<p>Palliativ vård innebär att ge vård till en svårt sjuk patient när sjukdomen inte längre går att bota. Omvårdnadspersonalen som arbetar med palliativ vård måste kunna se och fånga upp olika behov hos den svårt sjuke. Ett starkt engagemang och lyhördhet från omvårdnadspersonalen behövs i arbetet med palliativ vård. Att kunna se döden som en naturlig del av livet är en förutsättning för omvårdnadspersonalen att ha med sig i sin yrkesroll. Enligt den personal som intervjuats är kommunikation ett viktigt redskap i arbetet med palliativ vård för att kunna bemöta de svåra situationer som kan uppstå i arbetet. <strong>Syftet</strong> med vår studie var att ta reda på hur omvårdnadspersonalen upplevde det att arbeta inom palliativ vård. <strong>Metoden</strong> som använts har varit kvalitativ och sökningar har gjorts i databaser på Örebro universitet för att kunna förstå och bearbeta våra frågeställningar och därmed försöka uppfylla studiens syfte. I <strong>resultatet</strong> framkommer omvårdnadspersonalens uppfattning av att arbeta med palliativ vård var att det upplevdes som ett mycket meningsfullt och givande arbete. I studien belyser också omvårdnadspersonalen ett antal faktorer som är av vikt vid mötet med den svårt sjuke och som bidrar till att kunna uppnå en god och värdig död.</p><p> </p> / <p>Palliative care involves providing care to a seriously ill patient when the disease is no longer curable. The nursing staff working in palliative care must be able to see and capture the needs of the seriously ill. A strong commitment and sensitivity of the nursing staff are needed in the work of palliative care. To view death as a natural part of life is a prerequisite for nursing staff and to carry in their professional role. According to the nursing staff, the ability to communicate verbal and also non - verbal is an important tool in the work of palliative care to enable responding to the difficult situations that may arise at work. <strong>The aim</strong> of our study was to find out how the nursing staffs experience of their work in palliative care. <strong>The method</strong> used was qualitative and searches have also been done in the databases at Örebro University to better understand the study's aim. Nursing staff’s perceptions of working with palliative care were that it was perceived as a very purposeful and rewarding work. <strong>The results </strong>are based on informant’s fruitful information that we have taken note of by the interviews. The study will support nursing staff to highlight a number of important factors that are important in meeting difficult situations in the care of patients in order to achieve a good and dignified death for the patients.</p>

Thesis (Th.M. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

In this modern period, societal and religious groups are strongly divided regarding the acceptability of abortion. Despite so many attempts by various groups to find a middle ground, the debate on abortion still remains largely polarized, at its most dramatic point with the extreme conservatives claiming abortion to be the moral equivalent of murder and the extreme liberals see it as devoid of moral import. And this polarization is due to the legal battle that continues to shadow moral discussions. An acceptance of an ethical nuance will here play as a concession on the deeply contested question of whether abortion should be a legally protected option for a woman, and to an extent blame for the continued crudeness which can be laid at the doorstep of a moral theory itself. Apparently, the ethical literature on abortion has focused almost exclusively on the tiniest moral assessment on whether and when abortion is morally permissible. This question is a crucial one indeed and its answer is desperately sought in this thesis by exposing the position of the Catholic Church.

<p>The focus of this paper is the right of the visually impaired to access tertiary education that is not unfairly discriminative and unequal. The study is intended to highlight the inadequacy in the current legislation on equality such as the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 and the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 in properly promoting the ideals and purpose of constitution. Furthermore to analyse the constitutional court's approach to equality and non discrimination in order to provide solutions and recommendations for changes to existing legislation that is indeed to be effective.It also aim to define what it means to have equality for the visually impaired, more especially in tertiary education through the constitutional court's definition of equality...</p>

Övervikt och fetma är ett ökande problem i samhället och i världen. Diskrimminering och negativa attityder mot överviktiga människor är vanligt. Upprätthållande av patienternas värdighet är fundamentalt för god omvårdnad. Syftet med denna studie har varit att belysa och sammanställa forskning som beskriver överviktiga människors erfarenheter av värdighet vid behandling och vård inom Hälso- och Sjukvården. Elektroniska sökningar har gjorts i två databaser tillsammans med manuell sökning för att finna referenser. Åtta artiklar granskades och inkluderades i studien. I resultatet framkom följande områden, att mötas av respekt, att inte mötas av respekt, att inte få plats med sin kropp, att välja att lämna över kontrollen, att bli sedd och tagen på allvar och att inte bli sedd och tagen på allvar. Det som framkommer i denna studie är att många överviktiga människor upplever att de inte blivit respektlöst behandlade av personalen på grund av sin övervikt. Däremot känner överviktiga människor att de ibland blir respektlöst bemötta för den hjälp som de får för sin övervikt. Det visade sig också att utrustning och sjukhusmiljöer sällan var adekvata för deras storlek. Slutsatsen av resultatet visar att överviktiga människor känner värdighet när personalen behandlar dem respektfullt, ser dem som en individ och att de blir tagna på allvar. / Overweight and obesity are an increasing problem in the society and in the world. Discrimination and negative attitudes towards obese people are common. Maintenance of patient´s dignity is fundamental for good care. Aim for this review was to illuminate and relate research who describes overweight people´s experiences of dignity with treatment and care in Health Care. Electronic searches were carried out on two databases along with hand-searching of references. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed following areas, be faced by respect, not be faced by respect, not get location with his body, choose to hand over the control, be seen and taken seriously and not be seen and taken seriously. Findings revealed that many overweight people experienced that they have not been treated disrespectfully by the professionals because of their weight but they are sometimes treated disrespectfully by health care professionals for the care they received for their obesity. It turned out that the equipment and the environment in hospitals seldom were adequate for their size. The conclusion of the result shows that overweight people feel dignified if the nurses treat them with respect, see them as a person and they are taken seriously.

<p>Within the context of South Africa&lsquo / s diverging religious, cultural and social backgrounds, new questions on the nature of a multicultural society are raised from the perspective of human rights.&nbsp / The universality and indivisibility of human rights are challenged by this diversity and consequently implies that standards, concepts and structures for implementation have to be reconsidered.&nbsp / International and national standards are being (re)interpreted and attention is not only focused on the contents of the norms but on the limitations imposed thereupon. The debate on whether limits should be set in permitting or accommodating cultural or religious pluralism is becoming extremely relevant. The manner in which these questions are responded to&nbsp / is even more prominent in the light of our history of apartheid which has disregarded respect for religious and cultural diversity. In the scope of this research emphasis will be placed on the&nbsp / right to freedom of religion and in particular the limitation of the right to religion in an attempt to balance conflicting rights and accommodates religious diversity. The right to freedom of religion&nbsp / albeit constitutionally entrenched is subject to reasonable and justifiable limitations. However, no clear guidelines have been formulated on the criteria for limiting the right to freedom of&nbsp / religion. The main aim of this research is to find guiding criteria to facilitate the imposition of limitations on the right to freedom of religion. The limitations of the right to freedom of religion are&nbsp / interrelated with the following research questions: Firstly, the definition afforded to the right to freedom of religion in accordance with national and international standards / secondly, the relationship between culture and religion and any interconnection that exists between these rights. This is followed by the influence of the particular value framework or normative commitments&nbsp / f the judiciary on the interpretation of the right to religion, as well as the relationship between the state and religion. The above issues will be researched both on a national and&nbsp / an international level. The aim is to conduct research that will build on an appreciation of the guidelines that should be employed in ensuring the protection of the right to freedom of religion. To this end comparisons will be drawn with other legal&nbsp / systems, which on the one hand acknowledge the protection of the right to freedom of religion and on the other hand have to find ways in which the right can be balanced in the event of conflict. It is envisaged that the research of the criteria imposed on the limitation of the right to religion both on a national and an international level will assist in suggesting criteria that will influence&nbsp / scholarly debate on the topic. In addition that this debate will allow for the formulation of a transformative approach within the South African context that sanctions the celebration of diversity in all&nbsp / its aspects and in particular the right to freedom of religion.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Bakgrund: Palliativ hemsjukvård är en växande vårdform i Sverige som ställer höga krav på involveringen av anhöriga. De anhöriga inom palliativ hemsjukvård befinner sig i en utsatt och omvälvande situation där vårdbördan kan upplevas mycket stor. Stödet från vården har en stor del i hur de anhöriga upplever situationen och ifall den sjuke kan erhålla vård i sitt hem. För att vården ska kunna stödja de anhöriga på ett lämpligt sätt krävs insyn i hur de anhöriga upplever sin situation. Syfte: Att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av att ha en svårt sjuk närstående som vårdas med palliativ hemsjukvård. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier publicerade mellan år 2002-2010. Använda databaser är CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Premier samt Nursing &amp; Allied Health Source. Även en manuell sökning gjordes. Dataanalysen utfördes enligt metoden beskriven av Friberg som är inspirerad av metaanalys. Resultat: Fem övergripande teman identifierades. Dessa är upplevelsen av en påverkad självbild och identitet, upplevelsen av stöd, upplevelsen av att sätta sig själv i andra hand, upplevelsen av att bli sviken av hemsjukvården samt upplevelsen av att vara tillsammans i dödens närhet. Huvudfyndet som är genomgående i alla teman är de anhörigas påverkade självbild. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån värdighetsbegreppets fyra delar meritvärdighet, den moraliska resningens värdighet, identitetsvärdighet och den universella mänskliga värdigheten. I resultatet blir de anhöriga inte sedda som en egen person, de upplever sig inte ha något val och de tvingas sätta sig själva i andra hand när de vårdar den sjuke. Författarna diskuterar hur detta kan påverka den anhörigas meritvärdighet, identitetsvärdighet och moraliska resningsvärdighet. / Background: In Sweden palliative home care is expanding rapidly and implies high demands on the next of kins’ involvement. Next of kin of relatives enrolled in palliative home care often find themselves in a demanding position and the burden of the care is experienced as heavy to bear. The support from professional caregivers’ can have an influence on how the next of kin experience his or her situation and if the sick relative can receive care at home. It is important for professional caregivers to understand how the next of kin can experience their situation to be able to support them adequately. Aim: To describe lived experiences as narrated by the next of kin of a relative with a severe condition who is cared for by palliative home care. Method: This article is a literature review based on eight qualitative studies published 2002-2010. The studies were found in the databases CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Premier and Nursing &amp; Allied Health Source and by a manual search. A data analysis inspired by meta analysis described by Friberg was performed. Result: In the result five main themes were identified; the experience of one’s affected self image and identity, experiences of support, the experience of putting yourself second, the experience of being let down by professional caregivers and the experience of being together close to death. The key finding in the result is the next of kins’ affected self image which can be found in all themes. Discussion: The concept dignity and its four components merit dignity, identity dignity, morale dignity and human dignity led the way in the discussion of the result. In the result the next of kin is not seen as an individual person, they experience that they do not have a choice whether to care or not and they always put themselves second. The writers discuss how these experiences can affect the next of kins’ merit dignity, identity dignity and morale dignity.

After the WWII, there was much concern to protect human rights situation all over the world. During the cold wars, huge displacement took place within different countries due to internal arms/ethnic conflicts. Millions of IDPs, who were uprooted by armed conflict or ethnic strife faced human rights violence. In 2002, there were estimated between 20-25 millions IDPs in the world (Phuong, p.1). Internally displacement is a worldwide problem and millions of the people displaced in Africa and Asia. These all Internal displacements of the people are only the result of the conflicts or the violations of the Human Rights but also sometimes it happened because of the natural disasters. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights..."(Streich, Article 1) This article works as the foundation of human rights which gives every human being an equal rights and opportunity to maintain his/her dignity. Human Rights issues related to human dignity must be taken very seriously and should not be ignored at any level; Many human rights issues are not always visible, issues such as: privacy, security, equality, protection of social and cultural values etc. In this paper I am going to apply theoretical approach of “all human being are equal in dignity and rights” to defend IDPs rights.

A multidisciplinary approach is needed to critique the frequently invoked but seldom questioned notion of "human dignity," a discursive tool that is subtly serving abusive power structures while seemingly promoting human rights. The discourse of human dignity misrepresents the meaning of empowerment for modern citizens, making them interested more in political gestures and less in profit, comfort and protection from abuse. Dignity‘s epistemes—self-assertion, recognition, political action, public-spiritedness, responsibility, resistance, the denial of animal instinct, sacrifice—should not be human ideals, for they are exactly the opposite of the sovereign‘s characteristics and because they are responsible for recursive violence that preserves the status quo. They should be replaced with ethics based on sensuous interest, instinct, and natural-spiritedness (a sense of mystical oneness with other living beings). This dissertation answers Foucault‘s question about how the modern state endows citizens with a political subjectivity while simultaneously subjecting them to a totalized system, exposing human dignity as just the link between individuation and totalization. It questions Agamben‘s notion of the indistinction between political life and natural life, arguing that sovereign power, using the discourse of human dignity, creates a clear distinction. The human dignity discourse keeps the human within political life, representing such life as the middle point between the instinctive life of the animal and the mechanical life of the laborer. In reality, the dissertation shows, these two demonized modes of life are the same mode, which should be championed as a valuable and empowered state of being. In the literary field, a close examination reveals that J. M. Coetzee‘s fiction subverts the human dignity discourse while Kazuo Ishiguro‘s work is enmeshed in it. Coetzee generates sympathy for humans who lack the sense of human dignity and act on mere instinct. He offers ―disgrace‖ as a spiritual-ethical state of sensuality, acceptance and humility and promotes an agenda of desire-based rights in lieu of dignity-based ones. His writings also eschew authorial dignity as they discount the values of newness and originality in favor of expression attuned to desire, even when such moves appear selfish and politically irresponsible.

This study is conducted in order to obtain information on the causes and methods of killings grounded by honor, and through which processes and by whom these killings are realized. The rationale behind honor killings is based on a primitive understanding of justice. The relatives of the killed person assume the honor of their family, clan etc. is cleaned, and justice achieved. What may be the reasons of the persistence of such an understanding of justice in present day? In trying to answer this question, the meaning and perception of the concept of honor, the social and historical roots of the honor killings, how these killings come about, the role and impacts of these killings in society are examined.