Mémoire de maîtrise présenté en vue de l’obtention de la maîtrise en psychoéducation, option recherche et stage (M. Sc.) / La compassion est au cœur de la relation d’aide chez les intervenants psychosociaux. Les recherches antérieures ont dévoilé l’importance de ses nombreuses vertus. Cependant les scientifiques la définissent de manière variée selon leurs perspectives théoriques. Elle peut être définie comme une émotion, comme une motivation ou comme un comportement, ce qui pose des enjeux pour sa mesure et donc son appréciation dans les milieux de travail, en particulier en lien avec l’intervention psychosociale. Notre premier objectif a été de tester plusieurs modèles théoriques de composition multidimensionnelle de la compassion en utilisant des données empiriques collectées chez plusieurs centaines d’intervenants du Centre Jeunesse de Montréal. Nous avons utilisé ces différentes associations de variables empiriques chez les intervenants du Centre jeunesse de Montréal. Nous avons pu tester si le modèle le plus parcimonieux de compassion dans notre échantillon devait contenir des variables mesurant la détresse empathique, le souci empathique, la prise de perspective, la capacité à reconnaître les émotions, la chaleur humaine, et la motivation à poser des gestes compassionnels. Un deuxième objectif visait à examiner si ce construit multidimensionnel de compassion était associé aux difficultés de régulation émotionnelle, chez les intervenants psychosociaux. Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle confirmatoire nous ont permis de découvrir que pour les intervenants de Montréal, le construit latent de compassion pouvait se définir à partir des trois variables suivantes : la prise de perspective, la détresse empathique et la chaleur humaine. De plus, les analyses de régression multiple nous ont suggéré que la capacité à émettre de la compassion était significativement influencée par le manque de contrôle des comportements impulsifs, par le manque de conscience émotionnelle, par le manque d’identification des émotions et par le manque d’accès à des stratégies émotionnelles. Notre recherche a permis de mieux étayer le phénomène de compassion, ce qui pourrait éventuellement conduire à des programmes d’intervention visant à la favoriser dans les milieux. Des recherches complémentaires sont toutefois nécessaires pour saisir tous les aspects de sa complexité. / Compassion is at the heart of the helping relationship for psychosocial practitioners. Previous research has revealed the importance of its many virtues. However, scientists define it in a wide variety of ways, depending on their theoretical perspectives. It can be defined as an emotion, as a motivation, or as a behavior, which raises issues for its measurement and thus its appreciation in the workplace, particularly in relation to psychosocial intervention. Our first objective was to test several theoretical models of the multidimensional composition of compassion, using empirical data collected from several hundred workers at the Centre Jeunesse de Montréal. We were able to test whether the most parsimonious model of compassion in our sample should contain variables measuring empathic distress, empathic concern, perspective-taking, ability to recognize emotions, human warmth, and motivation to perform compassionate gestures. A second objective was to examine whether this multidimensional construct of compassion was associated with q emotional regulation difficulties in psychosocial practitioners. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis enabled us to discover that, for the Montreal caregivers, the latent construct of compassion could be defined on the basis of the following three variables: perspective-taking, empathic distress and human warmth. In addition, multiple regression analyses suggested that the ability to emit compassion was significantly influenced by lack of control over impulsive behaviour, lack of emotional awareness, lack of emotional identification and lack of access to emotional strategies. Our research has provided further support for the phenomenon of compassion, which could eventually lead to intervention programs aimed at fostering it in environments. Further research is needed, however, to grasp all aspects of its complexity.

Previous research has shown that phenomenological approaches in early optics education might be superior to traditional model-based instruction based on the light ray realm with regards to fostering students’ conceptual understanding of basic optics topics. However, it remains open to date which learning difficulties students encounter when being introduced to optics following a phenomenological approach—in particular, in comparison to the learning difficulties that are widespread among students introduced to optics via traditional model-based instruction. With this article, we contribute to closing this gap: We report the results of a quasi-experimental field study with N = 189 secondary school students. We used ten items adapted from the literature in a pre-posttest design for an in-depth exploration of the conceptions of introductory optics topics acquired by N = 89 students introduced to optics following a phenomenological teaching-learning sequence and compare these students’ conceptions to the ones acquired by N = 100 peers who participated in traditional model-based instruction covering the same content topics. The results of this study substantiate earlier findings according to which phenomenological teaching might be a fruitful endeavour for early optics education, in particular, when it comes to teaching and learning about image formation by converging lenses.

Conséquence de l’insuffisance du traitement judiciaire des difficultés des entreprises, le droit de la prévention connaît un attrait de plus en plus important. En droit français et en droit Ohada, la loi du 26 juillet 2005 et l’acte uniforme portant procédure collectives d’apurement du passif ont mis l’accent sur les solutions négociées en vue de redresser la courbe des nombreuses défaillances d’entreprise. Malgré la richesse de l’ensemble des systèmes de prévention au regard du nombre important des mesures incitatives instituées en faveur du débiteur et des créanciers, la confrontation du système français de prévention et du système Ohada de prévention appelle à des résultats mitigés. Même si des deux systèmes le système français de prévention apparaît le plus structuré et le mieux organisé et donc appelé à servir de modèle au droit Ohada, force est de constater que l’objectif de sauvetage poursuivi par les deux législateurs est loin d’être atteint. Dans les faits, le nombre des défaillances d’entreprise augmente de manière considérable, ce qui traduit à l’évidence le caractère inefficace des différents mécanismes juridiques de prévention proposés. Par conséquent, une réforme de l’ensemble des dispositifs de prévention dans les deux ordres juridiques s’impose inéluctablement. Au delà, de l’approche comparative qu’impose ce sujet, il a surtout pour ambition de s’inscrire dans une approche nouvelle du droit des entreprises en difficultés qui prône désormais la contractualisation de la matière afin de la rendre efficace / Due to the inadequate judicial processing of difficulties encountered by enterprises today, the right to prevention is becoming more and more attractive. In France as in Ohada, the law of July 26 2005 and the uniform act concerning collective procedures of passive clearance have stressed the importance of the negociated solutions in order to straighten the curve of the numerous company failures. On account of incitative mesures in favor of debtors and creditors, the confrontation of the French prevention system and the Ohada prevention system have limited results despite the quality of the various prevention systems. Even though the French prevention system, which appears to be better structured and better organized, serves as a model to the juidicial system of Ohada, it must be noted that both legislators are far from achieving their goals. In fact, company failures are increasing rapidly, highlighting the ineffectiveness of the judicial prevention mecanisms that have been proposed until now. Consequently, a reform of all prevention devices in both judicial orders is required. Moreover, the comparative approach set by this matter's principle aim is to develop a new approach in company law which henceforth advocates contractualization of the matter in order to make it more effective.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-17T14:00:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Josaphar Silva Valen?a.pdf: 4116325 bytes, checksum: 9927ecf51181d089b09309a5cdb2d8da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Josaphar Silva Valen?a.pdf: 4116325 bytes, checksum: 9927ecf51181d089b09309a5cdb2d8da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This work is the result of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the problems encountered in the teaching of plane figures in young and adult education and, even as a present activity in day-to-day lives, it is still a problem. This theme was chosen because of the student?s desires to learn that content, enabling to search where is the origin of the various difficulties encountered by them in calculating areas of plane figures and to get applied in their daily lives. The choice of this teaching modality comes from the challenge of how to work this content with a very heterogeneous group, both in age and in the motivation that led them to attend the classrooms of young and adult education. This fact causes a significant change in the methodology used by the professor in relation to the same applied in regular education. To understand all this process it is necessary to know a little of young and adult education in Brazil, its normative aspects and the historical importance of knowing how to calculate areas of flat figures. Through a questionnaire, we identified the young and adult education professor's profile, how this type of education is administered by the government and how professionals deal with such different student profiles. With this information, together with the analyzes of the questions answered by the students, we conclude that the difficulty of assigning correctly the units of area and length measurements is due to the difficulty of the student to relate the mathematical content learned in school to their daily lives. In some of the issues applied to students we had to allow the use of the calculator due to the difficulty that students have to perform at least one of the four arithmetic operations / Esse trabalho ? o resultado de uma an?lise qualitativa e quantitativa sobre os problemas encontrados no ensino de ?rea de figuras planas na EJA e que, mesmo sendo uma atividade presente no dia-a-dia deles, ainda ? um problema. Esse tema foi escolhido devido aos anseios dos alunos em aprender esse conte?do, possibilitando assim, pesquisar onde est? a origem das diversas dificuldades encontradas por eles em calcular ?reas de figuras planas e conseguirem aplicar em seus cotidianos. A escolha dessa modalidade de ensino surge do desafio de como trabalhar esse conte?do com um grupo muito heterog?neo, tanto na faixa et?ria quanto na motiva??o que os levaram a frequentar as salas de aula da EJA. Este fato provoca uma mudan?a significativa na metodologia aplicada pelo professor em rela??o ? mesma metodologia aplicada no ensino regular. Para entender todo esse processo faz-se necess?rio conhecer um pouco da EJA no Brasil, seus aspectos normativos e a import?ncia hist?rica de saber calcular ?reas de figuras planas. Por meio de um question?rio, identificamos o perfil do professor da EJA, como essa modalidade de ensino ? administrada pelo poder p?blico e como os profissionais lidam com perfis t?o diferentes de alunos. De posse dessas informa??es, somadas as an?lises das quest?es respondidas pelos alunos, conclu?mos que a dificuldade de atribuir de forma correta as unidades de medidas de ?rea e de comprimento devem-se ? dificuldade do aluno em relacionar o conte?do matem?tico aprendido na escola ao seu cotidiano. Em algumas das quest?es aplicadas aos alunos tivemos que permitir o uso da calculadora devido ? dificuldade que os alunos possuem em realizar pelo menos uma das quatro opera??es da aritm?tica.

英語學習者如何能在普及的網路環境中，挑選難易度符合自身英文閱讀能力的文章，便是一個值得探討的議題。為了提升文章難易度分類的準確度，近代研究選取許多難易度特徵去分類。本研究希望能夠藉由英文語文難易度特徵、文字特徵，各自歸類和綜合歸類後與原先官方文章類別比較，檢驗是否可以利用語文特徵與文字特徵結合後的歸類結果，來提高準度。 本研究以GEPT的模擬試題文章作為歸類的依據。研究架構主要分成三部分：語文難易度特徵歸類、文字特徵歸類與綜合前兩者歸類。先以語文難易度特徵組成特徵向量的維度，並算出各語文特徵值後，再使用kNN將文章歸類成初級、中級或中高級，並做為比較準確度的依據；再以GEPT文章斷詞，並選取特徵詞作為特徵向量維度、TF-IDF作特徵值進行文字特徵歸類；最後則是將前面兩種特徵結合作為歸類標準。分別的F-measure為0.61、0.47，最後一個、也是表現最好的結果是以兩者結合後歸類，F-measure有0.68。 如何從大量的英文文章當中找到適合自己程度循序漸進的學習，是本論文期望未來可以藉由最後語文難易度特徵加上文字特徵的結果來達到的目的。未來可以結合語文難易度特徵以及文字特徵來幫助英文文章做分類，並可以從中分類出不同類別且不同程度的英文文章，讓使用者自行選擇並閱讀，使學習成效進而提升。 / It is rather an important issue that how to grasp the difficulty of the articles in order to efficiently choose the English articles that match our proficiency in the popularity of Internet. Recently, researchers have selected many characteristics of difficulty degrees in order to enhance the accuracy of the classification. The study aims to simplify the former complicated procedures of article classification by using the classification results of linguistic difficulty characteristics, text characteristics respectively, and the combination of the both; in the hope to raise the accuracy of the classification through the comparison of the results. The article classification of the study is based on GEPT official practicing exams. There are three parts of this study: the characteristics of the linguistic difficulty and the text, and the combination of the both. First, the dimensions of the linguistic vectors will be the linguistic characteristics. The articles will be classified into primary, intermediate, or intermediate-high levels by kNN method, considered the comparison basis for the classification of the articles’ difficulty. Second, after GEPT articles are broken into words, the dimensions of the text vectors will be the selected words; the TF-IDF will be the values of the text vectors. The third part is to classify articles by using the combination of the former two results. After comparing the three, the best method is the third, the accuracy is 0.68. The study hopes the result could help people choose proper English articles to learn English step by step. In the future, we could classify the articles by the combination of the both of linguistic difficulty characteristics and text characteristics. Not only classified as the different levels, but also classified as the different categories. The learners could choose what they like and the articles could correspond their degree in order to promote the effect of learning.

The thesis "Analysis of used Natural history and Biology textbooks in terms of anthropology, the morphology and anatomy of human" is largely empirical work. The aim was to determine the didactis and the difficulty of textbooks which are available in the Czech Republic for the 8th grade of elementary school. The work is complemented with research of using the textbooks in primary schools and lower grammar school in Trebic. The used methods were 2 analysis, according to the specific criteria and own questionnaire for teachers of the subject. Analysis of textbooks is based on the methodology of Prof. Průcha a Doc. Hrabí. Keywords: textbooks, biology, human biology, equipment, level of difficulty, analysis, Trebic .

Dificuldades de aprendizagem são apresentadas por alunos das séries iniciais em um número alto e recorrente nas escolas brasileiras. A aplicação de métodos que auxiliem na transposição desses obstáculos é relevante e de suma importância. O exercício físico tem conhecidos benefícios a saúde física, mas sua benfeitoria a saúde mental e nos processos de aprendizagem podem e devem ser melhores utilizados no ambiente escolar. Através de jogos e brincadeiras pode-se levar aos alunos que apresentam dificuldades de aprendizagem a capacidade de reverter tal quadro, proporcionando um método diferenciado de reforço escolar. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar se atividade física adaptada à área de ciências acarreta na melhora do desempenho escolar dos alunos participantes. Foi realizado um estudo de caso realizado com alunos pertencentes a uma turma de 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de uma Escola Municipal de Porto Alegre. Através da elaboração de um programa adaptado de exercício físico, houve a revisão dos conteúdos já trabalhados em aula da área de ciências que ocasionavam nos alunos uma maior dificuldade de entendimento e por conseguinte, levavam-nos a a um baixo rendimento escolar. A adaptação se deu através de jogos e brincadeiras que comtemplavam, em suas regras, os conteúdos já trabalhados em sala de aula. Os dados foram coletados a partir de questionários aplicados aos alunos, categorizando-os sob um enfoque quali-quantitativo, levando em consideração seus conhecimentos no pré e pós-teste e de questionário aplicado à professora da turma, acerca de suas impressões sobre os conhecimentos dos alunos. O estudo se mostrou relevante perante os resultados analisados no pós-teste, evidenciando uma relevância p<0,05 no teste qui-quadrado e na análise textual das respostas dos alunos, revelando uma maior capacidade de relação dos termos trabalhados nas atividades com o conceito de ciências. No discurso da professora da turma, que salienta uma melhora significativa do desempenho escolar, no interesse e na atenção dos alunos participantes em novos conteúdos. Propostas assim deveriam ser levadas ao ambiente escolar frequentemente, portanto. / Learning difficulties are presented by students of the initial series on a high and recurrent number in Brazilian schools. The application of methods to assist in the implementation of these obstacles is relevant and very important. The exercise has known benefits to physical health but your mental health improvement and learning processes can and should be better used in the school environment. Through games and activities can lead to students with learning disabilities the ability to reverse this situation, providing a different method of tutoring. This study aimed to assess whether physical activity adapted to the science area brings in improving the academic performance of students participating. We conducted a case study with students belonging to a group of 4th year of elementary school, a municipal school of Porto Alegre. Through the development of a tailored program of exercise, there was a review of the content already worked in class area of science that occasioned the students greater difficulty in understanding and therefore led us to a low school performance. The adaptation was through games and activities that had in its rules, the content already worked in the classroom. Data were collected from questionnaires given to students, categorizing them under a qualitative and quantitative approach, taking into account their expertise in pre- and post-test and a questionnaire applied to the class teacher, about his impressions of the knowledge of students. The study showed significant before the results analyzed in the post-test, showing a relevance p <0.05 in the chi-square test and textual analysis of student responses, revealing a greater capacity to respect the terms worked in activities with the concept science. In the speech of the teacher of the class, which highlights a significant improvement in school performance, the interest and attention of students participating in new content. Proposals like this should be brought to the school environment often so.

Orientador: Simone Aparecida Capellini / Banca: Clara Regina Brandão de Ávila / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira do Prado / Resumo: A aprendizagem pode ser definida como um processo que ocorre no sistema nervoso central, em que são produzidas mudanças mais ou menos permanentes, que se traduzem em uma modificação funcional ou de comportamento, permitindo uma melhor adaptação do indivíduo ao meio como resposta a uma ação ambiental. O distúrbio de aprendizagem é uma expressão genérica que se refere a um grupo heterogêneo de alterações que manifestam dificuldades significativas na aquisição e no uso da audição, fala, leitura, escrita, raciocínio ou habilidades matemáticas. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em verificar a eficácia terapêutica de um programa de remediação fonológica e leitura em escolares com distúrbio de aprendizagem. Participaram deste estudo 40 crianças de 2ª a 4ª séries de ensino fundamental do município de Marília-SP, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 8 a 12 anos de idade, sendo distribuídos nos seguintes grupos: GI: composto de 20 escolares sem dificuldades de aprendizagem da rede municipal de ensino público, subdividido em GIE (10 escolares que foram submetidos ao programa de remediação fonológica e leitura) e GIC (10 escolares que não foram submetidos ao programa de remediação fonológica e leitura), e GII: composto de 20 escolares com diagnóstico interdisciplinar de distúrbio de aprendizagem, subdivididos em GIIE (10 escolares que foram submetidos ao programa de remediação fonológica e leitura) e GIIC (10 escolares que não foram submetidos ao programa de remediação fonológica e leitura). Em situação de pré e pós-testagem, todos os sujeitos deste estudo foram submetidos à aplicação do Teste de Desempenho Cognitivo-Lingüístico nas versões coletivo e individual, seguido de avaliação da leitura oral e da compreensão de textos. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente, utilizando o Teste de Mann- Whitney com o objetivo de verificar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Learning is a process that occurs in the central nervous system in which permanent changes happen, provoking functional or behavioural change. It allows an individual to adapt in the environment he makes part. Learning difficulty is a generic expression regarding to heterogeneous groups of modification that manifest relevant difficulty in acquiring and using hearing, talking, reading, writing and mathematical aptitude. Thus, this research aims verifying therapeutic effectiveness of the phonological and reading program of remediation in students with learning difficulty 40 students of both gender and ranging 8 to 12 years old, of the elementary school of Marília, SP, Brazil, participated of this study. They were divided in groups: GI - 20 students without learning difficulty subdivided in GIE (10 students that have being submitted to the program of remediation) and GIC (10 students that have not being submitted to the program of remediation); and GII: 20 students with learning difficulty subdivided in GIIE (10 students that have being submitted to the program of remediation) and GIIC (10 students that have not being submitted to the program of remediation). In previous and post testing situation, all subjects of this study have being submitted to the Cognitive-Linguistic Performance Test in the collective and individual version and submitted to oral reading and text comprehension tasks. The results were statistically analyzed using the Mann- Whitney Test aiming at verifying differences of the groups of previous and post testing. They were also statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon Test aiming at verifying differences of both moment, previous and post testing, considered in the assessment of each group. Data were analyzed using Friedman Test aiming at verifying differences of the variables of each group. The results highlighted that GI presented inferior development comparing... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cette recherche étudie l’activité des enseignants de technologie. Par activité, nous entendons la prédiction de la difficulté des exercices de dessin industriel, avant la séance, et l’anticipation des difficultés que peuvent rencontrer les élèves pour résoudre ces tâches au cours de la séance. L’analyse porte sur la détermination des éléments explicatifs du processus de prédiction et d’anticipation, et les raisons des choix explicités par les enseignants en matière de difficulté.Tout d’abord, nous déterminons les caractéristiques propres des exercices de dessin industriel sur lesquelles s’appuient les enseignants pour prédire le niveau de difficulté, à partir des résultats issus d’un questionnaire soumis à une centaine d’enseignants. Ensuite, nous explicitons les facteurs propres à la situation d’interaction qui permettent aux enseignants d’anticiper les difficultés d’apprentissage des élèves à partir d’une analyse vidéographique de trois séances d’enseignement, suivi par des entretiens. Enfin, la méthodologie mixte nous permet d’analyser l’articulation des résultats obtenus lors du processus de prédiction et d’anticipation.Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence le concept d’anticipation et de prédiction lors du processus d’enseignement-apprentissage.L’identification du processus de prédiction et d’anticipation contribue à dégager des pistes pour la réalisation future d’un dispositif de formation pour les enseignants novices.Mots clés : Enseignant / This research studies the activity of technology teachers. By activity, we mean the prediction of the level of difficulty of the industrial drawing exercises, before the session, and the anticipation of the difficulties that the pupils may meet to solve their tasks during the session. The analysis will concern the clarity and certainty of the explanatory elements of the process of prediction and anticipation, and the reasons for the choices made by teachers in terms of difficulty.First, we determine the specific characteristics of the industrial drawing exercises on which teachers rely to predict the level of difficulty, based on the results of a questionnaire submitted to about hundred teachers. Next, we explain factors specific to the interaction situation that allow teachers to anticipate learning difficulties for students from a video analysis of three teaching sessions, followed by interviews. Finally, a mixed methodology will enable us to analyze the articulation of the results obtained during the process of prediction and anticipation.The obtained results highlight the concept of anticipation during the process of teaching and learning:The identification of the prediction and anticipation process helps to identify contrivances for the future realization of a training plan for novice teachers

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.