Bakgrund: De medicinska insatser, omvårdnad och rehabilitering som erbjuds patienter i primärvård idag är vedertagna och vanligtvisevidensbaserade. Patienter kan få diagnos, behandling och ofta bot för många åkommor. En dimension som dock mindre ofta är tillvaratagen är effekterna av en genomtänkt fysisk miljö. Ett respektfullt bemötande i kombination med en genomtänkt vårdmiljö kan beskrivas som en god vårdatmosfär. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur patienter upplever och uppfattar vårdatmosfären vid besök på en rehabiliteringsenhet i primärvård. Metod: Kvalitativaforskningsintervjuer och kvalitativ innehållsanalys Huvudresultat: En vårdatmosfär kan delas in i tre domäner: Fysisk miljö, Bemötande och Organisation. Inom domänerna finns ett antal kategoriermed variationer: Känsla av kontroll, Fysiska förutsättningar för att bli uppmärksammad, Subjektiva upplevelser av miljön, Kunskap om miljöns effekter, Uppmärksammar och bekräftar, Kommunicerar, Helhetssyn, Patienten i fokus, Delaktighet, Empati, Jämlikt möte, Att göradet ‖lilla extra‖, Innehåll och utbud, Tillgänglighet, Kontinuitet, Vårdkedjor och samverkan, Jämlik vård, Patientens rättigheter, Bemötandeandaoch förbättrings-och utvecklingsanda.Temat som framkommit är Att bli sedd, att vara värdefull. Slutsats: Till begreppet vårdatmosfär kan förutom vårdmiljö och bemötande, organisation läggastill. Organisationen ger förutsättningar eller kan försvåra. Ett tema håller samman alla kategorier och det är betydelsen av att bli sedd som ger budskap om att vara värdeful / Background: Medical treatment, care, and rehabilitation offered to patients in primary care settings are established and mostly evidence-based. Patients can receive diagnose, treatment and, quite often, cure. A dimension that receives less attention involves the effects of a carefully planned physical environment. Combined with a carefully planned environment, respectful interaction between patients and health professionals enhancesthe atmosphere of care settings. Aim: This study aimed to investigate how patients experience the atmosphere they encounter when visiting a rehabilitation unit within a primary care unit. Method: Qualitative research interviews and qualitative content analysisResults: The atmosphere in care settings encompasses three domains: physical environment, interaction between patients and health professionals, and the organization. Within these domains, categories include sense of control, physical conditionsfor to attract attention, subjective experience, knowledge of the effects of the environment, attention to and confirmation of the patient, communication, holistic view of the patient, patient in focus, participation, empathy, equality in the meeting, To do ―the little more‖, healthcare content, accessibility, continuity, cooperation, equal care, patient rights, spirit of interaction between patient and health professional, and spirit of improvement and development. The major themes that emerged were the patient’s need to be noticed and valued. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the organization should be added to the concepts of atmosphere in care settings. The organization can create and obstruct careconditions. The overarching theme of these categories is the patient’s need to be noticed and valued / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-27-0</p>

One major problem in the gemstone industry is that it is difficult to determine whether if a gemstone is natural or synthetic. Natural gemstones are found in the interior of the earth while the synthetic gems are created by people. The company Gemometrics has come across a product that makes it possible to distinguish these gemstones from each other, thus it solves the problem. This portable product is called GemPen and it is a lamp with a special wavelength that makes it possible to see which gems that are natural or synthetic. Gemometrics have chosen to focus on diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds. For the product GemPen, there is a protective case included, this case also works as a blackout that enables you to investigate these gemstones. To examine the gemstones, place the gems in the dark non-reflective case and direct the light from the GemPen on the gemstones. There is a visual difference between the natural gemstones with the synthetic ones which makes it possible for the user to elucidate a result. When using the object GemPen, the gemstones that are natural has a natural clarity while the synthetic gemstones will shine by themselves (fluorescence). A prerequisite to be able to see the difference when using the GemPen, the gems that are about to be investigated should be placed in a darkening whereas little light as possible may come in. The GemPen reveals its best result of this study if you are in a dark surrounding or turn of the lights in a room. This could be an issue if you’re outside and don’t have access to a dark space. Gemometrics wants the product to work outside during the daytime and this is where my study comes in. The task of this master thesis was to examine how one can strengthen the proof of the difference in synthetic and natural gemstones. The design of the GemPen was not to be changed while it was said that the design of its case was possible.  My role as a design engineer was to solve this dilemma and design a conceptual solution for people and the environment. An information gathering was completed and it was collected from articles, websites, interviews within the area of geology and optics. This resulted in three different solution suggestions: 1. To be able to use the same type of technique that can be found in cameras in the shape of a charged coupled device (CCD). A device that would be able to perceive wavelengths as the human eye can’t and therefore see the fluorescence which we can’t see when it is bright outside. 2. To use a band-pass filter. This would make it possible to let the wavelengths you want to see in, and the ones you do not want to see out. 3. Some sort of portable darkening that makes it possible to examine the gemstones while using the GemPen. The idea of a portable darkening device was chosen since darkness is proved that is worked from the beginning compared with the other two concepts wish would need more evidence that it really could work. During the remaining part of the design process, a number of different approaches have been used to achieve the final result. I have worked on developing a Moodboard, coordinated a workshop and gathered pictures for inspiration. A portable darkening that is now called “GemHood” is the result after 20 weeks. The details that make this GemHood unique are that it darkens your surroundings while it enables you to have your hands free for investigation. It is a folding hood that works as a darkening. It is easy to carry around and works as a complement for the GemPen and its associated case. / Ett stort problem i ädelstensindustrin är att det är svårt att avgöra om en ädelsten är naturlig eller syntetisk på ett lätt och smidigt sätt. Naturliga ädelstenar hittas i jordens inre och de syntetiska ädelstenarna är tillverkad av människan. Företaget Gemometrics har kommit på en produkt som löser problematiken kring urskiljningen. Den bärbara produkten heter GemPen och är en lampa med en speciell våglängd som gör det möjligt att se vilka ädelstenar som är naturliga och syntetiska. Gemometrics har valt att inrikta sig på ädelstenarna: Diamant, rubin, safir och smaragd. GemPen har ett skyddande etui som även fungerar som mörkläggning för ädelstenarna man vill undersöka. För att undersöka ädelstenarna placerar man dem i den mörka icke reflekterande insidan av etuiet och riktar GemPens ljus mot ädelstenarna. För att avgöra skillnaden på ädelstenarna är det den visuell skillnad på de naturliga och syntetiska ädelstenarna som bevisar detta vid användning av GemPen med tillhörande etui. Vid användning av GemPen är det ädelstenarna som är naturliga som har sin naturliga klarhet och de ädelstenar som är syntetiska som själv lyser (fluorescerar). En förutsättning för att kunna se skillnaden vid användning av GemPen är att ädelstenarna som ska undersökas placeras på en mörk bakgrund där så lite ljus från omgivningen kommer åt. GemPen fungerar, men resultatet blir som bäst om man släcker ner eller befinner sig på en mörk plats vid användandet. Detta kan vara problematiskt då man är utomhus eller inte har tillgång till en mörk plats. Gemometrics vill att produkten ska kunna användas även på en ljus plats utan tillgång till mörker. Uppgiften var att undersöka hur man kan förstärka bevisningen av att det är syntetiska och naturliga ädelstenar. Ett krav var att GemPens utformning skulle vara oförändrad. Det var okej att ändra om etuiet.  Min roll som designingenjör var att lösa problematiken samt att utforma en konceptuell lösning som är anpassad för människa och miljö. Det som har gjorts är en informationsinsamling där information har tagit från artiklar, webbsidor och intervjuer inom området geologi och ljus lära. Detta resulterade i tre olika lösningsförslag: 1.) Att använda sig av samma teknik som finns i en kamera i form av en Coupled Charge Device (CCD). Denna produkt ska kunna uppfatta ljusvåglängder som det mänskliga ögat inte kan och därmed kunna se fluorescens som vi inte ser när det är ljust ute. 2.) Att använda sig av ett bandpassfilter. Det skulle kunna släppa igenom de ljusvåglängder som man vill se och lämna ute det andra. 3.) Någon form av portabel mörkläggning som gör det möjligt att undersöka ädelstenarna tillsammans med GemPen. Idén om en portabel mörkläggning valdes att gå vidare med pga. att mörker är det som man vet från början fungerar. De andra två koncept förslagen skulle behöva mer undersökning och hade inte tillräckligt med bevis för om de skulle kunna fungera. Under resterande designprocess har ett antal olika tillvägagångssätt använts för att nå ett slutresultat. Jag har jobbat med att ta fram en ”Mood board”, hållit i en ”workshop”, ”prototypat” och sammanställt ”inspirationsbilder”.20 veckors arbete resulterade i en portabel mörkläggning som namngetts till GemHood. Det som gör GemHood unik är att den mörklägger och att man kan jobba med båda händerna fria på plats. Det är en utfällbar hoodie som fungerar som mörkläggning. Den går enkelt att bära med sig och fungerar som ett komplement till GemPen med sitt tillhörande etui.

The objective in this work is to build a rapid and automated numerical design method that makes optimal design of robots possible. In this work, two classes of optimal robot design problems were specifically addressed: (1) When the objective is to optimize a pre-designed robot, and (2) when the goal is to design an optimal robot from scratch. In the first case, to reach the optimum design some of the critical dimensions or specific measures to optimize (design parameters) are varied within an established range. Then the stress is calculated as a function of the design parameter(s), the design parameter(s) that optimizes a pre-determined performance index provides the optimum design. In the second case, this work focuses on the development of an automated procedure for the optimal design of robotic systems. For this purpose, Pro/Engineer© and MatLab© software packages are integrated to draw the robot parts, optimize them, and then re-draw the optimal system parts.

[pt] O mercado de energia do Brasileiro foi decidido com base nas suas características físicas dos anos 90, predominantemente hídrico. Apesar de ainda dominado pela geração hidrelétrica, a participação dessa fonte foi reduzida significativamente, cedendo espaço principalmente para as fontes renováveis intermitentes. Sendo assim, há uma dissonância entre o atual sistema elétrico e aquele que embasou a atual regulação. As hipóteses e aproximações adotadas para a constituição da estrutura regulatória foram baseadas em um sistema com excesso de flexibilidade e alta previsibilidade no curto prazo. A maior participação das renováveis intermitentes, e sua projeção de crescimento nos próximos anos faz com essa estrutura se torne cada vez menos aderente e suas falhas intensificadas. A falta de adaptação pode enfraquecer os sinais econômicos e ameaçar a sustentabilidade e adequabilidade do sistema no longo prazo. A consulta pública CP 33 propôs uma agenda pragmática para auxiliar no processo de modernização do setor, se tornando um dos pilares principais de leis em tramitação no Congresso sobre esse assunto. Apesar do consenso a respeito da necessidade de modernização, principalmente na adoção de um mercado de curto prazo mais competitivo, ainda existem muitas preocupações e questionamentos a respeito dos mecanismos de mercados a serem adotados. A vasta literatura e as experiências internacionais podem auxiliar muito no processo de modernização nacional. Todavia, as particularidades de cada sistema, como matriz de geração e dimensões territoriais, desafiam qualquer tentativa simplista de compatibilizar o caso Brasileiro com experiências relatadas. Dessa maneira, esse trabalho tem como objetivo 1) definir uma nomenclatura e classificar as estruturas de mercado relevantes, 2) delinear um panorama sistematizado das características que influenciaram a escolha de diferentes mecanismos de mercado 3) comparar os mercados internacionais ao mercado Brasileiro utilizando as nomenclaturas e as características físicas definidas em 1) e 2). Mercados da América do Sul e do Norte, Europa e Nova Zelândia foram selecionados para apresentar as análises comparativas. Dessa maneira, nós contribuímos com um panorama atualizado e padronizado de alguns desenhos mercados internacionais e mecanismos relevantes. Além do mais, nós conscientizamos e discutimos lições relevantes aprendidas com a experiência internacional para apoiar e fomentar a agenda de modernização do mercado Brasileiro. / [en] The Brazilian power-market design features were decided based on the system s physical and economic characteristics observed in the 90s, when the system was remarkably hydro-dominated and the economy experienced large GDP growth rates. Nowadays, the power system s capacity is still hydrodominated, albeit with a significantly lower hydro participation (64 percent), has experienced a sharp growth in variable renewable energy integration, and has faced the impacts of different economic crises. Therefore, some of the approximations and assumptions adopted for the regulatory framework based on the original system s condition and economic reality are not valid anymore. Failing to adapt the regulatory framework to the current system and economic realities may provide poor market signals, possibly threatening the long-run system sustainability. Based on the continued flaws experienced in this country, the need for a market-design review is critical and urgent in Brazil. The public consultation named CP 33 proposed a handful agenda for the Brazilian power sector modernization, which is the backbone of some bills already in progress. Despite the consensus on the modernization agenda, especially on a more short-term-based market-oriented approach, there are still many concerns and questions on which market features should be adopted. The vast literature and international experience in the subject notwithstanding, each system s particularities, challenge any simplistic attempt to match the Brazilian case with previously reported experiences. Thus, this work aims to 1) define a general market design nomenclature and classify relevant market structures, 2) draw a systematized panorama of the physical characteristics that have influenced the selection of different market designs and mechanisms in other similar markets, and 3) compare the Brazilian market design, within a common language using 1) and 2), to the international experience. Markets from South and North America, Europe, and New Zealand were selected to present comparisons between them and Brazil. Based on that, we contribute with an updated and standardized panorama of a few relevant market designs and structures. Additionally, we raise awareness and discuss the relevant lessons learned from the international experience applicable to support and foster the Brazilian market modernization agenda.

Die Bestimmung der Ähnlichkeit von molekularen Strukturen und das Clustern solcher Strukturen gemäß Ähnlichkeit sind zwei zentrale Fragen im Wirkstoffdesign. Die Arbeit beschreibt im ersten Teil zwei neue Verfahren zum Vergleich von Molekülen auf 3-dimensionale Ähnlichkeit. Der erste Algorithmus benutzt als Eingabe nur die Koordinaten der Atome der zu vergleichenden Moleküle. Wir können zeigen, daß eine rein geometrische Zielfunktion in der Lage ist, Wirkungsähnlichkeit von Substanzen vorherzusagen, und daß der Algorithmus geeignet ist, Ähnlichkeiten zu finden, die mit bisherigen, einfacheren Methoden nicht gefunden werden konnten. Das zweite Verfahren nutzt zusätzlich noch die Bindungsstruktur der Eingabemoleküle. Es ist flexibel, d.h. alle Konformere der Moleküle werden simultan behandelt. Wir erhalten ein sehr schnelles Verfahren, das bei geeigneter Parametereinstellung auch beweisbar optimale Lösungen liefert. Für praktisch relevante Anwendungen erreichen wir erstmals Laufzeiten, die selbst das Durchsuchen großer Datenbanken ermöglichen. Im zweiten Teil beschreiben wir zwei Methoden, eine Menge von molekularen Strukturen so zu organisieren, daß die Suche nach geometrisch ähnlichen deutlich schneller durchgeführt werden kann als durch lineare Suche. Nach Analyse der Daten mit graphentheoretischen Methoden finden hierarchische Verfahren und repräsentantenbasierte Ansätze ihre Anwendung. Schließlich geben wir einen neuen Algorithmus zum Biclustern von Daten an, einem Problem, das bei der Analyse von Genexpressionsdaten eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Mit graphentheoretischen Methoden konstruieren wir zunächst deterministisch Obermengen von Lösungen, die danach heuristisch ausgedünnt werden. Wir können zeigen, daß dieser neue Ansatz bisherige, vergleichbare z.T. deutlich überbietet. Seine prinzipielle Einfachheit läßt anwendungsbezogene Modifikationen leicht zu. / Two important questions in drug design are the following: "How to compute the similarity of two molecules?" and "How to cluster molecules by similarity?" In the first part we describe two different approaches to compare molecules for 3D-similarity. The first algorithm just uses the 3D coordinates of the atoms as input. We show that this algorithm is able to detect similar activity or similar adverse reaction, even with a simple purely geometry based scoring function. Compared to previous simpler approaches more interesting hits are found. The connectivity structures of the molecular graphs are used by the second algorithm as additional input. This fully flexible approach -- conformers of the molecules are treated simultaneously -- may even find provably optimal solutions. Parameter settings for practically relevant instances allow running times that make it possible to even search large databases. The second part describes two methods to search a database of molecular structures. After analyzing the data with graph theoretical methods two algorithms for two different ranges of similarity are designed. Scanning the database for structures similar to a given query can be accelerated considerably. We use hierarchical methods and dominating set techniques. Finally we propose a new biclustering algorithm. Biclustering problems recently appeared mainly in the context of analysing gene expression data. Again graph theoretical methods are our main tools. In our model biclusters correspond to dense subgraphs of certain bipartite graphs. In a first phase the algorithm deterministically finds supersets of solution candidates. Thinning out these sets by heuristical methods leads to solutions. This new algorithm outperforms former comparable methods and its simple structure make it easy to customize it for practical applications.

L'efecte hipnòtic en el cinema postmodern desenvolupa una aproximació al discurs postmodern a través de la categoria estètica d'allò sinistre (das unheimliche), com el camí que senyala l'ombra i el fantasma, el desplaçament del subjecte i la representació de l'inconscient, el real del desig, per mitjà de la metàfora de la hipnosi aplicada al cinema.Hypnotic effect in postmodern cinema develops an approach to postmoden theories throught the sinister aesthetic category (das unheimliche), understood as the way that shows the shadow and the ghost, the subject displacement and the unconsciousness representation, the real of the desire, by the metaphor of hypnosis applied to cinema.