The diploma thesis is concerned with the comparison of the Czech and English criminal legal system with emphasis on the sexual offences. The thesis attempts to find the solutions de lege ferenda for the application in the legal system of the Czech Republic. In addition to the critical approach to the chosen issues, the diploma thesis also statistically analyzes the occurrence of the sexual offences. The diploma thesis is composed of ten chapters; the conclusion is comprised in the eleventh chapter. The introductory chapter documents the different types of legal systems in which the compared countries are categorized. The basic aspects of both the Anglo-American and the continental legal system are explored. The second chapter outlines the sexual offences and offers their classification. The third chapter closes the introduction of the thesis and focuses on general matters related to the sexual offences. The introductory chapters serve as a terminological basis for the whole thesis. The following chapters characterise the particular sexual offences and challenge the legal provisions governing these offences. The composition of the thesis is designed to correspond with the system of the sexual offences against human dignity as they are covered by the Czech Criminal Code. The English sexual offences...

The aim of this thesis is to cover the issue of human dignity and the values of human life of a patient in the intensive care unit. The goal is achieved through a quantitative research, using the data collection technique through questionnaires. The purpose of the research was to determine what areas of human dignity do the patients find hard or problematic. A standardized questionnaire was used for this purpose. Based on theoretical knowledge, a questionnaire of its own design was compiled for the nurses' research group. It focused on the nurses' perception of a patient's dignity and also the value of his or her life during hospitalization in the intensive care unit. This information was quite difficult to determine, which is primarily due to the fact that it deals with topics and opinions which are philosophical, individual and perhaps even personal. The research found that the patients feel a problem only in certain areas that we had investigated in a standardized questionnaire. The patients' evaluation revealed that they do not feel most issues as too much of a problem. The nurses' research group found that the dignity of a patient and the value of his or her life mean something completely individual to each nurse. However, a large number of the nurses said that a patient's dignity is an important aspect, and the value of a patient's life in the intensive care unit is high or even priceless. This thesis could bring the nurses, who work in intensive care units, an incentive to think about the dignity of a patient, the high and untouchable value of his or her life and, last but not least, the individuality of each human being.

This study explores from the perspective of deaf persons, how the identity of deaf persons is shaped by their educational experiences. Previous studies on identity by Erickson (1984) and Leigh (2001) on deaf persons have located identity within either the medical model, as a discourse of assimilation, or within the reactive social model, as a discourse of human rights. It is argued that the ‘first wave of deaf identity politics’ (Wrigley, 1996) of the medical and social model binary are sites of oppression and resistance. This binary provides both an insufficient and a static explanation of deaf identity as a victim is increasingly at odds with the lives of deaf persons in a post-modern ontology. Subsequently, this study engages in exploring the post-modern driven ‘second wave of identity politics’ and proposes a bi-cultural Dialogue model that recognises and explores, through cross-cultural exploration, the complexity and fluid construction of a DeaF identity. Later, the contributions of Bat-Chava (2000); Glickman (1993) and Ohna (2006) towards deaf identity are discussed within the post-modern educational framework. This ethnographic study explores the identity development of nine deaf participants through their narratives. The inclusion of the researcher as a DeaF participant in this study provides an auto-ethnographic gateway into exploring the lives of deaf/Deaf/bi-bi DeaF persons. The themes of ‘significant moments’; ‘connections at home and school’ and ‘deaf identity development’ were investigated. This study investigated the educational experiences of both deaf learners who attended regular mainstream schools and also deaf learners who attended schools for the Deaf. The findings suggest that deaf identity is not a static concept, but a complex ongoing quest for belonging and acceptance of being deaf through ‘finding ones voice’ in a hearing dominant society. This study challenges educators, parents and researchers through using dialogue and narrative tools to broaden their understanding of deaf identity and the dignity associated with being a deaf person.

[pt] Tendo como fundamento a Constituição brasileira e como foco o direito fundamental, a responsabilidade, a teoria de sistema de regras e princípio, e como fato inegável a constante evolução do uso da Constituição, assim como o somatório de suas partes na tentativa de melhor explorar o campo jurídico, este trabalho terá como base sólida a nítida evolução humana. Entretanto, seria irresponsabilidade não citar que tais sistemas e suas conseqüências suscitam enormes questionamentos e controvérsias, mormente no âmbito judicial e do comportamento humano/ciências psíquicas e direito. De fato, tal evolução funcional envolve todas as culturas e suas pessoas, assim como a própria evolução mundial, facilitando o convívio humano dentro das normas que regem o contexto social, mas, ao mesmo tempo, tanto coibindo como exacerbando o individualismo. Conseqüentemente as pessoas vinculadas ou submetidas a essas normas podem sofrer alguma forma de dano que será compreendido e julgado de acordo com a interpretação das regras e princípios constitucionais, diante do fato em questão e das pessoas envolvidas. Neste ínterim, o presente estudo analisa, em linhas gerais, o efeito da evolução no uso da Constituição e tentativa de somatório da responsabilidade, das regras e princípios da Constituição e suas interpretações diante do comportamento humano no meio social e individual, a estruturação do direito nessas condições e o amparo jurídico para a situação descrita. / [en] On the basis of the Brazilian Constitution, and focusing on fundamental rights, on liability, on the rules and principles system theory, while considering the undeniable fact of the constant evolution of the use of the Constitution, as well as the sum of its parts in an attempt to better explore the legal field, this thesis will have as its solid base the clear human evolution. However, it would be neglectful not to mention that such systems and its consequences provoke serious issues and controversies, especially in the judicial sphere and in the fields of psycho-social behavior sciences and law. Indeed, such functional evolution involves all cultures and peoples, as well as world evolution itself, on the one hand facilitating human coexistence in accordance with norms that regulate the social context, but on the other hand, at the same time restraining and exacerbating individualism. Consequently, people bound or subject to said norms may suffer some kind of loss or damage that will be understood and judged according to the interpretation of the constitutional rules and principles, as applied to the fact at issue and the individuals involved. In this context, the present study analyzes, in general lines, the effect of the evolution in the use of the Constitution and the attempt to sum liability, rules and principles of the Constitution and its interpretations as applied to human behavior in the individual and social environments, as well as the structuring of law in these conditions and the legal support for the described situation.

O presente trabalho está baseado em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o racismo no Brasil e busca investigar, sob um olhar sociológico, as contradições entre o discurso jurídico, expresso, sobretudo, na legislação anti-racista e entre algumas práticas sociais brasileiras. Em um primeiro momento, o trabalho apresenta uma recuperação histórico-social do processo de fixação do racismo no pensamento intelectual e suas conseqüências sociais para a vivência do cotidiano brasileiro. Em um segundo momento, é feita uma compilação do tema do racismo na Constituição Brasileira e uma breve recuperação dos instrumentos legais e políticos complementares implementados em nome da dignidade humana e da igualdade dos indivíduos perante a lei. Partindo destes dois aspectos (histórico-social e jurídico-legislativo) o trabalho apresenta dois exemplos que revelam a persistência do racismo na sociedade brasileira: o preconceito dirigido ao negro nas rotinas de abordagem da Polícia Militar e os obstáculos à eqüidade no acesso à justiça. Desta forma, a despeito dos instrumentos normativos existentes, é possível reconhecer que o Brasil ainda apresenta muitos exemplos do enraizamento de valores e comportamentos discriminatórios no âmbito das práticas sociais, não obstante, os avanços mais contemporâneos da legislação no combate ao racismo na realidade brasileira. / This research is based on a literature review on racism in Brazil and aims to investigate, from a sociological perspective, the contradictions between the legal anti-racist discourse and some social practices. Firstly, the work presents a historical and social recovery of the process of fixation of racism in intellectual thought and its consequences to the experience of Brazilian daily life. In a second step, a compilation of the theme of racism in the Brazilian Constitution is made as well as a brief recovery of the legal instruments and complementary policies implemented in the name of human dignity and equality of individuals before the law. Considering these two aspects (historical-sociological and legal), the research presents two examples that reveal the persistence of racism in Brazilian society: the prejudice against black people in the routine approach of the Military Police and the barriers to equitable access to justice. Thus, despite the existing legal rules, we can recognize that Brazil still displays many examples in the context of social practices that bring about the historical roots of discriminatory behavior and values, nevertheless, to the most contemporary of legislation to combat racism in Brazilian reality.

A questão dos direitos humanos sempre teve como principal embasamento a noção de pessoa humana e sua dignidade. Corolário lógico dessa acepção é a formalização de tais direitos como previsões obrigatórias a todas as Constituições, de forma a garantir a limitação do poder do Estado e o pleno desenvolvimento da personalidade humana. Daí a noção de direitos fundamentais. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar a questão do direito fundamental à Previdência Social no Brasil sob o prisma de sua importância como direito humano, e consequentemente, direito fundamental, e à luz do princípio da proibição do retrocesso social. Suporta-se na necessidade de observância dos princípios humanistas para uma efetiva e eficiente proteção dos direitos sociais no Brasil, sem os quais se deflagra retrocesso social. Tem sua relevância baseada em uma temática constantemente atualizada, consequência das várias mudanças enfrentadas pelo sistema de proteção social no Brasil, em especial o previdenciário, atualmente conduzidas muitas vezes sem qualquer preocupação do princípio basilar da dignidade da pessoa humana. Este trabalho é iniciado com a verificação da definição de direitos humanos e as questões a eles correlatas, tais como sua convolação em direitos fundamentais e a possibilidade de restrição ou limitação dos mesmos. Em seguida, é abordada a temática da proteção dos direitos humanos a partir da concepção de retrocesso social e o momento de sua efetivação, a partir da identificação do aspecto nuclear do direito a ser protegido. Na sequência, o direito fundamental à previdência social é avaliado desde sua percepção até sua fundamentação, em cada uma de suas nuances, sob os preceitos da proibição do retrocesso social. Por fim, à luz de tudo o quanto foi apurado, passa-se a uma análise concreta das hipóteses em que houve ameaça ou efetivação de retrocesso social na previdência social brasileira, bem como a possibilidade de sua permissão em determinadas situações, sem que isso se configure prejuízo à justiça social e à dignidade humana. / The issue of human rights has always had as its main foundation the notion of the human person and his dignity. A logical corollary of this interpretation is the formalization of such rights as mandatory provisions in all Constitutions, as a way to insure the limitation of the power of the State and the full development of the human personality. Thence the notion of fundamental rights. The objective of the present study is to analyze the issue of fundamental rights to Social Security in Brazil under the angle of its relevance as a human right, and consequently, a fundamental right, and in the light of the principle of prohibition of a social regression. This is supported by the need to observe humanist principles for an effective and efficient protection of social rights in Brazil, which, if not present, a social regression is triggered. It has its relevance based on a theme that is being constantly updated, which is a consequence of several changes confronted by the system for social protection in Brazil, especially the social security segment, handled sometimes without any concern for the cardinal principle of dignity of the human person nowadays. This work begins with the verification of the definition of human rights and the issues correlated to it, such as its conversion to fundamental rights and the possibility for their restriction or limitation. Afterwards, it is addressed the thematic for the protection of human rights based on the conception of social regression and the moment it becomes effective, based on the identification of the core aspect of the right to be protected. In the sequence, the fundamental right to social security is evaluated from its perception to its institution, in each one of its nuances, under the precepts of the prohibition of social regression. Finally, in the light of everything that has been assessed, begins a concrete analysis of the hypotheses where there was a threat to or a materialization of social regression at the Brazilian social security, as well as the possibility to allow it in particular situations, without any damage to social justice and to human dignity.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os variados aspectos que envolvem o serviço de atendimento domiciliário odontológico, especialmente aqueles relacionados à humanização da relação profissional-paciente, ao respeito à dignidade humana quando do exercício da profissão que não em ambiente hospitalar e, ainda, os aspectos éticos relacionados a esse tipo de atividade. Ressalte-se que a presente análise não se limita a explicitar as características do serviço de atendimento domiciliário odontológico, mas dedica-se, ainda, a refletir acerca de questões bioéticas que surgem quando do exercício dessa atividade. E vai um pouco mais além, na medida em que enfoca essas questões sob a óptica do modelo personalista de bioética, que adota como ponto de partida de reflexão o ser humano enquanto pessoa única em corpo e espírito, um ser considerado na sua totalidade, pois ao mesmo tempo em que somos tão diferentes uns dos outros, somos iguais nos nossos desejos e anseios mais primitivos: viver e ser feliz. / The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze some of the aspects related to the odontological homecare program, specially those related to humanization of the relations between doctor and his patients, the respect to human dignity principle when dealing with a patient in non-hospital place, such as his home, and, also, the ethics aspects related to this kind of job. It is also important to mention that this whole analysis is also dedicated to study and reflect about some important bioethics issues related to the odontological homecare program, always having in mind that every Human Being is unique, as a body, a spirit, and as a person, as thought by personalist bioethics. At the same time we, all human beings, are so different from each other, but also so similar especially concerning our most primitive desires and hopes: To live and to be happy.

Na última década emergiu na academia brasileira um movimento doutrinário denominado Neoconstitucionalismo, que advoga a adoção de uma série de posturas interpretativas que conferem maior liberdade aos juízes ao decidirem os casos constitucionais no intuito de promover transformação social pelo Direito. A partir de uma reconstrução interpretativa do ideal político Estado de Direito, procura-se avaliar o impacto das teses defendidas pelo modelo decisório neoconstitucionalista, concluindo-se que nas sociedades democráticas contemporâneas, em que há profundos desacordos morais, a sua adoção é inadequada por implicar violações à dignidade humana. / In the last decade, a legal movement known as neoconstitutionalism has emerged in the Brazilian legal academy. It advocates the adoption of a series of interpretative attitudes which confer a wide margin of discretion to judges when deciding constitutional cases with the aim of achieving social transformation through law. Relying on a reconstructive interpretation of the Rule of Law political ideal, this work aims to assess the impacts of the thesis defended by the neoconstitutionalist adjudicative model. It concludes, at the end, that in contemporary democratic societies, where people deeply disagree on moral regards, the adoption of neoconstitucionalism is inadequate in virtue of the violations it infringes upon human dignity.

O presente trabalho objetiva contribuir para a concretização de um processo penal atento às novas perspectivas trazidas pelo movimento vitimológico, assegurando-se o devido respeito às vítimas de delito e a seus interesses, evitando-se a vitimização secundária. Para tanto, parte de uma análise da atual configuração do processo penal brasileiro, e com apoio em uma pesquisa da literatura jurídica existente, dos documentos internacionais e da legislação estrangeira acerca da matéria, propõe-se uma leitura processual mais conformada com a dignidade da pessoa da vítima, revisitando diversos institutos, lançando questionamentos e mesmo expondo algumas sugestões para modificações no ordenamento jurídico nacional. As proposições levadas a cabo neste trabalho buscam o resgate da dignidade das vítimas de delito e sua participação efetiva no processo, sem implicar um retrocesso no que concerne aos direitos e garantias já assegurados ao acusado. Percebe-se que a inserção da vítima como sujeito processual acaba por conferir um efeito humanizador ao processo penal, dando seguimento à humanização iniciada pelo iluminismo penal, em relação ao acusado. De tudo isso, resulta um processo penal mais evoluído, que tem por foco central o ser humano, e que se transforma em um instrumento de promoção da cidadania por ocasião da violação dos bens jurídicos mais caros à sociedade, tutelados pela norma penal. / This paper aims to contribute to the achievement of a criminal procedure aware of the new perspectives brought by victimologic movement, ensuring due respect for the victims of crime and their interests, avoiding secondary victimization. To this end, part of an analysis of the current configuration of the Brazilian criminal procedure, and support in a survey of the literature existing, international documents and foreign law on the subject, we propose a procedural reading conformed to the dignity of the victim, revisiting several institutes, casting questions and even exposing some suggestions for changes in national law. The propositions carried out this work, seek to rescue the dignity of victims of crime and them effective participation in the process, without implying a setback with respect to the rights and guarantees already provided to the accused. Realizes that the insertion of the victim as a subject gives a humanizing effect to the criminal procedural, following up the humanization initiated by the Enlightenment criminal, relative to the defendant. Thereof, results in a more advanced criminal procedure, which is the central focus of human being, and that becomes an instrument for the promotion of citizenship at the time of the violation of legal goods more expensive to society, protected by the criminal laws.

Thesis advisor: Ronald K. Tacelli / This dissertation aims to examine the notion of 'human dignity' in Kant by means of a conversation with three Kantian scholars. One cannot understand Kant's notion of human dignity without placing it in the context of his moral thought. For this reason we look in Chapter One at the philosopher Roger Sullivan. His major work Immanuel Kant's moral theory includes a highly detailed treatment of human dignity. I shall present an analysis of his understanding within the context of his methodology and his general approach to Kant's moral philosophy. We look in Chapter Two at Susan Shell and her 'Kant on Human Dignity.' In addition to this, we consider Shell's methodology and some of her work on the early Kant where we find the roots of Kant's conception of dignity. Chapter Three addresses Oliver Sensen and his novel interpretation of Kant's use of the term 'dignity.' Utilizing the tools of Analytical Philosophy, he enters into dialogue with Kantian interpreters, suggesting that their understanding of dignity in Kant harbours elements at odds with Kant's thought and that they thus fail to grasp the radical nature of Kant's notion. In the final and Fourth Chapter, I try to bring these scholars into a conversation with each other. First, I show the strengths of each position and then, using insights of Sullivan, Shell and Sensen, I venture to ask whether one could not develop the notion of a phenomenology of dignity. I also consider whether in both Shell's and Sensen's account there is not an implicit dynamic at work, which suggests the necessity of transcendence and the Good. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.