionalização e definição dos campos de conhecimento. Através da proposta de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de pesquisa voltada para uma análise de periódico - no caso uma revista que ainda não recebeu tal tratamento por ser considerada de menor importância - e acompanhando as mudanças institucionais e editoriais, pudemos perceber certas tensões, conflitos, aproximações e distanciamentos entre os campos do conhecimento durante os anos acima indicados. Algumas das características percebidas se pulverizaram ao longo dos anos, outras ainda são perceptíveis atualmente no relacionamento entre as áreas do conhecimento. / This research reports on a study about the Review of the Municipal Archive of São Paulo, publication that was propagated to some agencies of the municipality since its creation and was used in the studied period between 1934 and 1950, as scientific and cultural publication space of a group of intellectuals at the moment of daily before professionalization and definition of the knowledge fields. Through the proposal of development of a methodology of research directed toward an analysis of periodic - in the case a magazine that do not received such treatment and it is not considered so importance - and following the institutional and publishing changes, we could perceive certain tensions, conflicts, approaches and the distance among the fields of the knowledge during the years above indicated. Some of the perceived characteristics if had sprayed throughout the years, others are still perceivable in the relation among the areas of the knowledge