The concern for environmental sustainability is constantly growing within tourist destinations. Environmental concern is leading to increased consumer awareness of green sustainable destinations. The growing interest in sustainability-based practices contributes to companies using green marketing communication to attract green conscious consumers. The study contributes to understanding how green marketing communication and green practices can create misleading perceptions and affect the consumer experience of a surf destination, before versus after arriving in Bali, Indonesia. The study was conducted using an abductive and qualitative research approach. The data was collected from ten semi-structured interviews with visitors at a surf camp in Canggu, Bali. Observations of communication material were also conducted to complete the interviews. The results indicated that there was a difference between the perceived destination image compared to what the consumers experienced on site. The company misled their consumers through claims about their green efforts in their marketing communication. These occurrences can be seen as greenwashing, since the surf camp insists to be more ecologically sustainable than they actually are.

Turistindustrin är en viktig industri ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv samtidigt som den är mycket sårbar för negativa händelser som sker runt om i världen. Då information och nyheter sprids snabbare än någonsin, på grund av den enkelhet som finns att ta till sig information, är det lätt att destinationers image påverkas av det som förmedlas via media. Föreliggande studie fokuserar därmed på att, ur ett producentperspektiv, försöka kartlägga på vilket sätt som destinationers image påverkas av negativ nyhetsrapportering. Detta görs genom att erhålla en förståelse kring vad det är som gör att en image förändras. Samtidigt ligger ett fokus på att försöka förstå om olika strategier tillämpas av researrangörer för att förändra destinationers image samt om de arbetar med att hantera medias påverkan på destinationers image. Det med ambitionen att erhålla en kunskap kring vad som kan göras för att minska att resmönster påverkas i lika stor utsträckning som det gör idag.   För att göra detta fokuserar studien på följande forskningsfrågor:   <ul type="disc">Hur påverkas destinationers image av negativ nyhetsrapportering? Finns det några strategier som researrangörerna tillämpar för att förändra en destinations image och i så fall vilka?   De slutsatser som studien kommer fram till är följande:   <ul type="disc">Destinationer påverkas av negativ nyhetsrapportering till följd av att personer påverkas av det media rapporterar om. Destinationer påverkas i olika utsträckning beroende på dess internationella status, geografiska läge, resenärernas familjära känsla gentemot platsen samt själva händelsens karaktär. Alla individer påverkas olika av massmedias rapportering, beroende på tidigare erfarenheter och kunskap om platsen. Alla kriser och händelser kräver olika strategier, både storleksmässigt och beroende på vad för typ av händelse som inträffat. Researrangörer hjälper destinationer under en kortsiktig period men under ett längre perspektiv så anpassar sig researrangörerna främst till efterfrågan på marknaden. Det är en skör balansgång vad gäller att tillämpa externa aktörer vid arbetet med att förändra destinationers image. Baserad på situation tilltas olika marknadsföringsstrategier i form av kampanjer, annonser och rabatter, vilket kortsiktigt kan påverka att försäljningen ökar och resmönster påverkas. Ansvaret ligger hos oss människor hur vi erhåller rätt information via rätt kanaler som följaktligen påverkar våra uppfattningar och därmed destinationers image. / The tourist industry is important to the industry economically. But at the same time it is very vulnerable to negative happenings and events from around the world. Since information and news is spreading faster than ever before, and due to the simplicity there now is to take parts of the information about a destination, it is easy for the destinations image to be affected badly by what is being mediated throughout the media. This study therefore aims to map out in what ways destinations images are affected by negative news, reporting through a producer perspective. This is done by examining what there is that makes an image change. At the same time this study focuses on trying to understand if different strategies are being used by tour operators in order to change the image of destinations and if they are trying to handle the media's effect on such image. Therefore the ambition is to gain knowledge about what can be done to minimize the effect media has on travel patterns and reduce the extent there is today.   In order to do this, the following study focuses on these two research questions:   How is destinations images affected by negative news reports? Are there any strategies that travel agencies apply in order to change destination images, and in that case which?   The conclusions that can be drawn are following:   Destinations are affected by negative news reports because people are affected by media reportings. Destinations are affected to various degrees depending on its international status, geographical location, travelers' family feelings towards the place and the nature of the event itself. All individuals are affected differently by the media reportings, depending on previous experience and knowledge of the site. All crises and events require different strategies, both in size and depending on what type of event that has occurred. Tour operators help destinations in the short term rather than the longer term perspective, as tour operators adapt primarily to market demand. It is a tough balance in terms of applying external factors in the process of changing the image of destinations. Based on situation, different marketing strategies are used in the form of campaigns, ads and discounts, which can shortly affect sales and travel patterns. The responsibility lies on each individual and how we get the right information through the right channels, which consequently affects our perceptions and thus the image of destinations.

<p>Sedan 1980 har begreppet hållbar utveckling använts i miljösammanhang. Hållbar utveckling är en utveckling som tillgodoser dagens behov utan att äventyra kommande generationers möjligheter att tillgodose sina behov. Detta skrevs år 1987 i Bruntlandsrapporten, rapporten är ett samband mellan ekologiska kriser och de sociala och ekonomiska klyftorna på en global nivå. Rapporten handlar om en ekologisk hållbar utvecklig där samhällets produktion och konsumtion håller sig inom ramen för vad jordens ekosystem klarar av och syftet med uppsatsen är att påvisa de problem som massturism bidrar med och vilka konsekvenser det kan få för Thailand utifrån faktorer som: ekonomi, miljö och sociala frågor. Frågeställningarna i uppsatsen är: Hur hållbar är utvecklingen av turism längs Thailands kuster? Den andra är: Kan ekoturism utvecklingen vara ett alternativ till massturism?</p><p>Enligt modellen: en turistplats livscykel kan en destination befinna sig i olika faser. Det kan finnas fyra till fem olika faser och en destination kan vara olika länge i vardera steg i cykeln. Allt från upptäckt till den tid då destinationen ses som mindre attraktiv och turismen sakta avtar. Turistdelegationen beskriver hållbar turism som ”en utveckling där ekonomiska, ekologiska och kulturella/sociala konsekvenser vägs samman för att uppnå en hållbar turism. Dessa områden är beroende av varandra för en långsiktig hållbarhet”. Modellen för hållbar turism innehåller punkter som ekonomi, miljö och sociala frågor. Under de senaste 50 åren i Thailand har miljön varit utsatt för mycket slitage och ekosystem längs Thailand kuster har skadats. I ett miljöperspektiv ska man bevara den biologiska mångfalden, vara sparsam med naturtillgångar och minimera den miljöpåverkan som orsakas av människans aktiviteter. Rese- och turistindustrin är delaktiga i den globala miljöförstöringen bland annat för att man överutnyttjar naturen. Ekosystem som finns i Thailand är bland annat korallrev och mangroveskogar. Människan har bland annat påverkat detta ekosystem genom att utsätta reven för störningar så som överfiskning, kust utveckling, föroreningar, okontrollerad turism och globala klimatförändringar.</p><p>Landets skogsklädda områden har minskat från 70 procent till mindre än 20 procent. Människan avverkar mangroveskogen bland annat för att ge plats åt turistanläggningar och för att ge turisterna kala sandstränder som turister efterfrågar. Den sociala situationen i Thailand är långt ifrån bra. Utvecklingen av ekoturismen är ett bra alternativ för att få turismen att bli så hållbar och gynnsam mot miljön som möjligt. Landets nationalparker ses som en viktig del av landets ekoturism och landet har stora potentialer för ekoturism. Vid en hållbar utveckling bör man även tänka på destinationens bärförmåga. Bärförmåga är den summa av turistaktiviteter som en destination tål utan att utsätta destinationen för skada. Thailands regerings policy har under senare år varit att utveckla en mer hållbar turism som lägger sin tonvikt på samhällets deltagande.</p>

With the in-depth advancement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), governments and relevant policy makers are taking steps to meet the SDG goals. Sustainable entrepreneurship requires a large degree of participation from the entrepreneurial sector in the destination, and these entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations are expected to have more sense of responsibility, and their entrepreneurial activities are expected to be more sustainable, ie altruistic. This is consistent with the dualistic entrepreneurial motivation model. Is the entrepreneurial motivation of entrepreneurs in sustainable destinations more altruistic? This is unknown because entrepreneurial motivation in the context of a particular sustainable destination has not received much attention. This study examines the factors driving entrepreneurial initiatives in sustainable destinations. For answering research question, this study conducted a statistical analysis of the collected data by conducting a questionnaire survey of 131 entrepreneurs from sustainable destinations. Based on the impact of motivation on action, the conclusions of this study confirm that the entrepreneurial motivations in sustainable destinations are moving towards sustainable entrepreneurs, that is, they not only consider their own interests, but also take into account the interests of others. The significance of this research is to provide a direction for decision makers within sustainable destinations, or international, sustainable development missions, to understand the practical drivers of their policies related to sustainable development and sustainable entrepreneurship. In addition, the study also discusses the inadequacies of current sustainable entrepreneurship as demonstrated by the results of data analysis.

Employee turnover is an ongoing issue in organisations because it has long been thought to detriment overall organisational efficiency and performance (Lee, Gerhart, Weller & Trevor, 2008; Takeuchi, Chen & Lepak, 2009; Trevor, 2001). Managers are only able to observe and control some aspects or influencers of turnover (Dalton, Todor & Krackhardt, 1982). Placing voluntary turnover drivers in context with human resource (HR) practices might provide a means through which managers can understand the less visible aspects of turnover. HR practices may assist managers to reduce the controllable (evident) and less observable drivers of voluntary turnover. March and Simon (1958), the seminal employee turnover theorists, suggest that the voluntary turnover decision has two competing aspects – desirability of the current job and desirability of alternatives. The perceived utility an employee garners from the current job might define the desirability of the current job. The more desirable the current job, the greater satisfaction and lower the likelihood of a quit. The potential utility the individual deems available from perceived alternative opportunities might define the desirability of alternatives. If the potential utility of an alternative outweighs the utility garnered by the current job, a quit seems more likely (March & Simon, 1958). Generally, mainstream voluntary turnover research has placed emphasis on understanding turnover antecedents in the current organisation - the aspects that lower the perceived utility garnered by the current job (Kirschenbaum & Weisberg, 2002). However, considerably less research has focused on the alternative that draws the employee away from their current job (Kirschenbaum & Weisberg, 2002). The alternative to which the individual moves is the turnover destination. The turnover destination contributes towards the withdrawal process because the person perceived the alternative as more desirable than the current job, increasing the likelihood of a quit. Observing organisational performance may provide an important means through which to examine the effect turnover destinations may have on withdrawal. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) and similar organisational development fields hold a particular view on organisational performance. SHRM theorists have paid particular attention to the implementation of high-performance human resource (HR) practices in organisations. Predominantly, extensive research has been conducted on the effect highiii performance HR practices might have on organisational performance and retention. SHRM theorists suggest that a combination (system) of high-performance HR practices correctly implemented in the firm, and aligned with organisational strategy, should bring about improved organisational performance and employee retention (Arthur, 1994; Carmeli & Schaubroeck, 2005; Combs, Liu, Hall & Ketchen, 2006; Shaw, Gupta & Delery, 2005; Subramony, 2009; Youndt, Snell, Dean & Lepak, 1996; Wood, 1999). The field of turnover destination research highlights the role of turnover destinations in the voluntary turnover process. Specifically, turnover destination theorists postulate that antecedents present in the current firm affect the quit decision by influencing the intensity of the desire to leave, and the perception of alternative opportunities shapes the choice of turnover destination (Kirschenbaum & Mano-Negrin, 1999; Kirschenbaum & Weisberg, 2002). Research in the field focuses on the influence turnover destinations might have on turnover intentions, moving away from the traditional focus of internal organisational antecedents and personal factors (Kirschenbaum & Weisberg, 2002). The relationship between high-performance HR practices and turnover destinations has not been extensively tested empirically, with few known studies in existence (for example: Fields, Dingman, Roman & Blum, 2005). Therefore, there is opportunity for greater research in the field. The developing South African economy is a suitable environment in which to measure whether high-performance HR practices affect turnover destinations at the individual-level, as no known research has been conducted. The South African economy is said to be suffering from the mass emigration of highly skilled individuals, who mostly move to developed countries with less prominent societal issues and less restrictive labour policies, amongst other reasons (Kerr-Phillips & Thomas, 2009; McDonald & Crush, 2002). A key interest for this research is the role experience of highperformance HR practices might play in emigration of South African white-collar workers. The study explores the relationship between high-performance HR practices and turnover destinations by measuring met expectations and turnover intentions. The objective of the empirical study is to establish whether experience of high-performance HR practices in the current job affect the likelihood of particular turnover destinations. A quantitative study, using a two-part time-separated survey, was conducted on white-collar workers from three South African provinces, including Gauteng, Kwa-Zulu iv Natal and the Western Cape. The first part of the survey measured respondents’ perceptions of the levels of actual high-performance HR practice provision in the current organisation. In addition, respondent expectations about the adequate level of the practices (that should retain them in their current jobs) were measured. The second part of the survey measured respondents’ intentions to move into a predefined set of turnover destinations. The final sample of 386 participants was used to analyse the impact of interactions between actual and adequate high-performance HR practices on a variety of turnover destinations, using polynomial regression analysis and response surface methodology. Overall, the results showed that a system of high-performance HR practices exert a weak to moderate influence on the predefined turnover destinations. Generally, South Africans with lower expectations about high-performance HR practice provision appear less likely to leave a job when the employer places greater emphasis on the practices. However, the likelihood of internal transfer and moving into a different organisation increases for individuals who possess higher expectations about high-performance HR practice provision, and have experienced higher levels of actual provision. The findings also show that, for the most part, the likelihood of emigration increases in employees with lower actual provision of high-performance HR practices, largely contradicting expectations about emigration. The increase in the likelihood of internal transfers and moves to external organisations, despite higher actual high-performance HR practice provision, might point towards over-provision of the practices, or the possibility of continuance commitment in South African employees. The findings suggest that, rather than higher emphasis of highperformance HR practices providing a means for emigration, broader external societal conditions may be motivating the emigration of skilled South Africans. As the results showed that a set of high-performance HR practices may exert a weak to moderate influence on turnover destination selection, there are recommendations for managers and future research. Implications for managers include promoting the implementation of a set of high-performance HR practices in the organisation. Researchers in the turnover destinations field should endeavour to measure actual turnover, rather than intentions in future studies.

Despite the growing importance of both destination image and event tourism, a research gap exists when the two fields are combined. Destination image and event tourism have been subject to separate research efforts in the tourism field, however there has been little evidence of research in how events can affect destination image. The thesis attempts to address the research gap that currently exists by using Canberra, the National Capital of Australia and two annual events in the Capital - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 as case studies. The thesis illustrates the importance of destination image in regard to the destination selection process, the meaning and measurement of image and the growing interest in event tourism. Several studies have illustrated that destination images do influence tourists' behaviour and subsequently decision making (Hunt 1975). Image, among other variables can be the deciding factor in choosing one destination over another. In spite of the importance of this research line, several authors recognise a lack of an agreed way of conceptualising destination image. A conceptual framework of destination image was developed by Echtner and Ritchie (1991) which forms the foundation of the thesis. Although the framework has its flaws, it has been pointed out that the Echtner and Ritchie Destination Image Framework has been useful in the assessment of destination images. Importantly, how events can be used to influence the image of a destination is put forward. Canberra and its image, being the focus of the study, is discussed in detail with reference also to Tamworth and Sydney. Although much of the research into event tourism has focused on the economic benefits that events can provide to a destination, the effect an event can have on the destination image has not been well demonstrated. Research on Canberra has indicated various studies in regard to the perceptions Australians have of the destination, community attitudes towards Canberra and event related research, however the effect that events have on Canberra's image has not been addressed. The thesis incorporates studies of events to measure the effect that they have on the image of a destination. The two main studies were conducted in conjunction with the Centre of Tourism Research (CTR) at the University of Canberra. Two events, held annually in the National Capital, were the focus of the research - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Event attendees at the two events were the target sample consisting of both locals and interstate visitors to Canberra. Two key questions related to destination image were added to the existing questionnaires and were the focus of the research. Primary research commenced in June 2002 and concluded November 2002. Destination image responses were derived from both the Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Results indicated that event attendees regard the two events as being very positive in respect to the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 responses from both studies also indicate a positive correlation between events and the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 image responses from the events indicated that events do have an influence on the image of the destination with many event related characteristics appearing in the Top 15 image responses. This was further emphasised when the results from the two events were compared to that of 'Australians' Perceptions of their National Capital' (Richards 2002). General destination images in all three studies were mentioned however Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 image responses were more events driven. The Perceptions study illustrated more unique characteristics of the National Capital along with National attractions. Further, the image results derived from Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade illustrates the notion of 'multiple' images that a destination may possess. It is postulated that events have a Life Cycle, and that their influence on destination image varies according to their life cycle stage. It was found that events that lay in the introduction stage of the life cycle have more varied image results that are directly related to the event itself. On the other hand, events that reside in the maturity stage possess strong images related more to the destination itself as opposed to the event. These 'older' events become synonymous with the destination and therefore images are associated with the destination. In conclusion, the research has illustrated that events do have an impact on the image or images of a destination. In this case, the image of Canberra was subject to influence from both Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 event attendees.

<p><p>The reason to return is a phenomenon which tells us that many people want to travel back to a destination they visited before. Even if there are changes in the society with the New tourist who seeks for the authentic, this essay is proving that there still is a dominance of repeat tourism and search for belonging and safety. That implication shows evidence that there still are remaining from old tourism about security with the destination and so on. Further, investigation tells us about the returning tourists, their driving forces and push-factors that create a will for tourists to return. Is it a question of how loyal tourists are to the destination, attitudes and/or tradition when planning the trip? We have made a survey that covers why tourists travel and what impacts are created during their decisions. Also included are the questions about the will of return and the reasons why. Having children proved to be a crucial part of the decision making process, where parents chose destinations out of the children-oriented places. Returning to a destination, on the other hand, is a product of safety-seeking together with a positive experience and beautiful surroundings, all weaved up to raison d'être - just to be.</p></p>

Sedan 1980 har begreppet hållbar utveckling använts i miljösammanhang. Hållbar utveckling är en utveckling som tillgodoser dagens behov utan att äventyra kommande generationers möjligheter att tillgodose sina behov. Detta skrevs år 1987 i Bruntlandsrapporten, rapporten är ett samband mellan ekologiska kriser och de sociala och ekonomiska klyftorna på en global nivå. Rapporten handlar om en ekologisk hållbar utvecklig där samhällets produktion och konsumtion håller sig inom ramen för vad jordens ekosystem klarar av och syftet med uppsatsen är att påvisa de problem som massturism bidrar med och vilka konsekvenser det kan få för Thailand utifrån faktorer som: ekonomi, miljö och sociala frågor. Frågeställningarna i uppsatsen är: Hur hållbar är utvecklingen av turism längs Thailands kuster? Den andra är: Kan ekoturism utvecklingen vara ett alternativ till massturism? Enligt modellen: en turistplats livscykel kan en destination befinna sig i olika faser. Det kan finnas fyra till fem olika faser och en destination kan vara olika länge i vardera steg i cykeln. Allt från upptäckt till den tid då destinationen ses som mindre attraktiv och turismen sakta avtar. Turistdelegationen beskriver hållbar turism som ”en utveckling där ekonomiska, ekologiska och kulturella/sociala konsekvenser vägs samman för att uppnå en hållbar turism. Dessa områden är beroende av varandra för en långsiktig hållbarhet”. Modellen för hållbar turism innehåller punkter som ekonomi, miljö och sociala frågor. Under de senaste 50 åren i Thailand har miljön varit utsatt för mycket slitage och ekosystem längs Thailand kuster har skadats. I ett miljöperspektiv ska man bevara den biologiska mångfalden, vara sparsam med naturtillgångar och minimera den miljöpåverkan som orsakas av människans aktiviteter. Rese- och turistindustrin är delaktiga i den globala miljöförstöringen bland annat för att man överutnyttjar naturen. Ekosystem som finns i Thailand är bland annat korallrev och mangroveskogar. Människan har bland annat påverkat detta ekosystem genom att utsätta reven för störningar så som överfiskning, kust utveckling, föroreningar, okontrollerad turism och globala klimatförändringar. Landets skogsklädda områden har minskat från 70 procent till mindre än 20 procent. Människan avverkar mangroveskogen bland annat för att ge plats åt turistanläggningar och för att ge turisterna kala sandstränder som turister efterfrågar. Den sociala situationen i Thailand är långt ifrån bra. Utvecklingen av ekoturismen är ett bra alternativ för att få turismen att bli så hållbar och gynnsam mot miljön som möjligt. Landets nationalparker ses som en viktig del av landets ekoturism och landet har stora potentialer för ekoturism. Vid en hållbar utveckling bör man även tänka på destinationens bärförmåga. Bärförmåga är den summa av turistaktiviteter som en destination tål utan att utsätta destinationen för skada. Thailands regerings policy har under senare år varit att utveckla en mer hållbar turism som lägger sin tonvikt på samhällets deltagande.