Zugl.: Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 2007

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-99).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Fredda Blanchard-Fields; Committee Member: Ann Bostrom; Committee Member: Christopher Hertzog; Committee Member: Jack Feldman; Committee Member: Paul Corballis

OBJECTIVE: The vast majority of physicians frequently faces ethical dilemmas and feels overwhelmed as a result. Those at Boston Medical Center are no exception. Various studies show more adept handling of ethical issues can improve the quality of care and patient safety by reducing moral distress of physicians and fostering better patient-physician relationship. The method of Preventive Ethics, which actively identifies recurrent themes and underlying systematic issues among ethics consultations, is more effective than the traditional, case-by-case approach in reducing the number of ethical conflicts. The purpose of this study is to identify common themes prompting ethics consultations and any hotspots among recurrent ethical dilemmas at Boston Medical Center by using the Armstrong Clinical Ethics Coding System. METHODS: A total of 32 ethics consultations handled by the BMC Ethics Committee between October 2010 and April 2013 were reviewed. Each consultation was coded using the Armstrong Clinical Ethics Coding System. The data was analyzed to identify the types of ethical dilemma that are most prevalent at BMC. The consultations involving the most frequently occurring issues were evaluated further to expose common themes among these cases and potential underlying systematic failures. RESULT: "Clinical Candidacy or Risk / Benefit Analysis" (6.25%), "Concern About Decision Maker Choices" (14.6%) and "Futility / Inappropriate or Nonbeneficial Treatment" (13.5%) were the most prevalent types of ethical issues at BMC. Not only are these three frequently occurring, they also have a very high tendency to occur simultaneously. Further analysis of consultations involving these three issues revealed that at BMC, there are frequent instances of conflict, in which family members serving as healthcare proxies disagreed with physicians in deciding the best interest of patients with severe ailments, ultimately precipitating ethics consultations. DISCUSSION: Comparison with similar retrospective studies previously carried out at other institutions suggests that consultation involving the issue of futility may be more frequently occurring at BMC, which might be coming from unique systematic problems. Several interventions such as improved policies or educational training in physician-family communication should be considered. CONCLUSION: According to the principles of Preventive Ethics, the issue of physician-healthcare proxy conflict regarding patient futility should be issue to be addressed at BMC. The Armstrong Clinical Ethics Coding System can serve as a much needed standard documentation format for ethics consultations, which would open up the possibility of more detailed future studies

[pt] O presente trabalho analisa a existência de dilema de política monetária em uma economia parcialmente dolarizada. Dolarização é o caso em que uma moeda externa qualquer desempenha as três funções clássicas da moeda: intermediária de trocas, reserva de valor e unidade de conta. Analisaremos economias parcialmente dolarizadas, isto é, apenas parte da economia usa a moeda externa na realização de transações. O principal resultado da dissertação é que haverá dilema de política monetária mesmo quando o grau de rigidez dos setores da economia é o mesmo. Esse resultado é interessante porque ele é oposto ao encontrado na literatura que avalia efeitos de bem-estar da política monetária em economias com assimetria setoriais. Concluímos que o resultado é gerado pela mudança na estrutura da economia que ocorre quando a economia é parcialmente dolarizada. A intuição para o resultado é que a autoridade monetária tem apenas um instrumento para atingir diferentes objetivos que não poderão ser simultaneamente alcançados em virtude da estrutura da economia. / [en] This study analyses if there is monetary policy dilemma in an economy with partial dolarization. Dolarization occurs when foreign money has the three classical functions of money: mean of trade, store of value and unity of account. We will study an economy with partial dolarization, i.e., only part of economy uses the foreign money on transactions. The main result is that there will be monetary policy dilemma even when the stickiness of prices is the same across the sectors of economy. This conclusion goes on the opposite direction of the literature that studies the welfare effects of monetary policy in economies with asymmetric sectors. We conclude that the result is caused by the change of economy s structure that occurs when the economy has partial dolarization. The intuition is that monetary authority has only one instrument for achieving different objectives that will not be reached because of economy s structure.

Thesis entitled "Dilemmas in Social Work with Job Seekers" deals with ethical dilemmas reflection of labour office employees with clients. In the text we encounter issues, which connect the practical implementation of the profession of labour office workers working with ethics. The thesis contains the terminology associated with the topic, defines the personality of the worker and his relationship with the client. It shows also list of clients with whom the workers meet and what dilemmas of these meetings may arise. The content of the work also deals with the basic concepts of professional ethics. Further, there are various forms of dilemmas defined in relation to working with clients. The thesis summarizes three specific ethical theories applicable to the issue of labour offices. Significant part is devoted to specific dilemmas with which workers encounter during their job with unemployed clients. Dilemmas are presented in the conclusion, in relation to the previous text supplemented by means of practical examples dealing with clients. It indicates possible reflection of the problem and behavior on the part of the worker. At the end of text there is presented a set of dilemmas that can bring negotiations with unemployed clients. The usability of this work is in the field of education in subjects related to ethical dilemmas and its solutions. It is also possible to extend the text for a doctoral thesis in the topic of dilemmas of employees from a specific department in comparison with other departments.

This work paies that, dilemmas of the work a client and problems of social workers. Through studies available resources and fulfilment qualitative research has been that social workers must most often decide under the pressure of circumstances and importance of the situation; must prioritize either the quality of services or the number of clients; must be able to select the correct variant in the event of intervention or non-intervention in a client{\crq}s situation; know how much help they can give so that they do not control the client; and be able to manage moral conflicts. Social workers most often rely on their knowledge and experience, professional judgment and conscientiousness. . It is also important that a social worker can confide in a senior worker and have an opportunity to discuss with them all required matters. Gained experience provides workers with a dispassionate point of view for decision-making.

Patienter som drabbas av cancer behandlas ofta med cytostatika, vilket kan ge biverkningar som påverkar patientens livskvalitet negativt. Sjuksköterskan har en nyckelroll när det gäller att observera och se förändringar av patientens allmäntillstånd. En god relation mellan patient, sjuksköterska och läkare är av största vikt för vårdens kvalitet.  Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att ge cytostatikabehandling till patienter i palliativt skede. Metoden som användes var en litteraturöversikt. Åtta artiklar har analyserats, varav två var kvantitativa. Resultatet sammanställdes till tre huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier. Sjuksköterskan ansåg att deras främsta uppgift var att ge en trygg och säker administrering av cytostatika. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan har en stor betydelse för att patienten ska känna sig trygg genom behandlingen. Kunskaper är viktiga och kan underlätta sjuksköterskans beslutsfattande gällande cytostatika. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar med att ge cytostatika till patienter i palliativt skede upplever ofta en påfrestning och stress i sitt arbete, samtidigt som de även känner en tillfredställelse av att hjälpa en utsatt människa.

O estudo de Teoria de Jogos tem se expandido para diversas áreas, tendo sua aplicação inicial na economia, hoje é utilizado na psicologia, na filosofia e tem um papel importantíssimo na biologia evolutiva. O seu sucesso está ligado ao fato de que os jogos têm o poder de prever interações usando conceitos simples como a cooperação e a competição. Dentre os jogos há o famoso de Dilema do Prisioneiro (PD), em que indivíduos completamente racionais devem optar entre cooperar ou trair (desertar) seu companheiro de jogo. A estratégia dominante e o equilíbrio de Nash, para o PD, é a deserção mútua visto que os indivíduos são sempre tentados a não cooperar. O dilema é que eles obteriam um ganho melhor se cooperassem mutuamente. Na vida real os indivíduos se encontram em várias situações nas quais eles devem optar entre ser egoístas ou altruístas e, frequentemente, acabam optando pelo altruísmo. Mesmo com a previsão da deserção na teoria clássica dos jogos, em 1992 Nowak e May (NOWAK; MAY, 1992) mostraram que cooperação é mantida em jogos com interação espacial e evolutivos A partir dessa descoberta, estudos de jogos em diversos tipos de rede foram propostos, entre eles as redes diluídas (que possuem sítios vacantes). Nesse tipo de rede foi observado que certas densidades favorecem a cooperação, particularmente próximo ao limiar de percolação para regras de atualização estocásticas (com ruído). Porém a probabilidade de troca do Replicador, mesmo sendo estocástica, não se encaixa nesse padrão observado. Descobrimos que esse comportamento anômalo está relacionado com estruturas formadas entre buracos e desertores que impedem alguns indivíduos de ter acesso ao ruído, assim a informação não flui livremente na rede. Consequentemente o sistema fica preso em um estado congelado, que pode ser quebrado com algum tipo de perturbação. Também abordamos a relação entre o limiar de percolação por sítio e a cooperação de uma forma mais quantitativa do que já foi apresentada até então, acompanhamos o desenvolvimento da cooperação dentro dos clusters e mostramos como o limiar de percolação afeta as estruturas básicas da rede. / The study of Game Theory, having its initial application in economics, has expanded to several areas and is now used in psychology, philosophy and plays a major role in evolutionary biology. Its success is related to the fact that games have the power to predict and study interactions using simple concepts such as cooperation and competition. Among the games there is the famous Prisoner Dilemma (PD), where completely rational individuals have to choose between cooperating or betraying their game partner. The dominant strategy and the Nash equilibrium for PD is mutual desertion as individuals are always tempted to not cooperate. The dilemma is that they would get a higher payoff if they mutually cooperated. In real life, individuals find themselves in various situations where they must choose to be selfish or altruistic, and often they choose altruism. Even with the prediction of defection in classical game theory, in 1992, Nowak and May (NOWAK; MAY, 1992) showed that cooperation is maintained in evolutionary spatial games. With this discovery, the study of games on several types of networks was proposed, among them the diluted networks (which have vacant sites) In this type of lattice, it was observed that at certain densities cooperation is promoted, particularly close to the percolation threshold for stochastic updating rules. However, the exchange probability of the Replicator dynamics, despite being stochastic, does not obey this observed pattern. We found that this anomalous behavior is related to structures formed between holes and defectors that prevent some individuals from having access to noise, so information does not flow freely in the network. Consequently the system becomes trapped in a frozen state, but this state can be broken by perturbing the system. We also address the relationship between the percolation threshold and cooperation in a more quantitative way than has been presented lately, by following the development of cooperation within clusters and showing how the percolation threshold affects the basic structures of the lattice.