Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

O uso do óxido de nióbio como promotor e como suporte tem sido investigado em numerosas aplicações catalíticas, tais como, na oxidação seletiva, conversão de hidrocarbonetos, polimerização, eliminação de poluentes (NOx), desidrogenação, etc. Sabe-se que a adição de nióbio na γ-Al2O3 melhora a acidez, a seletividade e a estabilidade térmica e, conseqüentemente, a atividade catalítica desses materiais. A atividade catalítica dos sistemas contendo nióbia suportada é decorrente das diferentes espécies redox do óxido de nióbio presentes nas superfícies do sólido. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de nióbio e vanádio no sistema catalítico V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 na reação de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: volumetria de N2 (área específica e volume de poros), redução a temperatura programada, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades ácidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas através da reação de decomposição do isopropanol. / The use of niobium oxide as a promoter and as a support has been investigated in various catalyst applications, such as selective oxidation, hydrocarbonate conversion, polymerization, elimination of (NOx) pollutants, dehydrogenation, etc. It is known that adding niobium to γ-Al2O3 improves acidity, selectivity and thermal stability and consequently the catalyst activity of these materials. The catalyst activity of systems containing supported niobium is due to the different redox species of niobium oxide present on the solid surface. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the niobium and vanadium content in the V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 catalyst system in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Aiming the target of this study, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry (specific area and pore volume), temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffractometry (DRX), and Raman spectroscopy. The acid-base properties of the supports and catalysts were studied through isopropanol decomposition reaction.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la chimie organométallique des complexes pince indényle/indénediide de palladium et de platine et leurs applications en catalyse coopérative métal-ligand. Le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit fait un point bibliographique non-exhaustif du domaine de la coopérativité métal-ligand, des travaux de Noyori sur l'hydrogénation asymétrique, jusqu'aux récents travaux de Milstein avec les ligands désaromatisés. Les ligands pince sont également présentés. Du premier exemple PCP décrit par Shaw jusqu'au CNC développé par Bezuidenhout. La versatilité de ces ligands est illustrée à travers quelques modifications permettant des réactivités originales ou l'isolation d'espèces hautement instables. Le second chapitre présente une nouvelle réaction de formation de cycle avec le complexe pince indénediide de palladium. Cette réaction implique pour la première fois deux molécules de substrat, le CO2 comme source C1 et les propargylamines/homopropargylamines. L'étude mécanistique du système a permis d'établir l'implication de la coopérativité métal-ligand. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre est un chapitre de chimie exploratoire. De nouvelles réactivités ont été étudiées avec les complexes pince de platine. L'activation de liaisons peu polaires telles que H-H et H-Si ont permis la réduction de liaisons insaturées. Les propositions mécanistiques, qu'il reste à confirmer, semblent indiquer que les métathèses ?, ainsi que les insertions migratoires, sont possibles avec ces complexes. Finalement, le dernier chapitre est consacré au développement d'un nouveau ligand pince ayant la particularité d'être hémilabile et ouvrant ainsi la voie à de nouvelles réactivités. Sa coordination au palladium, ainsi que la déprotonation de ce dernier, a permis le développement d'un complexe coopératif qui a été testé en cycloisomérisation. L'ensemble de ces travaux reflètent l'importance des ligands pince indényle/indénediide et de la coopérativité métal-ligand en catalyse. / This Ph.D. work deals with organometallic chemistry of indenyl/indenediide palladium and platinum pincer complexes and their applications in metal-ligand cooperative catalysis. The first chapter of this manuscript compiled a non-exhaustive bibliographic survey of the field of metal-ligand cooperation, from Noyori's system applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation, to the recent examples described by Milstein involving non-aromatic pincer ligands. Pincer ligands are also presented. Starting from the first example, in which Shaw shed light a PCP pincer, to the contemporary CNC pincer reported by Bezuidenhout. The versatility of those ligands is illustrated through few modulations allowing originals reactivities or stabilisation of highly unstable species. The second chapter is focused on the development of a new catalytic reaction with the indenediide palladium pincer complex. This reaction entail, for the first time, two substrates, the CO2 as a C1 source and propargylamines/homopropargylamines. The mechanistic studies turn out the importance of the metal-ligand cooperativity. Then, the third chapter concerns exploratory chemistry. New reactivities have been studied with the platinum complexes. The activation of low polar bond such as H-H and H-Si allowed the reduction of unsatured C-C bond. The mechanistic propositions, that remain to be confirmed, seem to indicate the feasibility of ? bond metathesis and migratory insertions. Finally, the last chapter is dedicated to the development of a new ligand. The latter showed the distinctive characteristic to be hemilabile, leading the way of new reactivities. His coordination to palladium, followed by his deprotonation to give rise to the non-innocent nature of the complex is presented, as well as the application of the resulting complex in the context of a cycloisomerisation. Those results are reflecting the importance of the indenyl and indenediide pincer ligands besides the metal-ligand cooperativity in catalysis.

Cette étude porte principalement sur l’influence de déformations plastiques sévères réalisées par torsion sous forte pression (ou HPT) sur différentes natures de poudres de magnésium pour la modification des propriétés d’absorption de l’hydrogène de Mg. La nature différente des poudres a été obtenue soit par un procédé d'atomisation de gaz, soit par un procédé d'évaporation/condensation par plasma d'arc. Ces poudres ont été consolidées en produits en vrac par un procédé HPT en deux étapes. Parmi les poudres composites étudiées, la poudre de magnésium contenant du graphène a montrée d’excellentes propriétés d’absorption de l’hydrogène correspondant à des cinétiques d’activation plus rapides. Un avantage significatif du procédé HPT est de briser les couches d’oxyde MgO, imperméables au passage de l’hydrogène et de venir les disperser uniformément avec les additifs dans le Mg. Par l’introduction de défauts cristallins associés à un affinement microstructural, le procédé HPT a permis d’obtenir des améliorations significatives dès le premier cycle d’hydrogénation pour les poudres consolidées de Mg par rapport aux poudre initiales, tandis que des résultats inverses ont été obtenus au sein de la poudre dopée au C et déformée par HPT. Un autre impact du procédé HPT a été de réduire l’hystérésis entre les plateaux de pression d’absorption et de résorption au cours des essais PCT (pressure-composition-temperature). De plus, il a été observé que le procédé HPT réduit de manière drastique la température de résorption pour toutes les combinaisons de poudres tandis que le taux de résorption de l’hydrogène a été légèrement diminué pour les produits consolidés. Toutefois, l’inconvénient majeur du procédé HPT, indépendamment de la nature des composés étudiés, est qu’il altère systématiquement la capacité de stockage maximum des poudres initiales. / The present work mainly focuses on the effects of severe plastic deformation through high-pressure torsion (HPT) of different nature of magnesium based powders on improving the hydrogen sorption properties of Mg. The different nature of powders was obtained by either a gas-atomization process or an arc-plasma evaporation/condensation method. These powders were consolidated into bulk products by a two-step HPT process. Among the studied powder composites, the Mg/graphene based powder demonstrated excellent hydrogen sorption properties representing faster activation kinetics. A significant advantage of the HPT processing was to break the impervious MgO oxide layers, and to disperse them uniformly along with catalytic additives within the Mg domains. Through the introduction of structural defects and microstructural refinement, the HPT processing has allowed significant improvements in the first hydrogenation kinetics for the consolidated Mg products compared to their initial powder precursors while it was reverse for the C-doped HPT products. Another significant impact of the HPT processing was to reduce the hysteresis between the absorption and desorption plateau pressures during the pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) experiments. Moreover, it was revealed that the HPT processing has drastically reduced the hydrogen desorption temperatures for all the powder combinations while the rate of dehydrogenation was slightly diminished for their consolidated products. Nevertheless, the major drawback of the HPT processing, irrespective of the nature of studied composites, was that it always impaired the maximum hydrogen storage capacity of the starting powder precursors.

The investigation and control of the properties of carbon based materials such as fullerenes and nanotubes is a highly dynamic research field. Due to its unique properties, e.g. an almost nano-dimensional size, three-dimensional cage topology, hydrophobicity, rich redox- and photochemistry, large absorption cross section, C60 has a high potential as building block for molecular devices and biological applications. It can be functionalized, anchored to a surface and self-assembled into larger supramolecular entities, such as monolayers. Mass spectrometry and related techniques such as ion-molecule reactions, action spectroscopy and ion mobility have been used throughout this work to study fullerene based systems, ranging from hydrides, derivatives, non-covalent complexes and coordinated metal complexes. Simulations predicting structural, electronic and mechanical properties have been combined with the experimental results to assist in their analysis and interpretation. Using ion molecule reactions, the reactivity of gas phase C60 anions with methanol has been studied. Hydride formation by simple collisions in the gas phase with methanol as well as reversible dehydrogenation by infrared multiphoton activation has been demonstrated. C60 functionalization by 3-azido-3-deoxythymidine (AZT) has been performed and the charged product characterized both by collisional activation and action spectroscopy. Deprotonation has been shown to lead to rearrangements of the nucleoside analogue and to a subsequent charge transfer to the fullerene. To prevent unwanted rearrangements and side reactions, encapsulation of C60 is suggested, the host molecule acting as a steric barrier. C60 complexation by γ-cyclodextrins has been performed and the ions of the complexes characterized both by collisional activation and ion mobility. It has been demonstrated that, compared to deprotonated species, the sodiated C60:(γ-cyclodextrin)2 ions were highly compact structures. With only two small polar caps accessible to reagents, sodiated C60: (γ-cyclodextrin)2 complexes sterically protect the C60 core from unwanted side reactions. Finally, explorative work on C60 immobilization on silver colloids using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and on the characterization of C60 complexes with iron and manganese porphyrin is presented.

Hydrogen is an efficient, carbon-free and safe energy carrier. However, its compact and weight-efficient storage is an ongoing subject for research and development. Among the intensively investigated hydrogen storage materials, lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is an attractive candidate because of its high theoretical hydrogen density (volumetric: 96.7g H2/l material; gravimetric: 10.6 wt.%-H2) in combination with rather low decomposition temperatures (onset temperature <100°C after doping). Although the reversible dehydrogenation of LiAlH4 must be carried out with the help of organic solvent, LiAlH4 can serve as single-use hydrogen storage material for various special applications, for example, hydrogen fuel cell systems. This thesis deals with transition metal (TM)-doped LiAlH4 aiming at tailored dehydrogenation properties. The crystal structure and morphology of TM-doped LiAlH4 is characterized by XRD and SEM respectively. The positive effects of four dopants (NiCl2, TiCl3, ZrCl4 and TiCl4) on promoting the dehydrogenation kinetics of LiAlH4 are systematically studied by thermal analysis. Based on the state of each TM chloride (solid or liquid), three low-energy-input doping methods (1. ball-milling at low rotation speed; 2. manual grinding or magnetic stirring; 3. magnetic stirring in ethyl ether) are compared in order to prepare LiAlH4 with the maximum amount of hydrogen release in combination with fast dehydrogenation kinetics. The dehydrogenation properties of the TM-doped LiAlH4 powders are measured under isothermal conditions at 80°C at a H2 pressure of 1 bar, which is within the operating temperature range of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, aiming at applications where the exhaust heat of the fuel cell is used to trigger the dehydrogenation of the hydrogen storage material. Furthermore, the mid-term dehydrogenation behavior of TM-doped LiAlH4 was monitored up to a few months in order to test its mid-term storability. In addition, the pelletization of TM-doped LiAlH4 is investigated aiming at a higher volumetric hydrogen storage capacity. The effects of compaction pressure, temperature and the H2 back-pressure on the dehydrogenation properties of TM-doped LiAlH4 pellets are systematically studied. Moreover, the volume change through dehydrogenation and the short-term storage of the TM-doped LiAlH4 pellets are discussed in view of practical applications for PEM fuel cell systems. / Wasserstoff ist ein effizienter, kohlenstofffreier und sicherer Energieträger. Jedoch die kompakte und gewichtseffiziente Speicherung ist ein permanentes Forschungs- und Entwicklungsthema. Unter den intensiv untersuchten Materialien für die Wasserstoffspeicherung ist aufgrund der hohen theoretischen Speicherdichte (volumetrisch: 96,7 g H2/L, gravimetrisch: 10.6 Gew.%-H2) in Kombination mit sehr niedrigen Zersetzungstemperaturen (Anfangstemperatur < 100°C nach Dotierung) Lithium Aluminiumhydrid (LiAlH4) ein vielversprechender Kandidat. Obwohl die reversible Dehydrierung von LiAlH4 mit Hilfe von organischen Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt werden muss, kann LiAlH4-Pulver als Einweg-Speichermaterial für verschiedene Anwendungen dienen, beispielsweise für Wasserstoff/Brennstoffzellensysteme. Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit LiAlH4 dotiert mit Übergangsmetall, mit dem Ziel maßgeschneiderte Dehydrierungseigenschaften zu erreichen. Die Kristallstruktur und die Morphologie der mit Übergangsmetallen dotierten LiAlH4-Pulver wurden mit Röntgenbeugung (XRD) und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) charakterisiert. Weiterhin wurde der positive Effekt der Dotanden auf die reaktionsfördernde Dehydrierung von LiAlH4 systematisch mit Hilfe thermoanalytischer Methoden untersucht. Für jedes Übergangsmetall, welches in Form von Übergangsmetallchloriden vorlag, wurden drei Dotierungsmethoden mit niedrigem Energieeintrag (Kugelmahlen mit geringer Rotations-geschwindigkeit, manuelles Schleifen/Magnetrühren, Magnetrühren mit Ethylether) verglichen, um LiAlH4-Pulver mit einer maximalen Wasserstofffreisetzungsmenge in Kombination mit einer schnellen Dehydrierungskinetik zu erzielen. Die Dehydrierung des dotierten LiAlH4-Pulvers wurde unter isothermen Bedingungen bei 80°C und einem H2-Druck von 1 bar gemessen, was im Bereich der Betriebstemperatur von PEM-Brennstoffzellen (Proton Exchange Membran) liegt. Dadurch sollen Anwendungen anvisiert werden, bei denen die entstehende Abwärme der Brennstoffzelle genutzt wird, um die Dehydrierung des Wasserstoffspeichermaterials auszulösen. Zudem wurde das Dehydrierungsverhalten des dotierten LiAlH4 bis zu einigen Monaten kontrolliert, um die mittelfristige Haltbarkeit zu testen. Weiterhin wurde die Pelletierung des mit Übergangsmetallen dotierten LiAlH4 mit dem Ziel untersucht, eine hohe volumetrische Speicherkapazität zu erreichen. Der Einfluss des Pressdrucks, der Dehydrierungstemperatur und des H2-Gegendrucks auf die Dehydrierungseigenschaften der mit Übergangsmetallen dotierten LiAlH4-Presslinge wurde systematisch analysiert. Außerdem wird die Volumenveränderung durch die Dehydrierung und die Kurzzeitspeicherung der mit Übergangsmetallen dotierten LiAlH4-Presslinge im Hinblick auf praktische Anwendungen unter Nutzung der Brennstoffzelle diskutiert.

ABSTRACT VANADIUM AND MOLYBDENUM INCORPORATED MCM-41 CATALYSTS FOR SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ETHANOL G&uuml / &ccedil / bilmez, YeSim Ph.D., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Timur Dogu Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Suna Balci June 2005, 144 pages In this study, V-MCM-41, MCM-41 and Mo-MCM-41 catalysts were synthesized by the one-pot alkaline and acidic synthesis methods. The as-synthesized catalysts were found to have high BET surface areas (430-1450 m2/g), homogeneous pore size distributions (2-4 nm), good crystalline patterns and high metal loading levels (Metal/Si atomic ratio in the solid = 0.01-0.16) as determined by the characterization studies. MCM-41 and Mo-MCM-41 catalysts were highly active in the selective oxidation of ethanol with conversion levels of 56% and 71%, respectively, at 400oC for an O2/EtOH feed ratio of 0.5. Both catalysts had very high selectivities to acetaldehyde at temperatures below 300oC. Conversions exceeded 95% with the V-MCM-41 catalyst having a V/Si molar ratio (in the solid) of 0.04 in the temperature range of 300oC-375oC for the O2/EtOH feed ratios of 0.5-2.0. Acetaldehyde selectivities changed between 0.82-1.00 at the temperature range of 150oC-250oC. Ethylene, which is listed as a minor side product of the selective oxidation of ethanol in literature, was produced with a maximum yield of 0.66 at 400oC at the O2/EtOH feed ratio of 0.5. This yield is higher than the yields obtained in the industrial ethylene production methods such as thermal cracking and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Besides, the feedstock used in this work is a non-petroleum chemical, namely ethanol, which can be produced from sugar and crop wastes by fermentation. Thus, the findings of this study are also proposed as an alternative ethylene production method from a non-petroleum reactant at lower temperatures with higher yields. &Ouml / Z ETANOL&Uuml / N SE&Ccedil / iCi OKSiDASYONUNDA KULLANILMAK &Uuml / ZERE VANADYUM VE MOLiBDEN i&Ccedil / EREN MCM-41 KATALiZ&Ouml / RLERiNiN &Uuml / RETiMi G&uuml / &ccedil / bilmez, YeSim Doktora, Kimya M&uuml / hendisligi B&ouml / l&uuml / m&uuml / Tez Y&ouml / neticisi : Prof. Dr. Timur Dogu Ortak Tez Y&ouml / neticisi: Prof. Dr. Suna Balci Haziran 2005, 144 sayfa Bu &ccedil / aliSma kapsaminda, dogrudan sentez metoduyla, alkali ve asit ortamlarinda, V-MCM-41, MCM-41 ve Mo-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / rleri sentezlenmiStir. Bu Sekilde sentezlenen kataliz&ouml / rlerin y&uuml / ksek BET y&uuml / zey alanlarina (430-1450 m2/g), homojen g&ouml / zenek boyutu dagilimlarina (2-4 nm), iyi kristal yapilarina ve y&uuml / ksek metal y&uuml / kleme oranlarina (Metal/Si katidaki molar orani =0.01-0.16) sahip olduklari karakterizasyon &ccedil / aliSmalari sonucunda g&ouml / r&uuml / lm&uuml / St&uuml / r. MCM-41 ve Mo-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / rleri etanol&uuml / n se&ccedil / ici oksidasyonunda, 400oC&amp / #8217 / de ve reakt&ouml / r giriSinde 0.5&amp / #8217 / lik O2/EtOH oraninda, sirasiyla, 56% ve 71% d&ouml / n&uuml / S&uuml / m seviyeleriyle, y&uuml / ksek aktivite g&ouml / stermiSlerdir. Her iki kataliz&ouml / r de 300oC&amp / #8217 / nin altinda &ccedil / ok y&uuml / ksek asetaldehit se&ccedil / iciligi g&ouml / stermiStir. D&ouml / n&uuml / S&uuml / m degerleri, V/Si katidaki molar orani 0.04 olan V-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / r&uuml / i&ccedil / in / 300oC-375oC araliginda ve 0.5-0.2 O2/EtOH reakt&ouml / r giriSi oranlarinda, 95%&amp / #8217 / i ge&ccedil / miStir. Asetaldehit se&ccedil / icilikleri, 150oC-250oC araliginda, 0.82-1.00 arasinda degiSmiStir. Literat&uuml / rde, etil alkol&uuml / n se&ccedil / ici oksidasyonunda &ouml / nemsiz bir yan &uuml / r&uuml / n olarak s&ouml / z&uuml / ge&ccedil / en etilen, 400oC&amp / #8217 / de ve 0.5&amp / #8217 / lik O2/EtOH reakt&ouml / r giriS oraninda 0.66 maksimum verimle &uuml / retilmiStir. Bu verim degeri isil par&ccedil / alanma ve etanin kismi oksidasyonu gibi end&uuml / striyel etilen &uuml / retim yollariyla elde edilen verimlerden daha y&uuml / ksektir. Ayrica, bu &ccedil / aliSmada kullanilan etanol petrol-bazli olmayan bir hammaddedir ve Seker pancari atiklarindan fermentasyonla &uuml / retilebilmektedir. Bu sebeple, bu &ccedil / aliSmadaki bulgular, petrol-bazli olmayan bir hammaddeden, daha d&uuml / S&uuml / k sicaklikta, daha y&uuml / ksek verimle etilen elde etmek i&ccedil / in alternatif bir &uuml / retim metodu olarak da &ouml / nerilmiStir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Etilen, Etil alkol, Se&ccedil / ici Oksidasyon, MCM-41, V-MCM-41, Mo-MCM-41, Oksidatif Dihidrojenasyon, Kismi Oksidasyon

Les composites à matrice Titane avec des renforts nanométriques présente des améliorations intéressantes quant aux propriétés mécaniques, sans affecter la ductilitédu matériau. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur l’élaboration et la caractérisation dematériaux composites de Titane obtenus par deux différents procédés de métallurgie despoudres : La densification par déformation plastique sévère utilisant l’ECAP (Equal ChannelAngular Pressing) et les procédés de frittage par hydrogénation/déshydrogénation (HDH).L’ECAP est un procédé de densification rapide utilisant la déformation plastique desmatériaux, se faisant à relativement basse température. Les procédés HDH utilisent ladéshydrogénation du titane comme un levier sur les mécanismes de frittage. Les différentsnano-renforts utilisés dans ces travaux sont les particules sphériques de TiC et les aiguillesde TiB. Cette étude montre l’influence de la nature et de la forme des renforts, ainsi que duprocédé de métallurgie des poudres utilisé, sur les propriétés et la microstructure final desmatériaux denses. / Titanium based composites using nano-sized reinforcements are goodcandidates for the improvement in mechanical properties without affecting ductility. Thisstudy is dedicated to fabrication and characterisation of Ti-based composites using twodifferent powder metallurgy processes: Densification using severe plastic deformation viaEqual Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) and Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation (HDH)sintering processes (pressureless sintering and hot pressing).ECAP is a fast process basedon a severe plastic deformation of material at relatively low temperature. HDH processes usethe dehydrogenation of Ti as a leverage of the sintering. The different nanosizedreinforcements used in this study are the TiC spherical particles and the whisker shaped TiB.This study shows the influence of either the reinforcement nature and type, and the powdermetallurgy processes used, on the final microstructure and properties of the dense materials.

Les réactions de déshydrogénation oxydante du propane et de l’éthane ont été étudiées respectivement sur des catalyseurs à base d’oxydes alcalino-terreux (OAT) dopés néodyme et des catalyseurs à base d’oxyde de nickel dopés par différents métaux. Deux méthodes de préparation des solides OAT dopés au néodyme ont été comparées. La caractérisation par analyses DRX montre la formation de solutions solides avec des défauts (lacunes, dislocations). La formation d’agglomérats de néodyme a été également observée. Les tests catalytiques réalisés montrent que le dopage au néodyme augmente la conversion du propane avec simultanément une augmentation de la sélectivité. Les catalyseurs à base d’oxyde de nickel sont eux très actifs dans la réaction de déshydrogénation oxydante de l’éthane. L’étude réalisée montre l’absence de formation de solutions solides étendues avec les dopants. L’addition de niobium et des ions oxalates permet l’isolation des sites actifs qui sont des ions O- et entraine une baisse d’activité mais conjointement une forte amélioration de la sélectivité en éthylène. De plus, elle modifie la texture de NiO en augmentant sa surface spécifique ce qui permet d’obtenir de meilleures conversions. La mise au point de ces catalyseurs est compromise par une désactivation: la caractérisation des solides avant et après désactivation par DRX, Raman, XPS, TEM, EDX et TPD de O2 montre que cette désactivation est due à la réduction lente et irréversible des ions Ni3+ entrainant la diminution du nombre des espèces O-. La formation de la phase NiNb2O6 lors de la désactivation a été également observée. / The oxidative dehydrogenations of propane and ethane have been studied on alkaline earth oxides doped with neodymium oxide (AEO) and nickel oxide doped with different metal oxides. Two types of synthesis have been compared for the preparation of AEO+Nd samples. The characterization by XRD showed the formation of solid solutions with different defects (cationic vacancies, dislocations). The formation of agglomerates of neodymium has also been observed. The catalytic testing showed that the presence of neodymium oxide increases both the conversion of propane and the selectivity to propylene. The addition of neodymium oxide increases the basicity of the catalysts, which seems to be beneficial to the selectivity. The nickel oxide based catalysts are very efficient in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. The study shows that there is no formation of extended solid solution. The addition of niobium and oxalates anions leads to the isolation of the active O- sites at the surface of the nickel oxide, which decreases the activity but strongly increases the selectivity to ethylene. Furthermore, it modifies textural properties of nickel oxide increasing its specific surface area leading to better conversions. However, the applicability of this type of catalysts stays under question because of a deactivation that has been evidenced with time on stream. The characterization of the fresh and deactivated catalysts by XRD, Raman, XPS, TEM, EDX and TPD of O2 showed that this deactivation is due to the slow and irreversible reduction of Ni3+ cations leading to a further decrease in number of the O- species. The formation of NiNb2O6 phase during the deactivation has been evidenced.