Yes / This report provides a detailed overview of Renewal SA’s Works Program implemented as part of Playford Alive, a large scale urban renewal project representing a partnership between Renewal SA, the City of Playford, the Department for Communities and Social Inclusion (DCSI), Housing SA and the local community. It documents evidence generated by semi‐structured interviews with project staff and participants of the program. Renewal SA’s Works Program at Playford Alive requires private contractors and service providers to deliver either work experience and longer term placements or training to a number of local unemployed people as a condition of being awarded the contract.

The practice of diplomacy has changed dramatically in recent decades as a result of technological advancements and shifting geopolitical concerns. No longer confined to the cloaked and closed-door practices of elite state institutions, the diplomatic landscape has broadened, and been made visible, across space and scale. Amidst this rapidly changing environment, it is imperative to understand how states are adjusting their material diplomatic infrastructure and what that means for everyday diplomatic practices. While many countries have adjusted to twenty-first century diplomatic realities by adapting to a more mobile, maneuverable diplomatic corps and fewer facilities, the United States remains committed to a widespread diplomatic network, the largest in the world. This diplomatic footprint is the hallmark of universality, a sustained effort over time to acquire near total diplomatic coverage by dotting the world with embassies and consulates designed to look, work, and behave in a similar, if not, ageographic, manner. Attending to this understudied phenomenon means studying the historical and geographic conditions out of which this relatively even and uniform diplomatic apparatus materialized. It further means analyzing the contemporary pattern of U.S. diplomatic infrastructure against the shifting terrain of diplomatic norms and space. Drawing empirically on interviews with elite diplomatic practitioners, substantial archival material, and the researcher’s own experience working within the U.S. diplomatic assemblage, this study has sought to examine why the United States remains committed to universality and what embassies and consulates actually do to secure U.S. foreign policy goals. Specifically, the study—presented in this dissertation as three discrete original research articles—is framed by the following research questions: (1) What ideas and policies shaped the geographical footprint of U.S. diplomatic infrastructure over the course of the twentieth century? (2) How does the globe-girdling U.S. diplomatic assemblage reflect and influence geopolitical ideas and practices? (3) How does the grouping of diplomatic missions along regional lines reflect and influence U.S. foreign policy?

This thesis examines through the use of archives and oral evidence the role of the Pakistan Army in the context of Pakistan’s domestic politics and foreign policy. Its main purpose is to explore the autonomy of the Pakistan Army in shaping national and foreign policy between the years 1947-1965. Focusing on its independent relationship with three instruments of policy-making in the United States – the Department of State, the White House and the Pentagon – the thesis argues that the relationship between the Army and these policy-making bodies arose from a synergistic commonality of interests. The Americans needed a country on the periphery of the Soviet Union to contain Communism while the Pakistan Army needed US military support to check Indian regional military hegemonism in South Asia. This alliance was secured to the disadvantage of democratic political institutions of Pakistan. The Army, which became stronger as a result of US military and economic support, came progressively to dominate domestic politics. This led not only to weakened civilian governments in the period I am examining, but in 1958 to the military seizure of political control of the country itself. The infringement of the Army into civilian spheres of government further caused a deterioration in relations between East and West Pakistan. The increasing clout of a US-backed Army whose elite officers had a bias against the eastern wing of the country, the thesis argues, thus indirectly resulted in the dismemberment of Pakistan itself. To explain the Army’s ascendancy its transformation from British colonial army into a national political actor, is documented. The thesis explores the influence of the martial-race theory and of Punjabisation in the Army as it developed in the colonial era. Secondly, it reconstructs how provincial politics weakened the Federal Government and allowed the Army to usurp political power to a disproportionate degree. Thirdly, the thesis considers the extent to which the US-Army relationship influenced and even took precedence over decision-making within the government itself. It details the military pacts made between the two countries to contain the USSR in this period. Finally, it explores where and how the interests of the US and Pakistan Army diverged, in particular concerning their respective relations with India. The complications arising in Indo-Pakistan relations in consequence of an abrupt tilt of the US towards India after the Sino-Indian war in 1962 are also examined. In reaction to this new Indo-US nexus, it is argued the Pakistani military junta leaned towards China and in 1965 endeavoured to make use of it advanced, US-supplied weaponry before – as they saw it – the strategic balance was to be irrecoverably lost in favour of India. In conclusion, the thesis argues that the period under consideration saw a complete failure of the US policy of containing communism whilst at the same time avoiding war between its allies in the region, and that this had tragic consequences for the future of democracy in Pakistan.

O presente trabalho desenha um perfil do Ministério das Relações Exteriores a partir da compreensão de seus burocratas durante, principalmente, porém não exclusivamente, as gestões de FHC e Lula. Para tanto se analisam 1466 currículos de diplomatas que entraram na carreira desde 1961 até 2009 (com atualização em 2010), tendo em vista os elementos de ingresso e promoção (inscrições, aprovados, idade de entrada e progressão profissional) e as características do corpo burocrático como origem geográfica (nascimento), gênero, raça e formação educacional (graduação e pós-graduação). O estudo busca entender os câmbios da formação e composição dos atores que operam a diplomacia nacional com base nas continuidades e mudanças políticas e burocráticas do Ministério e do Estado brasileiro com especial atenção ao período democrático recente. / This work draws a profile of the Brazilian Department of State through its bureaucrats emphasizing mainly, but not exclusively, FHC and Lulas administration. By analyzing 1466 diplomats curriculum of those who entered in the career between 1961 and 2009 (updated in 2010), it aims initial elements (inscription, approbation, age of entrance and professional progression) and characteristics of the bureaucratic personnel such as geographic origins, gender, race and education (under graduation and graduation). The study seeks to understand the formation and composition of the actors that operates the national diplomacy grounded into the political and bureaucratic continuities and changes in the Department of State and the Brazilian State itself, focusing specially in the recent democratic period.

The fuel for dynamic change in the United State’s energy relationship with Canada lies in immense deposits of tar sands beneath the boreal forests of Alberta province. Unconventional production of oil from this resource has accelerated in recent years and remains poised for continued expansion, facilitated, in part, by plans to import tar sands crude through new pipelines to refineries in the United States. However, the development of this resource carries uniquely heavy environmental burdens, and U.S. environmental groups have challenged the process by which the United States authorizes cross-border oil pipelines. This thesis analyzes the presidential permitting process and concludes that executive or legislative action is necessary to eliminate legal uncertainties and improve the transparency and public acceptability of determinations that new cross-border pipelines are warranted. / text

O presente trabalho desenha um perfil do Ministério das Relações Exteriores a partir da compreensão de seus burocratas durante, principalmente, porém não exclusivamente, as gestões de FHC e Lula. Para tanto se analisam 1466 currículos de diplomatas que entraram na carreira desde 1961 até 2009 (com atualização em 2010), tendo em vista os elementos de ingresso e promoção (inscrições, aprovados, idade de entrada e progressão profissional) e as características do corpo burocrático como origem geográfica (nascimento), gênero, raça e formação educacional (graduação e pós-graduação). O estudo busca entender os câmbios da formação e composição dos atores que operam a diplomacia nacional com base nas continuidades e mudanças políticas e burocráticas do Ministério e do Estado brasileiro com especial atenção ao período democrático recente. / This work draws a profile of the Brazilian Department of State through its bureaucrats emphasizing mainly, but not exclusively, FHC and Lulas administration. By analyzing 1466 diplomats curriculum of those who entered in the career between 1961 and 2009 (updated in 2010), it aims initial elements (inscription, approbation, age of entrance and professional progression) and characteristics of the bureaucratic personnel such as geographic origins, gender, race and education (under graduation and graduation). The study seeks to understand the formation and composition of the actors that operates the national diplomacy grounded into the political and bureaucratic continuities and changes in the Department of State and the Brazilian State itself, focusing specially in the recent democratic period.

This study proposes to examine Hugh Borton's role in American-Japanese relations. Three aspects will be explored: his work as a Quaker missionary, as an American government official, and as a leader in the development of Japanese and Asian studies. In addition to Borton's Memoirs, the study is based on his papers at American Friends Service Committee Archives National Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Columbia University Oral History Collection in Butler Library in New York, Haverford College Quaker and Special Collection in Magill Library in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and the United States Department of State Records at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. A good number of secondary sources both in English and Japanese were also used to supplement the archival sources. This study concludes that Borton's missionary experience was decisive in shaping his career, the policies he advocated for postwar Japan, and the influence he had an Asian studies.

`Organ of state' as a constitutional concept was first introduced by the 1993 Constitution, in which it was defined as including any statutory body or functionary. In their interpretation of this notion, the courts and academic writers invoked the tests developed at common law in order to determine its meaning. The commentators, on the one hand, used a variety of tests. The courts, on the other hand, subscribed to what has come to be known as the `control test'. The 1996 Constitution followed with a comprehensive definition of `organ of state'. This notion is also employed in other laws by direct reference or incorporation of the definition in section 239 with slight adjustments. Regrettably, the limited approach developed by the court in their interpretation of the notion of `organ of state' for the purposes of the 1993 Constitution has spilled over to the interpretation of the concept under the 1996 Constitution. The question is whether this is justifiable. The constitutional definition of `organ of state' makes it clear that other institutions and functionaries are organs of state on the basis of what they are and others by virtue of the functions they are engaged in. Therefore strict adherence to the control test or any other test could unjustifiably limit the application of the Constitution. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

This thesis involves parsing document-based reports from the United States Human Rights Reports and rating the human practices for various countries based on the CIRI (Cingranelli-Richards) Human Rights Data Project dataset. The United States Human Rights Reports are annual reports that cover internationally recognized human rights practices regarding individual, civil, political, and worker rights. Students, scholars, policymakers, and analysts used the CIRI data for practical and research purposes. CIRI analyzed the annual reports from 1981 to 2011 and then stopped releasing the dataset for any further years, but a possible reason is due to the manual process of scouring the Human Rights Reports and then rating each human rights practice for each country. This manual process provides a solid foundation for creating a new automated process. The automated process uses the rating values provided by CIRI in the 1981-2011 dataset as expected values to evaluate the accuracy of the rating process. To transition to an automated process, the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) application is used. GATE is an open source project used for developing solutions for text processing. GATE is used in conjunction with the coding schemes provided within the CIRI Coding Manual to create an automated ratings process. The CIRI Coding Manual uses qualitative and quantitative criteria. The original and automated ratings are evaluated using GATE’s Annotation Diff Tool to get the F-measure for every country in the dataset. The evaluation cases range between 1999 and 2011 because those are the only years included in both the CIRI dataset and the Human Rights Reports. The F-measure results are more accurate when quantitative criteria is used to rate human rights practices. The primary contribution of this thesis is a method for automating each country’s human practice ratings so that the purpose of the CIRI project can be continued.

Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 8, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.