Safe driving is a topic of multiple factors where the road surface condition is one. Knowledge about the road status can for instance indicate whether it is risk for low friction and thereby help increase the safety in traffic. The ambient temperature is an important factor when determining the road surface condition and is therefore in focus. This work evaluates different methods of data fusion to estimate the ambient temperature at road segments. Data from vehicles are used during the temperature estimation process while measurements from weather stations are used for evaluation. Both temporal and spatial dependencies are examined through different models to predict how the temperature will evolve over time. The proposed Kalman filters are able to both interpolate in road segments where many observations are available and to extrapolate to road segments with no or only a few observations. The results show that interpolation leads to an average error of 0.5 degrees during winter when the temperature varies around five degrees day to night. Furthermore, the average error increases to two degrees during springtime when the temperature instead varies about fifteen degrees per day. It is shown that the risk of large estimation error is high when there are no observations from vehicles. As a separate result, it has been noted that the weather stations have a bias compared to the measurements from the cars.

The supreme aim of pastoral counselling is to facilitate the process of spiritual growth, sanctification and spiritual maturity in order for the counselee (in this instance a woman) to fulfil her purpose for which she has been created. For the co-dependent woman believer, dysfunctional and sinful behavioural patterns form a hindrance in this spiritual process. The central theoretical argument of this study is that pastoral counselling can be used effectively to guide women believers who experience co-dependent spiritual and emotional problems, to healing, transformation and spiritual growth. The aim is to determine the effect of co-dependency on the spiritual dimension of the woman believer and to establish pastoral guidelines for her spiritual growth and maturity. With a view to a better understanding of the nature and the extent of co-dependency, this study moved from the context to the text and the first objective was to explore related disciplines before biblical perspectives on co-dependency could be revealed. According to this meta-theoretical research, co-dependency mainly originates from dysfunctional families and entails one or more addictive conditions. These behavioural patterns mostly result in developing a false identity and is characterised by denial, worthlessness, unhealthy boundaries, defective self-assertion and dependence on others for acceptance to the detriment of self. Women believers often incorrectly justify their co-dependent behaviour from Scripture, which is indicative of a distorted understanding of God and possible pathology of belief. The second objective was to establish Scriptural perspectives with regard to co-dependency and subsequent influences on the spiritual dimension of women believers. Co-dependency appears intergenerationally and is rooted in sinful behavioural patterns. According to the Bible this sinful behaviour indicates an independency from God which is part of the effect of the fall of man. The family of David is a good example of the influence of the sin of parents on their children to the third and succeeding generations. For the purpose of this study the co-dependent behaviour of the women descendants of Sara were explored, The results of the empirical study confirmed the basic and meta-theoretical research which established that co-dependency negatively affects the spiritual dimension of women believers. The third objective was attained with the integration of the basic and meta-theoretical information in a hermeneutical way, in order to establish, among others, the following pastoral guidelines for the counselling of co-dependent women believers: - to identify intergenerational co-dependence behavioural patterns, distorted concepts of God and pathology of belief; - to establish healthy boundaries; and - to establish their new identity in Christ Jesus. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The supreme aim of pastoral counselling is to facilitate the process of spiritual growth, sanctification and spiritual maturity in order for the counselee (in this instance a woman) to fulfil her purpose for which she has been created. For the co-dependent woman believer, dysfunctional and sinful behavioural patterns form a hindrance in this spiritual process. The central theoretical argument of this study is that pastoral counselling can be used effectively to guide women believers who experience co-dependent spiritual and emotional problems, to healing, transformation and spiritual growth. The aim is to determine the effect of co-dependency on the spiritual dimension of the woman believer and to establish pastoral guidelines for her spiritual growth and maturity. With a view to a better understanding of the nature and the extent of co-dependency, this study moved from the context to the text and the first objective was to explore related disciplines before biblical perspectives on co-dependency could be revealed. According to this meta-theoretical research, co-dependency mainly originates from dysfunctional families and entails one or more addictive conditions. These behavioural patterns mostly result in developing a false identity and is characterised by denial, worthlessness, unhealthy boundaries, defective self-assertion and dependence on others for acceptance to the detriment of self. Women believers often incorrectly justify their co-dependent behaviour from Scripture, which is indicative of a distorted understanding of God and possible pathology of belief. The second objective was to establish Scriptural perspectives with regard to co-dependency and subsequent influences on the spiritual dimension of women believers. Co-dependency appears intergenerationally and is rooted in sinful behavioural patterns. According to the Bible this sinful behaviour indicates an independency from God which is part of the effect of the fall of man. The family of David is a good example of the influence of the sin of parents on their children to the third and succeeding generations. For the purpose of this study the co-dependent behaviour of the women descendants of Sara were explored, The results of the empirical study confirmed the basic and meta-theoretical research which established that co-dependency negatively affects the spiritual dimension of women believers. The third objective was attained with the integration of the basic and meta-theoretical information in a hermeneutical way, in order to establish, among others, the following pastoral guidelines for the counselling of co-dependent women believers: - to identify intergenerational co-dependence behavioural patterns, distorted concepts of God and pathology of belief; - to establish healthy boundaries; and - to establish their new identity in Christ Jesus. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Many functions in today’s society are immensely dependent on data. Data drives everything from business decisions to self-driving cars to intelligent home assistants like Amazon Echo and Google Home. To make good decisions based on data, of which exabytes are generated every day, somehow that data has to be processed. Data processing can be complex and time-consuming. One way of reducing the complexity is to create workflows that consist of several steps that together produce the right result. Klarna is an example of a company that relies on workflows for transforming and analyzing data. As a company whose core business involves analyzing customer data, being able to do those analyses faster will lead to direct business value in the form of more well-informed decisions. The workflows Klarna use are currently all written in a sequential form. However, workflows, where independent tasks are executed in parallel, are more performant than workflows where only one task is executed at any point in time. Due to limitations in human attention span, parallelized workflows are harder for humans to write, compared to sequential workflows. In this work, a computer application was created that automates the parallelization of a workflow to let humans write sequential workflows while still getting the performance of parallelized workflows. The application does this by taking a simple sequential workflow, identifies dependencies in the workflow and then schedules it in a way that is as parallel as possible given the identified dependencies. Such a solution has not been created before. However, experimental evaluation shows that parallelization of a sequential workflow used in daily production at Klarna can reduce execution time by up to 80%, showing that the application can bring value to Klarna and other organizations that use workflows to analyze big data.

This licentiate thesis deals with automatic syntactic analysis, or parsing, of natural languages. A parser constructs the syntactic analysis, which it learns by looking at correctly analyzed sentences, known as training data. The general topic concerns manipulations of the training data in order to improve the parsing accuracy. Several studies using constituency-based theories for natural languages in such automatic and data-driven syntactic parsing have shown that training data, annotated according to a linguistic theory, often needs to be adapted in various ways in order to achieve an adequate, automatic analysis. A linguistically sound constituent structure is not necessarily well-suited for learning and parsing using existing data-driven methods. Modifications to the constituency-based trees in the training data, and corresponding modifications to the parser output, have successfully been applied to increase the parser accuracy. The topic of this thesis is to investigate whether similar modifications in the form of tree transformations to training data, annotated with dependency-based structures, can improve accuracy for data-driven dependency parsers. In order to do this, two types of tree transformations are in focus in this thesis. %This is a topic that so far has been less studied. The first one concerns non-projectivity. The full potential of dependency parsing can only be realized if non-projective constructions are allowed, which pose a problem for projective dependency parsers. On the other hand, non-projective parsers tend, among other things, to be slower. In order to maintain the benefits of projective parsing, a tree transformation technique to recover non-projectivity while using a projective parser is presented here. The second type of transformation concerns linguistic phenomena that are possible but hard for a parser to learn, given a certain choice of dependency analysis. This study has concentrated on two such phenomena, coordination and verb groups, for which tree transformations are applied in order to improve parsing accuracy, in case the original structure does not coincide with a structure that is easy to learn. Empirical evaluations are performed using treebank data from various languages, and using more than one dependency parser. The results show that the benefit of these tree transformations used in preprocessing and postprocessing to a large extent is language, treebank and parser independent.

This licentiate thesis deals with automatic syntactic analysis, or parsing, of natural languages. A parser constructs the syntactic analysis, which it learns by looking at correctly analyzed sentences, known as training data. The general topic concerns manipulations of the training data in order to improve the parsing accuracy. Several studies using constituency-based theories for natural languages in such automatic and data-driven syntactic parsing have shown that training data, annotated according to a linguistic theory, often needs to be adapted in various ways in order to achieve an adequate, automatic analysis. A linguistically sound constituent structure is not necessarily well-suited for learning and parsing using existing data-driven methods. Modifications to the constituency-based trees in the training data, and corresponding modifications to the parser output, have successfully been applied to increase the parser accuracy. The topic of this thesis is to investigate whether similar modifications in the form of tree transformations to training data, annotated with dependency-based structures, can improve accuracy for data-driven dependency parsers. In order to do this, two types of tree transformations are in focus in this thesis. The first one concerns non-projectivity. The full potential of dependency parsing can only be realized if non-projective constructions are allowed, which pose a problem for projective dependency parsers. On the other hand, non-projective parsers tend, among other things, to be slower. In order to maintain the benefits of projective parsing, a tree transformation technique to recover non-projectivity while using a projective parser is presented here. The second type of transformation concerns linguistic phenomena that are possible but hard for a parser to learn, given a certain choice of dependency analysis. This study has concentrated on two such phenomena, coordination and verb groups, for which tree transformations are applied in order to improve parsing accuracy, in case the original structure does not coincide with a structure that is easy to learn. Empirical evaluations are performed using treebank data from various languages, and using more than one dependency parser. The results show that the benefit of these tree transformations used in preprocessing and postprocessing to a large extent is language, treebank and parser independent.

MySpace is a type of "social networking" website where people meet, socialize, and create friendships. The way MySpace members, particularly younger individuals, interact online underscores the changing nature of mass media. Media system dependency states that individuals become reliant on media in their daily life because of fundamental human goals. This reliance, termed a dependency, leads to repeated use. Media system dependency was applied in the current study to explain how and why individuals became habitual MySpace users. To attain results a survey was administered to a convenience sampling of 401 adult undergraduates at the University of Central Florida. Members reported MySpace dependency had a moderate correlation to MySpace use, and they actively used the website an average of 1.3 hours of use per day. Results indicated members use MySpace to primarily satisfy play and interaction orientation dependencies. MySpace use was found to have a correlation with number of MySpace friends. "Number of friends created" in turn had a correlation with MySpace dependency, as people returned to interact with their friends. Individual factors were also found to be a source of influence in MySpace dependency. These individual factors were demographics, psychological factors related to use of the Internet, and psychological factors related to use of MySpace. Factors related to MySpace, extroversion and self-disclosure, were positively correlated with intensity of dependency. The influence of factors related to the Internet was partly supported; computer self-efficacy was not significantly related to MySpace dependency, while computer anxiety was significantly related to MySpace dependency. Speed of connection to the Internet and available time to use the Internet were not related to MySpace dependency. Additionally, significant differences were found between genders in overall dependency, extroversion, self-disclosure, computer anxiety, and computer self-efficacy. These findings provide evidence that MySpace members were little, if at all, constrained by factors related to use of the Internet, but were attracted to the websites for similar reasons as real-life relationships. Finally, MySpace is just one of the large number of online resources that are predominantly social, such as email, message boards, and online chat. This study found that through a "technology cluster" MySpace members use these other social innovations more frequently than non-members. However, members also used significantly more non-social innovations, which may indicate that MySpace members are part of a larger technology cluster than anticipated or perhaps are in the same category of innovation adopter.

Studien undersöker nomofobi, en förkortning av ‘no mobile phobia’, där individer upplever negativa känslor eller tankar då de finner sig utan sin mobiltelefon. Med mätinstrumentet Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) som underlag utvecklades den svenska versionen NMP-Q-SE, som består av 19 påståenden. Explorativ faktoranalys visade att 64% av variansen i svaren förklarades av tre bakomliggande faktorer som namngavs; (1) att förlora tillgång till kommunikation, (2) att förlora tillhörighet och (3) att förlora tillgång till information och bekvämlighet med Cronbach’s α=.939, vilket gjorde instrumentet lämpligt för undersökning av nomofobi med hänsyn till validitet och reliabilitet. Statistisk analys av medelvärdet för de 220 deltagarna motsvarade en måttlig grad av nomofobi enligt klassificeringen, M=64.47, SD=24.267. Signifikanta skillnader mellan kön fanns i faktor 1, där kvinnor (M=30.75, SD=10.38) hade högre poäng än män (M=25.91, SD= 12.40), t(76.67)=2.573, p=0.012. Variansanalys visade att respondenter med högre utbildningsnivå (M=66.50, SD=23.59) uppvisade signifikant högre poäng än dem med lägre utbildningsnivå (M=57.89, SD=23.83) för totalpoäng samt faktor 2 och 3, p=0.02. Deltagarna med en högre daglig skärmtid uppvisade även signifikant högre totalpoäng NMP-Q-SE (M=70.28, SD=25.88) än de med lägre daglig användningstid av mobiltelefon (M=59.30, SD=21.41), t(218)=-3.439, p=0.01, vilket tyder på ett samband mellan ökad användningstid av mobiltelefon och försvårad nomofobi som bör undersökas vidare. / This study explores nomophobia, shortened for no mobile phobia, where an individual experiences negative thoughts or emotions in situations without limited or no access to their mobile phone. Based on the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), a Swedish version NMP- Q-SE was designed consisting of 19 items. Exploratory factor analysis identified three underlying factors of nomophobia explaining 64% of variance which were named; (1) losing access to communication. (2) losing connectedness and (3) losing access to information and convenience, with Cronbach's α=.939, thus proving the NMP-Q-SE an adequate instrument for exploring nomophobia with validity and reliability. Statistical analysis showed a mean NMP-Q-SE score for the 220 participants reflecting a moderate degree of nomophobia according to the classification, M=64.47, SD=24.267. Significant differences between sexes were found for factor 1, where women (M=30.75, SD=10.38) scored higher than men (M=25.91, SD= 12.40), t(76.67)=2.573, p=0.012. ANOVA results showed that participants with a higher level education (M=66.50, SD=23.59) scored significantly higher than their lower-level education counterparts (M=57.89, SD=23.83) in total scores and factors 2 and 3, p=0.02. There were significant differences in NMP-Q-SE total and factor scores between participants averaging a lower screen time (M=59.30, SD=21.41) and those higher (M=70.28, SD=25.88), t(218)=-3.439, p=0.01, indicating a relationship between extended phone usage time and more severe nomophobia which should be further examined.

Through the historic usage of fossil fuel, climate impacts have been severe and threaten to disrupt global economies and biological diversity. Hydrogen has emerged as a technology which can enable the productionand storage of renewable energy with no carbon emissions. However, energy transitions are complex as the sector is characterized by lock-in and path dependency due to co-evolution with infrastructure, policy and geography. The purpose of this study is to explore how hydrogen energy can overcome the lock-in and path dependency of fossil fuels. To achieve this, a qualitative single-case study of Sweden was conducted. The theoretical foundation consists of the Multi-Level Perspective and lock-in. The results indicate that in order for hydrogen technology to become large-scale and overcome lock-in, four criteria need to be fulfilled; hydrogen technology needs to be more cost-efficient, investments in infrastructure for hydrogen is required, a market needs to be established for the production of hydrogen and governments/institutions need to support hydrogen through regulation and investments. / Under decennier av fossil användning har klimatpåverkan blivit mer allvarlig och hotar att negativt påverka globala ekonomier och den biologiska mångfalden. Vätgas har framkommit som en teknik som möjliggör produktion och lagring av förnybar energi utan koldioxidutsläpp. Övergångar till nya energilösningar är dock svåra eftersom sektorn kännetecknas av “lock-in” och “path dependency”på grund av samutveckling med infrastruktur, politik och geografi. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur vätgas kan övervinna “lock-in” och “path dependency” av fossila bränslen. För att uppnå detta genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie av Sverige. Den teoretiska grunden för studien består av Multi-Level Perspective och lock-in. Resultaten visar att fyra kriterier måste uppfyllas för att vätgas ska gå från en nisch innovation till att vara en del av dagens sociotekniska system. Vätgas måste bli mer kostnadseffektiv, investeringar i infrastruktur för vätgas krävs, en marknad måste skapas för produktion av vätgas och regeringar/institutioner behöver stödja vätgas genom föreskrifter.

IN ENGLISH Drug dependency in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a specific disease phenotype which determines disease prognosis and hence may be used as a prognostic marker for treatment management. Drug dependency in IBD has been well described in corticosteroid treatment and recently also in infliximab (IFX) therapy. The aims of this thesis were: 1) to assess the occurrence of IFX dependency in paediatric and adult patients with CD; further to search for clinical and genetic predictors of IFX outcome and to evaluate the impact of IFX dependency on surgical rate; 2) to assess in CD patients the outcome of the first course of 5-ASA monotherapy with emphasis on 5-ASA dependency and to define clinical predictors of 5-ASA treatment outcome. We found that 66% of children and 29% of adults with CD became IFX dependent. The high frequency in paediatrics is in agreement with previously published studies, while the finding in adult patients indicates a lower rate of IFX dependency in the only study to date. Perianal disease and no bowel surgery prior to IFX start were predicative of IFX dependency in paediatric patients. In adult cohort, 2 genetic variants LTA c.207 A>G and CASP9 c.93 C>T were associated with IFX outcome, whereas no relevant clinical...