Introduktion: Den perioperativa sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll i den perioperativa miljön, där hon med rätt fingertoppskänsla ska förhålla sig empatisk och se patienten som en individ genom att bevara patientens värdighet, autonomi och integritet. Som blivande operationssjuksköterskor har vi blivit medvetna om att arbetet i den perioperativa vården bedrivs med hög produktion och kostnadseffektivt tänkande. Vi har därför intresserat oss för att undersöka hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskan bevarar patientens värdighet i den högteknologiska miljön. Syftet: Att få en ökad förståelse om hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskan bevarar värdigheten hos patienten i den perioperativa vården. Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv empirisk forskningsmetod. Öppna frågor ställdes enskilt till 14 frivilliga perioperativa sjuksköterskor vid tre olika sjukhus i Sverige. Resultat: Efter en kvalitativ innehållsanalys blev två kategorier synliga i resultatet: Perioperativa sjuksköterskans handlande för att bevara värdigheten för patienten och När patienten inte sätts i fokus. För de två kategorierna blev dessutom åtta subkategorier synliga.  Den perioperativa sjuksköterskans egenskaper och professionella förhållningssätt är av stor betydelse för att värdigheten ska bevaras i den perioperativa miljön. Genom att föra en dialog med patienten skapas trygghet och förtroende. Teamet arbetar för att vården ska bli värdig och patientsäker. Om en oetisk handling uppkommer är det av vikt att den perioperativa sjuksköterskan står upp för sin patient och vågar konfrontera. Konklusion: Via intervjuer i denna studie framkom hur den perioperativa sjuksköterskans handlande bevarar patientens värdighet i den perioperativa vården samt hur hon använder sitt professionella förhållningssätt då patienten inte sätts i fokus. / Introduction: The perioperative nurse has an important role in the perioperative environment, where she with the right sensitivity should act empathetic and see the patient as an individual by keeping the patient's dignity, autonomy and integrity. As future theatre nurses we have become aware of that the work in the perioperative care is conducted with high production and a cost effective way of thinking. Therefore, we found it interesting to investigate how the perioperative nurse keeps the patient's dignity in the high technology environment. Aim: To achieve an increased understanding of how the perioperative nurse keeps the dignity of the patient in the perioperative care. Method: A qualitative inductive empirical research method. Open questions were asked individually to 14 voluntary perioperative nurses at three different hospitals in Sweden. Results: After a qualitative analysis of the content, two categories became visible in the results: The act of the perioperative nurse to keep the dignity of the patient and When the focus is not on the patient. For the two categories, also eight subcategories became visible. The characteristics and professional way to act of the perioperative nurse are of great importance for keeping the dignity in the perioperative environment. By having a dialouge with the patient a sense of safety and confidence is created. The team work towards a dignified and secure care for the patient. If an unethical act occurs it is of great importance that the perioperative nurse stands up for the patient and dares to take the confrontation. Conclusion: Interviews in this study showed how the acts of the perioperative nurse keep the dignity of the patient in the perioperative care and how she uses her professional approach when the focus is not on the patient.

Bakgrund: Idag lever äldre iranier med sin kultur- och tradition bakom sig i det svenska samhället. De blir oftast beroende av vårdpersonalen på grund av nedsatt kroppsfunktion. Bemötandet bör ses som något centralt i strävan mot att ge en god vård för att höja livskvaliteten. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva hur äldre iranier upplevde att flytta ett iranskt särskilt boende och vårdpersonalens bemötande. Metod: Denna studie är en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerad samt öppna frågor mellan två kvinnor och två män med iranskbakgrund mellan 78 och 92 år i ett persiskt äldreboende. Resultat: I analysen framkom olika positivt och negativt faktorer som påverkar deltagarnas välbefinnande. Under analysen framkom " Upplevelse av värdigt bemötand och kräkningar" som huvudteman. Det skapades två teman; upplevelse av att flytta till det iranska äldreboendet och upplevelse av personalens bemötande. Under varje tema framkom också några subteman. Diskussion: Det var en stor omställning för deltagarna att lämna Iran, ha svenska språksvårighet, vara utanförskap, åldras, bli sjuka, vara inaktiva, beroende och sedan blev tvungna att flytta till ett särskilt boende. Upplevelse av sorg över att bli ensamma och isolerade, och behov av att känna sig trygga illustrerades. God miljö saknades inte men deras behov av bli respekterad och ha samtal med persisktalande personaler var stort. Slutsats: Det var inte essentiellt att vårdpersonalen var persisktalande. En del av persisktalande vårdpersonal behöver olika utbildningar för att kunna se boende iraniers helhet. Bemötande är någonting som vårdpersonal via kroppsspråket och beteende visar och den äldre personen förstår. / Background: Today, living elderly Iranians with their culture and tradition in the Swedish community. They often become dependent on caregivers because of impaired body function. The response should be seen as central in the quest to provide good health care to improve of life. Aim: The aim is to describe how older Iranians experienced about to move an Iranian especially nursing homes and health care staff encounter/attitude. Method: This study is qualitative study using semi-structured and open questions between two women and two men with Iranians background between 78 and 92 years old in a Persian nursing home. Results: The analysis revealed various positive and negative factors affecting the participants the health. During the analysis revealed "Experience the dignity treatment and vomiting" as the main theme. It was created two themes: The experience of moving to housing for the Iranian elderly and experience of the health care encounter. In each theme was also found in some sub-themes. Discussion: There was a big factor for participants to leave Iran, have Swedish language difficulty, be exclusion, aging, getting sick, being inactive, dependent and then had to move to a particular nursing home. Experience of sadness about becoming feeling isolated and lonely, and ness to feel safe illustrated. Good environment were not lacking, but their need to be respected and to have conversations with Persian speaking of nursing staff were great/big. Conclusion: It was not essential that health nursing staff were Persian speaking. Some of Persians peaking health professionals need different training to be able to see the residents Iranians whole. Treatment is something that a healthcare professional through the body language and behavior shows and the older person understands.

Bakgrund: Åldrandet är en process som berör hela människan som inkluderar både kropp, själ, psyke, och det sociala sammanhanget där det är viktigt att värna om den äldres autonomi samt hens värdighet. Inom vården har sjuksköterskan det största ansvaret för att kunna identifiera individens omvårdnadsbehov. Ett gott bemötande och en öppen kommunikation är nödvändigt för att förstå individens behov och därmed kunna bidra till att främja individens hälsa. Syfte: Beskriva patienters upplevelser av bemötande inom sjukvården. En litteraturöversikt rörande åldrarna 65 och äldre i Sverige. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baseras på 12 vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar från databaserna Cinahl och MedLine samt en manuell sökning. Sökorden var dignity (värdighet), autonomy (autonomi), elderly (äldre), nursing (omvårdnad), patients (patient) perspective (perspektiv), older patient (äldre patienter), experiences (erfarenheter), health care (hälsovård), home nursing (hemsjukvård), emergency department (akutmottagning). Resultat: Litteraturöversikten påvisade att det rådde brister i bemötande av äldre patienter oavsett vårdform. När vårdpersonalen uppträdde på ett paternalistiskt sätt hotades den äldres självbestämmande och värdighet. Detta gav sig uttryck när personalen förutsatte vad som är bäst för patienten utan att samråda med hen. Situationer där personalen var stressade och uppträdde oengagerad resulterade i brister gällande kommunikation vilket orsakade att den äldre upplevde otrygghet, minskad delaktighet och misstro till vården. Diskussion: Resultatdiskussionen berör begrepp som värdighet, autonomi och integritet som hade stor betydelse för den äldre patientens upplevelse av bemötande. Dessa begrepp diskuteras gentemot den teoretiska utgångspunkten gällande vårdande kommunikation av Belinda Dewar (2011). / Background: Aging is a process that affects all aspects of the individual, his/her physical health, mental health, soul and social health and it is important to protect the individual’s autonomy as well as his/her dignity. In the context of healthcare it is the nurse who has the biggest responsibility to identify the individual needs of a patient. A professional treatment and open communication is crucial for understanding the needs of the individual and promote the individual´s health. Aim: The aim was to describe experiences of encounters within the health care system. A literature review regarding ages 65 and older in Sweden. Method: This literature review is based on findings in 12 scientific articles, which are found in Cinahl and MedLine databases as well as through a manual search. Keywords during the search were dignity, autonomy, elderly, older, nursing, patients, perspective, experiences, health care, home nursing, emergency department. Results: The study shows that there is room for improvement in treatment of elderly patients, regardless of care setting. When the caregivers behaved in a patronizing way they threatened the patient’s self-determination and dignity. This was particularly clear when the staff presuppose what is best for the patient without consulting him/her. Stressed and unengaged staff members showed a lack of communication towards the patient, which resulted in a feeling of unsafety, loss of participation and increased distrust of the health care system. Discussion: In the discussion terms such as dignity, autonomy and integrity had a high degree of importance for the elderly patient. These terms are explained and discussed towards Researcher Belinda Dewar’s (2011) model for the caring conversation, which was the theoretical framework supporting this literature reviews´ discussion.

Débat social et juridique, la condition pénale de l’enfant à naître s’est, dans un premier temps, cristallisée autour de la question de l’interruption volontaire de grossesse. Cette question a ensuite trouvé un prolongement dans la jurisprudence criminelle relative à l’atteinte involontaire à la vie d'un enfant à naître. La situation pénale de l’enfant avant sa naissance est caractérisée par une absence de reconnaissance de sa qualité de victime. Les interrogations relatives à la condition juridique de l’enfant conçu ont également été renouvelées par les différentes lois bioéthiques et le sort réservé aux embryons surnuméraires. L’indétermination du statut juridique de l’enfant avant sa naissance trouve des éléments de réponse dans la confusion notionnelle qui règne autour de la notion de personne. Parallèlement, une analyse erronée des législations qui autorisent les atteintes portées à la vie embryonnaire sclérose sa situation juridique. La condition pénale de l’enfant avant sa naissance doit évoluer vers une reconnaissance de sa personnalité humaine. Les notions consubstantielles de personne humaine et de dignité sont les outils notionnels au service de la reconnaissance pénale de l’être avant sa naissance. Cette protection pénale de la vie anténatale doit s’organiser parallèlement à la protection pénale de la liberté procréative de la femme. / Social and legal debate, the criminal condition of the unborn child has first centered around the issue of termination of pregnancy. This issue has then found an extension in criminal case-law concerning the involuntary infringement on the life of the unborn child. The criminal situation of the child before his/her birth is characterized by a lack of identification of its status as a victim. The questions about the legal status of the conceived child have also been renewed by the various laws on bioethics and the fate of surplus embryos. Some answers about the indeterminate character of the legal status of the child before his/her birth can be found in the notional confusion which surrounds the notion of person. At the same time, an erroneous analysis of the legislations which allow attempting to damage the embryo’s life block the evolution of its legal status. The criminal condition of the unborn child must tend towards a recognition of his/her human personality. The consubstantial notions of human being and dignity will be the notional tools helping to acknowledge the criminal status of the person before his/her birth. This criminal protection of the pre-birth life must be concomitantly organized with the criminal protection of the liberty of a woman to conceive a child.

Lorsqu'une infraction est comme, la recherche de son auteur est non seulement une question factuelle mais aussi une question juridique centrale dans la procédure pénale. dans une société démocratique, l'appréhension de l'auteur de l'infraction exige la preuve de sa participation aux faits.la police judiciaire a pour mission de constater les infractions pénales et de procéder aux investigations nécessaires à la manifestation de la vérité. en d'autres termes, elle doit rapporter la preuve de la commission de l'infraction et de son imputation à une ou plusieurs personnes déterminées. / Criminal proceedings must meet two requirements:- Ensure investigating authorities broad and powerful means of investigation.- Protect individuals from the danger of arbitrariness with their freedom and unfounded conviction.Those two requirements are faced with great acuity in special proceedings right. Now the principle of proportionality between the seriousness of the offense and the procedure is applied.The offenses related to a crime considered as serious (as organized criminality) are subjected to a special procedure facilitating the taking of evidence and decreasing the individual freedom protection.The following research attempts to identify explicit and implicit criteria of this principle of proportionality in criminal proceedings throughout the regime of the taking of evidence by judicial police.

La notion de risque social est immédiatement associée au droit de la sécurité sociale. Pourtant, cette notion est apparue dans un tout autre contexte, celui de la souveraineté de l’Etat. A la fin du XIXème siècle, la théorie de la souveraineté de l’Etat avait pour corollaire son irresponsabilité lorsqu’il exerçait ses trois prérogatives régaliennes, celle de rendre la justice, celle d’assurer la sécurité intérieure, celle d’assurer la sécurité extérieure. Par un parallélisme des formes parfait, la notion de risque social a été inventée en 1895 par les parlementaires pour permettre l’indemnisation des victimes d’erreurs judiciaires, puis en 1970, pour les victimes de détentions provisoires injustifiées, c'est à dire lorsque l’Etat exerçait sa première prérogative régalienne, celle de rendre la justice. En 1914, la notion de risque social est insérée dans un dispositif législatif qui prévoit que l’Etat est responsable d’indemniser les victimes d’émeutes, et en 1977, pour les victimes d’infractions, reconnaissant ainsi la responsabilité de l’Etat dans l’exercice de sa deuxième prérogative régalienne, celle d’assurer la sécurité intérieure. Enfin en 2004 et en 2007, la Cour de cassation est venu reconnaître qu’en vertu du risque social, l’Etat doit sa protection à ses nationaux qui se trouvent à l’étranger, reconnaissant ainsi la responsabilité de l’Etat dans le cadre de sa troisième et dernière prérogative, celle d’assurer la sécurité extérieure. Mais surtout, la reconnaissance de la responsabilité de l’Etat s’est opérée parce que le risque social vise à protéger la dignité de la victime ; celle de la victime d’une erreur judiciaire ou d’une détention provisoire injustifiée et celle de la victime d’une émeute ou d’une infraction. / The notion of social risk is traditionally presented being at the core of the French social security system, based on social insurances. However this study shows that the notion was invented in a totally different context: the sovereignty of the State. At the end of the XIXth century, the State could not be held liable for wrongful convictions and for not ensuring the security of citizens. However, Parliament enacted four laws recognizing the State’s liability in case of wrongful convictions, wrongful custody, in case of damages ensuing riots or criminal acts. In each case, the notion of social risk was set forth to recognize State’s liability towards an individual who had suffered in its dignity. The notion of social risk cannot be fully understood without the concept of the victim’s dignity.

[pt] As crianças e adolescentes são objeto de constante preocupação por parte de grande parte dos governantes. Dada à condição de hipossuficiência, instrumentos internacionais foram e são criados visando uma proteção cada vez maior a esta parcela da população. Após a Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança, a doutrina da proteção integral da criança tornou-se mais forte em diversos Estados, dentre eles o Brasil. Vários direitos foram estabelecidos ao longo dos anos tais como educação, não discriminação e proteção contra qualquer tipo de exploração. O direito à educação, ou melhor, a luta por sua efetivação ganhou dimensão internacional através do projeto Educação Para Todos e das metas estabelecidas em Jomtiem e Dacar. A Constituição Federal de 1988 traz como fundamento do Estado Brasileiro a dignidade humana e como objetivos fundamentais a construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária, a erradicação da pobreza e da marginalização, bem como a redução das desigualdades sociais. Prevê, ainda, a proteção à criança e ao adolescente por parte da família, da sociedade e do Estado. Além de dispor que a educação é um dever do Estado e da família, coloca as crianças e adolescentes a salvo de toda forma de negligência e discriminação. O Brasil se compromete em assegurar o direito à educação dos jovens não apenas devido a dispositivos constitucionais, mas também por fazer parte de programas internacionais e ser signatário de Declarações de Direitos. Tal empenho em tornar efetivo o direito à educação pode ser entendido quando se reconstrói seu significado historicamente. Mais do que isso, a educação pode ser vista como meio de crescimento da capacidade física e intelectual e deve ser entendida como instrumento de libertação do homem. Uma liberdade que se relaciona com a própria dignidade humana. Contudo, ao analisar dados estatísticos fornecidos pelo IBGE, UNICEF, UNESCO, Inep e pela Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico vê-se que há um distanciamento entre a legislação e a realidade. As crianças e adolescentes, como parte integrante da sociedade, possuem o direito de uma existência digna onde devem ser respeitadas como pessoas únicas e insubstituíveis o que, no entanto, somente ocorrerá se houver respeito ao dever social da educação. Verificar se há respeito efetivo à dignidade dessa parcela da sociedade só é possível através da compreensão do que é educação e como esta se relaciona com o princípio da dignidade humana bem como através da análise, nos planos teórico e prático, do direito à educação no Brasil. É o que este trabalho se propõe a fazer. / [en] Children and teenagers are the object of constant concern the majority of governments. Given the condition of lack of sufficiency, international instruments have been created in order to increase protection for this portion of the population. After the Convention on Children Rights, the doctrine of full child protection has become stronger in several countries, including Brazil. Several rights have been established over the years such as education, non-discrimination and protection against any kind of exploitation. The right to education, or rather, the fight for its effectiveness has earned international dimension through the project Educação Para Todos (Education For All) and thought the goals established in Jomtiem and in Dakar. The Federal Constitution of 1988 state as the basis of the Brazilian State the human dignity and as its fundamental goals the building of a fair and caring free society, the eradication of poverty and marginalization, as well the reduction of social inequalities. It provides, in addition, the protection of children and adolescents by the family, society and the State. Besides stating that education is a duty of the State and the family, it puts children and adolescents safe from all forms of negligence and discrimination. Brazil is committed to ensure the right to education of young people not only because of the constitutional devices, but also for being a part of international programs and to be signatory Declarations of Rights. This commitment to make effective the right to education can be understood when it reconstructs its historical significance. More than this, education can be seen as a means of growth of the intellectual and physical capacity and should be understood as an instrument of men liberation; a freedom that relates to the very human dignity. However, when considering the statistics provided by the IBGE, UNICEF, UNESCO, Inep and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development it is possible to identify that there is a gap between the laws and the reality. Children and adolescents, as an essential part of society, have the right to a worthy existence where people should be respected as unique and irreplaceable which, however, only takes place if there is the social duty of education. Verify if there are effective respect to the dignity of that part of society is only possible through the understanding of what education means and how it relates to the principle of human dignity. This analysis through both theoretical and practical plans, of the right to education in Brazil is what this study proposes to do.

The future of our world will largely be determined by our willingness and ability to address practices and beliefs that threaten human dignity, promote violence, and impoverish communities. This dissertation develops an African humanist theology as a basis for concrete engagement with social problems (dehumanization, violence, and poverty) by drawing from Kenneth Kaunda’s concept of Christian humanism. Relying on writings by Kenneth Kaunda housed at Boston University library (books, pamphlets, and unpublished speeches), this dissertation argues that his concept of Christian humanism is a valuable, multidimensional concept that, properly understood can serve as a critical resource for addressing the ethical challenges related to human dignity, nonviolence, and economic justice. This dissertation undertakes four main tasks. First, the dissertation’s critical examination of Christian humanism and African humanism exposes shared yet distinctive emphases on human dignity. Second, the dissertation studies Kaunda’s biography to explore the contextual influences on his life and the development of his thought. Kaunda was deeply influenced by his missionary parents and, later in life, by thinkers such as Mahatma Gandhi. Third, the dissertation analyzes the theoretical bases of Kaunda’s Christian humanism with regard to the main themes of human dignity, nonviolence, and economic egalitarianism. Fourth, the dissertation proposes an African Christian humanist approach embodying the ideas espoused by Kaunda as a framework for addressing the ethical challenges in Africa related to violence and poverty. This study concludes that African Christian humanism in the sense proposed should be an important component of social ethics.

A presente dissertação de mestrado profissional trata da seguinte temática: a natureza desumanizadora do trabalho nas organizações de produção e consumo, no contexto da sociedade industrializada e tecnológica. A investigação se dá por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica circunscrevendo o objeto de pesquisa por meio de um recorte de análise histórica e sociológica do conceito de trabalho inserido nas transformações históricosociais das revoluções industriais e de pensamento moderno de progresso presente nos setores de produção e consumo. Para tanto, as perguntas pelo desenvolvimento do trabalho na sociedade capitalista, os fatores que indicam a desumanização do trabalho dentro das organizações, a influência da sociedade sobre os modelos organizacionais e os modelos gerenciais que têm sido propostos no decorrer da história das organizações fornecem a delineação metodológica da pesquisa. Decorrente deste quadro intentou-se algumas conclusões, dentre as quais destacamos: a influência do protestantismo. A partir deste a religiosidade ganha um novo sentido da relação pessoal com Deus, e a vida do cristão é para ser vivida e experimentada no mundo. O trabalho é um dever, um serviço a Deus e aos homens e o ócio deve ser rejeitado. Por outro lado, justamente na Revolução Industrial que o trabalho vai se consolidar como fator de sofrimento. Há todo um desenvolvimento histórico que, por exemplo, tira o trabalhador do campo e o coloca na indústria. E é na indústria que ele conhece o sofrimento. O sofrimento atinge o trabalhador em sua integralidade, proveniente de vários aspectos da vida nas indústrias e organizações de produção capitalistas: O ambiente de trabalho, a rotina e a repetição, omissão dos sofrimentos no espaço de trabalho por parte das empresas. Com isso, concluiu-se que a dignidade do ser humano transcende o seu ambiente de trabalho, e a sua felicidade envolve a vida inteira. / This professional Masters dissertation deals with the following theme: dehumanizing nature of work in organizations of production and consumption in the context of industrialized society and technology. The research is done by means of literature delineating the research object through a clipping historical and sociological analysis of the concept of work inserted in the historical and social transformations of the industrial revolutions of modern thought and progress in those sectors of production and consumption . Therefore, the questions for the development of work in capitalist society, the factors that indicate the dehumanization of work within organizations, the influence of society on organizational models and management models that have been proposed throughout history organizations provide delineation methodological research. Due to this framework brought some conclusions, among which we highlight: the influence of Protestantism. From this religiosity gains a new sense of personal relationship with God, and the Christian life is to be lived and experienced in the world. The work is a duty, a service to God and to men and laziness must be rejected. On the other hand, precisely in the Industrial Revolution that the work will be consolidated as a factor of suffering. There is a whole historical development, for example, takes the field worker and puts in the industry. And the industry is that he knows the suffering. Suffering reaches the worker in its entirety, from various aspects of life in the industries and organizations of capitalist production: The work environment, routine and repetition, omission of suffering in the workspace for companies. Thus, it was concluded that the human dignity transcends your desktop, and your happiness involves a lifetime.

Nos dias de hoje, novos desafios surgem entre os valores da sociedade como um todo e as novas descobertas tecnológicas. As conquistas trazidas pelo desenvolvimento na área das ciências biológicas revigoram e produzem esperanças na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população, porém é fundamental se questionar quais são os limites para essa ação. As novas biotecnologias fomentaram um debate que envolve a Bioética e provocou o surgimento do Biodireito, tudo com o intuito de promover a proteção da vida e a dignidade humana. Diante dessa realidade, o presente trabalho inicia sua fundamentação com o tema Bioética, tratando a parte conceitual e histórica, seus princípios basilares e a relação com o Biodireito. Em seguida, por estar diretamente interligado à Bioética, parte-se para a dignidade humana como categoria teológica, bem como se vislumbra a importante relação entre Bioética e Teologia. Por fim, finaliza-se o estudo tratando-se a evolução do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, consagrado constitucionalmente e pela fé cristã, como limite bioético e jurídico frente às inovações científicas, enfatizando o conceito de dignidade, o surgimento dos direitos fundamentais e sua positivação na Constituição de 1988. / Nowadays, new challenges arise between the values of society as a whole and the new technological discoveries. The achievements brought about by development in the field of biological sciences invigorate and produce hope in improving the quality of life, but it is crucial to question what the limits of this action are. New biotechnologies fueled a debate that involves bioethics and sparked the emergence of Biolaw, all aiming to promote the protection of human life and dignity. Given this reality, this paper begins its reasoning with the theme Bioethics, regarding the conceptual and historical part, its basic principles and the relationship with Biolaw. Then, because it is directly connected to Bioethics, we proceed to human dignity as a theological category, as well as to seeing the important relationship between bioethics and theology. Finally, the study ends up discussing the evolution of the principle of human dignity, enshrined in the Constitution and the Christian faith, as the bioethical and legal limit in regard to scientific progress, emphasizing the concept of dignity, the emergence of fundamental rights and its positivization in the 1988 Constitution.