Separate essays on entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and trade comprise this thesis. The emergence of entrepreneurship is common in the real world but relatively less so in classical economic models. If industry incumbents are attributed with full rationality and perfect foresight, then there are few, if any, profitable opportunities left for new entrants (entrepreneurs) to exploit. This essay explains how entrepreneurs can emerge in a dynamic world when firms must choose between a technology strategy that is either statically or dynamically efficient. A model is developed which shows how such opportunities for new entry can occur when incumbents are caught in a Prisoners’ Dilemma game involving technology strategy. A relevance measure and policy implications are then explored. Joint ventures, especially of the R&D type, are becoming increasingly important as a way to gain needed technological and market competencies. Unfortunately, many joint ventures have the characteristics of a Prisoners’ Dilemma. Firms may cooperate or defect in the venture. If contracts, side-payments, and third-party verification of the venture outcome are unavailable, then the dominant solution to the Prisoners’ Dilemma (mutual defection) results. This paper proposes the use of an ex-ante auction to obtain a Pareto-improvement for these ventures. A Pareto-improvement is assured when non-transferable costs and benefits of firms are not conditional on joint venture strategies. When this condition is not met restrictions are required to obtain the Pareto-improvement. The problem of trade between countries that share an international open access resource is becoming significant as the world reaches the limits of critical shared resource stocks. It is modelled as a world with one primary factor, two intermediate goods, one final good (harvested from the open access resource), and two nations where it is assumed that either the trading takes place over one stage (nations are price-takers), or two stages (nations have market power). Imperfect competition and open access generated externalities affect the trading efficiency. To maximize world welfare this essay recommends subsidizing R&D where comparative advantage exists, and creating international agreements to ensure the one-stage game structure is used when trading. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to counterargue Simon Dalby’s claim that the national security perspective should be replaced by a global security perspective. Dalby argues that the national security is inappropriate to capture the current issues regarding the environmental security. To counterargue Dalby’s claim, I represent the national security perspective by using the perspective of states’ energy security, and compare current trends and issues regarding states’ energy security and the environmental security. This is done to argue that states can either chose to enhance their own energy security or the environmental security. Prisoners' Dilemma is then used as a theoretical framework on an explanatory example to provide insights about a dilemma, called the Energy- Environment Dilemma in this thesis, that curbs states’ ability to commit themselves to the cause of protecting the environmental security. The explanatory example used is the strategic importance of the Northwest passage for the U.S. and Canada. The results of this thesis suggests that the national security perspective, in combination with Prisoners’ Dilemma, is useful to provide insights about the Energy-Environmental Dilemma. Replacing it with a global security perspective would be to ignore a perspective which can provide insights about a challenge for states to commit to the cause of protecting the environmental security.

Background: A patient always has the right to refuse treatment due to various reasons, which can cause a number of different emotions. The nurse has a responsibility, function, and care science concepts to take into account such as responsibility and power. It's important that the nurse listen to the patient to understand the patient's reason for refusing treatment. Aim: The purpose is to describe nurses’ experiences of meeting patients who refuse treatment. Method: A literature-based study was conducted through a qualitative approach. Systematic searches were performed in the databases Cinahl and PubMed. Both general and specialist nurses were included. The study was based on seven qualitative articles. The analysis resulted in three themes and eight subthemes. Results: An internal conflict as a feeling was identified among nurses. The nurses had some tools to overcome the internal conflict but they felt lack of tools related to the situation not being discussed during their training. The nurses tried to increase the patient's competence about their choices. The asymmetric care relationship, on the other hand, became obvious in the form of the exercise of power and persuasion. Conclusion: Caring for a patient who refuses treatment is a complex situation for the nurse. The feelings the nurses expressed created a clear common pattern. By talking more about the internal conflict, a guide can be created in how the nurses’ feelings should be handled when a patient refuses treatment. / Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta patienter som avstår behandling. Som patient finns en rättighet över ett självbestämmande vilket kan innefatta att avstå behandling. Orsaken till att avstå behandling kan grunda sig i kognitiv nedsättning som depression, religionstillhörighet eller ett aktivt val. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor upplevde en inre konflikt när en patient avstår behandling, vilket var påfrestande. För att övervinna den inre konflikten hade sjuksköterskor olika strategier. Ett antal sjuksköterskor beskrev däremot att de inte hade en strategi, vilket de härledde till att situationen inte diskuterades under deras utbildning. För att vägleda patienten i sitt val försökte sjuksköterskorna öka patientens förståelse av sitt val, lyssna på dem och verkligen försäkra sig om att de hade förstått innebörden av att avstå behandling. I vissa fall när sjuksköterskan hade försökt lyssna på patienten och försökt öka patientens förståelse gick sjuksköterskan över till att försöka övertala patienten till vad som var enligt deras normer “rätt’’ val. Sjuksköterskorna visade sig överträda patientens självbestämmande och handla utifrån sina egna normer, utöva makt och således främja en asymmetrisk vårdrelation. Slutsatsen blev att en situation där en patient avstår behandling är en komplex situation för sjuksköterskan. Känslorna och upplevelserna skapade ett tydligt gemensamt mönster, genom att tala mer om den inre konflikten kan en vägledning skapas i hur sjuksköterskans känslor ska hanteras när en patient avstår behandling. Sjuksköterskan har sitt ansvar och sin funktion att sträva efter med grund i lagar och styrdokument. Samtidigt som sjuksköterskan har sitt ansvar och funktion har även patienten sin rätt till självbestämmande. Det är av vikt att sjuksköterskan respekterar patientens självbestämmande med hänsyn till den asymmetriska vårdrelationen. Sjuksköterskan ska ha sitt ansvar och sin makt i beaktning samtidigt som sjuksköterskan ska respektera patientens värdighet. För att kunna respektera patientens värdighet och självbestämmande är det av vikt att sjuksköterskan lyssnar på patienten för att verkligen förstå patientens vilja.

The founding premise of this paper is simple; that urban density has positive externalities and that these are unaccounted for in the developers’ density choice. This paper looks at the incentive structure of individual developers though a theoretical perspective and shows that the density choice is a suboptimal product of a prisoner’s dilemma game. Two mechanisms are proposed to achieve the optimal level of density. The first is an Inverse Density Tax which fixes the incentive structure at the agent level by internalizing the positive externalities of density. The second is the Supply Buffer which solves the regulation problem. The disconnect between what is good for a city and what policies are actually practiced by planners is addressed by suggesting a new approach to urbanism called the Surplus Cities approach which suggests a more positive approach to urbanism instead of the multitude of normative approaches that encompass the existing urban planning profession. The significance of the model in the paper is that it shows that the optimum density a developer should build is not the commonly accepted quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, but greater due to positive externalities of density. In addition this paper presents the tools to a) achieve the optimal level of density and b) introduce a separation of powers in municipal government between planning the city and controlling real estate supply which restrains the growth of cities; as has been a prominent subject of contemporary urban economics discourse.

Inledning Studien är en undersökning av hur förskollärare kan upptäcka språkstörningar hos flerspråkiga barn. Detta även om förskollärarna inte talar de olika modersmål som barnen talar. Studien behandlar även förskollärares arbetssätt med och upptäckten av språkstörningar hos flerspråkiga barn. Syfte Syftet med studien är att erhålla kunskap om förskollärares erfarenheter om arbetet med och upptäckten av språkstörningar hos flerspråkiga barn i förskolan. Ytterligare områden som belyses är de olika arbetssätt som kan tillföras arbetet med språkstörningar och vilka dilemman som kan uppstå i upptäckandet av språkstörningar. Metod En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts som metod för insamling av data. I undersökningen deltog fem förskollärare från fyra förskolor i samma kommun. Samtliga intervjuer skedde digitalt via Zoom. Resultat Studiens resultat kunde delas in i två rubriker; den ena är upptäckandet av språkstörning hos flerspråkiga barn och den andra är arbetssätt. Under upptäckandet av språkstörning beskriver förskollärarna att det kan vara problematiskt att upptäcka språkstörningar hos flerspråkiga barn. Uttal, tystnad och stamning är svårigheter som förskollärarna talar om hos barnen. Förskollärare menar även att hjälp av modersmålsstödjare är en viktig del i upptäckandet av språkstörningar hos flerspråkiga barn. Under arbetssätt visas olika metoder förskollärare använder i upptäckandet. Bland annat beskrivs TRAS, AKK och användandet av modersmålsstödjare i utbildningen. I resultatet framkommer även att samverkan med hemmet har en avgörande roll för den hjälp barn kan behöva och att denna relation kan vara komplex

Abstract Background: The use of coercion is an essential part of psychiatry despite occurrence of harm to patients and psychiatric staff. Contrasting to a global trend to reduce coercion, the number of coercive admissions and coercive treatment in Swedish psychiatry remains stable. Previous research identified frontline-workers to be especially likely to experience ethical dilemmas in their work with coerced patients. The literature identified for this study explored links between ethical judgement and the use of coercion. Research indicates that ethical dilemmas can lead to moral distress, inconsistency in practice and overuse of coercion. The literature identified for this study indicates that eEthical reasoning deliberations in contrast can mitigate moral distress can improve both the well-being and job satisfaction of psychiatric staff as well asand can  to decrease the usage of coercion without detrimental effects to frequency of violence or  treatment outcome. Research question: Which underlying conditions, context, values, power differences and ethical frameworks are involved in the experience of an ethical dilemma in psychiatric care for coerced patients? Data collection and analysis: Therefore, the current study seeks to identify ethical dilemmas as experienced by frontline workers to investigate situations and conditions that cause ethical dilemmas and analyze ethical reasoning. Seven interviews with frontline-workers (nurses, caretakers) from two different institutions were conducted. andData analyzedanalysis utilizedsing discourse analysis, following suggestions from Siegfried Jägers dispositive analysis that is based on Foucault’s discourse theory.  Results: Participants describe ethical dilemmas as a reoccurring phenomenon that is part of their daily work. The structural context from which they arise was described with naming impersonal and unchangeable factors such as legislation and hierarchy or a risk-avoidance paradigm. Diametrically dilemmas themselves were experienced within social interaction and characterised by personal values, emotions and empathy. The patient’s best, patient autonomy, patient autonomy, the responsibility to provide care to people in need were identified as main values. Descriptions of ethical dilemmas were shaped by ambiguity, but the justification of coercion was presented with a high degree of certainty. Discourses that were drawn upon were medical and philosophical discourse as well as inter-discourse. The critical interpretation of these findings on the background of previous research led to the identification of problematic aspects within psychiatry and consequently suggestions for improvement.suggestions Tof ethical deliberation as tool to detect, reflect upon and resolve ethical dilemmas with the aim to strengthen staff rights as well as patients’ rights, ethical reasoning methods should be taught and staff should get the possibility to discuss ethical dilemmas. Ethical deliberation should be aimed to improve psychiatric practice and patient rights. The responsibility of psychiatry for patients with capacity that are suicidal or aggressive must be debated. The psychiatrist role in assessment of dangerousness of patients must be debated on the background of an increasing trend towards risk avoidance. Patients’ possibility to appeal erroneous decisions about coercion must be strengthen, since the current system rarely leads to consequences despite a frequent erroneous decision. decrease coercion by abolishing arbitrariness of ethical reasoning. However, changes to dissolve sources of power differences would need changes of legislation and organization of psychiatry.

TITLE: The Moral Dimension of Marriage in Young Adults AUTHOR: Alena Pikhartová DEPARTMENT: Department of Psychology SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Miroslav Klusák, CSc. ABSTRACT: The presented thesis is based on a study of moral psychology and its methodological tradition, particularly on Gilligan's morality of care. The marriage has become a subject of this research. The main source of the empirical data are interviews about the Wedding dilemma and following interviews about this topic. The aim of the research is to mediate an insight into young adults' reasoning about moral dilemmatic situations, that deal with a wedding and setting up the family, and to uncover a moral dimension of the marriage. This study is a contribution to the theories of morality, to the discussion about the acceptance and the rejection of the marriage, and to the discussion about moral dimmension of the marriage. According to my findings (and by using my methodological procedures) it is possible to find a difference in reasoning between married and unmarried respondents. The moral dimension of the marriage is consisted in the possibility of hurting the others in the case, that partners don't concur in the question of the marriage. One or the other is pressed (in this case into the marriage), or must renounce his or her needs. An...

Before vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became available, a set of infection-prevention behaviors constituted the primary means to mitigate the virus spread. Our study aimed to identify important predictors of this set of behaviors. Whereas social and health psychological theories suggest a limited set of predictors, machine-learning analyses can identify correlates from a larger pool of candidate predictors. We used random forests to rank 115 candidate correlates of infection-prevention behavior in 56,072 participants across 28 countries, administered in March to May 2020. The machine-learning model predicted 52% of the variance in infection-prevention behavior in a separate test sample—exceeding the performance of psychological models of health behavior. Results indicated the two most important predictors related to individual-level injunctive norms. Illustrating how data-driven methods can complement theory, some of the most important predictors were not derived from theories of health behavior—and some theoretically derived predictors were relatively unimportant. / New York University Abu Dhabi / Revisión por pares

Prisoner's Dilemma is a game theory model used to describe altruistic behavior seen in various populations. This theoretical game is important in understanding why a seemingly selfish strategy does persist and spread throughout a population that is mixing homogeneously at random. For a population with structure determined by social interactions, Prisoner's Dilemma brings to light certain requirements for the altruistic strategy to become established. Monte Carlo simulations of Prisoner's Dilemma are carried out using both simulated social networks and a dataset of a real social network. In both scenarios we confirm the requirements for the persistence of altruism in a population.

Prisoner's Dilemma is a game theory model used to describe altruistic behavior seen in various populations. This theoretical game is important in understanding why a seemingly selfish strategy does persist and spread throughout a population that is mixing homogeneously at random. For a population with structure determined by social interactions, Prisoner's Dilemma brings to light certain requirements for the altruistic strategy to become established. Monte Carlo simulations of Prisoner's Dilemma are carried out using both simulated social networks and a dataset of a real social network. In both scenarios we confirm the requirements for the persistence of altruism in a population.