In the theoretical part, there I devote to the family itself, what are its functions, further I deal with a marriage and parenthood. In the next chapter I explain the divorce with minor children, causes of the divorce rate and the children´s reactions to the divorce. This is followed by a chapter on the social worker dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, his roles and competences, which dilemmas he encounters during his work. Last but not least I deal with the mutual and alternate care. What are prerequisites of the successful alternate care, its advantages and disadvantages. I chose a technique of a semi-structured interview for the qualitative research. There is a minimum of topics and questions that the interviewer must discuss. These basic topics and interviews then are attached by various other additional topics that the interviewer seemed to be meaningful or suitable to an extension of the original assignment. Data obtained through the interview I worked out using the coding. The research sample has been represented by the department of the children´s social and legal protection. This department belongs under the department of social affairs in municipalities with extended powers. Specifically, they were social workers of this department who I gained all the necessary information for the research from. The aim of this thesis was to describe the dilemmas of the social worker in the area of the social work in connection with the decision on the alternate care for the minor child. The research showed that there still prevails the number of children, who are placed by the court in the sole custody of mothers in the Czech Republic. It more often happens, that children´s fathers who were for the alternate care at the beginning, after a certain time revise their opinions and decide to leave the education of the children to their mothers. Regarding the dilemmas of the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, there are situations which occur more and more. These are especially situations when parents cannot agree on any rules on which the alternate care could run smoothly. In those above mentioned situations the child is placed in the sole custody to one of the parents. The everyday problem of the social workers is a large number of clients. The main reason for this is a growing number of divorces. To be able to cope with so many clients, all leads to the fact that the social workers are forced to reduce their time, energy, but also their attention which is to be paid to individual clients. Specifically in České Budějovice, the social workers from the department of the children´s social and legal protection lead only very few consultations with their clients directly in their office. It is especially due to the lack of their time, because they more often go to investigate a particular family on demand of the court. Many social workers meet the fact that the family wants to realize the alternate care, but for the reason of the non-cooperation of the both parents most of the alternate cares come to an end. As for the forms of the alternate care, most families realize a week alternate care. Mainly it is at the primary school-age children for the reason that the children are small and after a short time they miss the other parent. A 14-day alternate care is realized at the older children. They usually dislike their permanent moving from one parent to the other. A contribution of this thesis is to provide a topic for the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, to use it in their own practice in connection with the alternate care. Finally, the results can be used for an evaluation of the social workers´ approach to the families wishing to realize the alternate care.

Diploma thesis is focused on the issue of male homelessness in České Budějovice. In theoretical parts I described mostly general causes of homelessness and other specific problems associated with life of the homeless. I targeted the impediments in return to the common life, such as difficulties in searching the employment, health state of this population and also a barrier in communication with organizations and institutions, which would facilitate their return to the common life. In the next parts I described services available to the homeless persons to manage their difficult situation in living in the Czech Republic. In relation to the social services I described fundamental legislature relevant to rendition of these services. Statistical data from count homeless in Prague and Brno were marginally enclosed to the theoretical parts. In practical parts I concentrated on usage of alcohol and other habit forming substances by the homeless persons, and on their going through an execution of punishment in former times. Further I focused on the causes of their hard life situation. All information for this research I obtained from the clients, who use the services of sanctuary house of St. Pavel in České Budějovice.

In the last decade, Peru has experienced what is known as the urban dilemma: the country has grown economically and, in tandem with greater urbanization, urban violence has increased. The objective of this research is to study that dilemma through the identification of determinants of urban violence (thefts per 100,000 inhabitants). In addition to the other two variables of the urban dilemma (GDP per capita and population density), explanatory variables of economic inequalities and poverty are included alongside others linked to theories that explain violence.  Corrected statistics from the Peruvian Police (more reliable than those of the Public Ministry) are used, and a panel data model with regional data (2000-2012) is employed. The results confirm the existence of the urban dilemma. There is important evidence of a reduction in the costs of offending and of the influence of economic as well as social variables that explain violence. / En la última década, el Perú ha vivido lo que se conoce como el dilema urbano: ha crecido económicamente y, junto a una mayor urbanización, ha aumentado la violencia urbana. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar dicho dilema, mediante la identificación de los determinantes de la violencia urbana (robos por cada 100 mil habitantes). Además de las otras dos variables del dilema urbano (PBI per cápita y densidad poblacional), se incluyeron como explicativas a las desigualdades económicas, la pobreza, y otras variables ligadas a teorías que explican la violencia. Se usaron estadísticas corregidas de la Policía (más confiables que las del Ministerio Público) y se empleó un modelo de datos de panel con datos regionales (2000-2012). Los resultados confirman la existencia del dilema urbano. Hay evidencia importante sobre la reducción de los costos de delinquir y la influencia de variables económicas pero también sociales que explican la violencia.

This thesis examines how select participants came to be involved in DiY punk culture, what they do in it, and how, if they do, they exit from the culture. Underpinning this will be an ethnographic examination of how the ethics of punk informs their views of remaining authentic and what they consider to be a sell out and betrayal of these values. I illustrate how such ethics have evolved and how they inform the daily practice of two chosen DiY punk communities in Leeds and Bradford. I show how these communities reciprocally relate to each other. I ask such questions as what do the participants get out of what is often experienced as hard work and toil, particularly where it is fraught with a series of dilemmas bound up in politics, ethics, identity and integrity. I offer a grounded theory of how and what ways those involved in DiY punk authenticate themselves in their actions. This will demonstrate how and, more importantly, why DiY punks distinguish their ethical version of punk over and above what are taken as less favourable forms of punk. What happens if previous passionately held DiY beliefs are surrendered? Severe consequences follow should a participant sell out. I present an account of these and suggest that what they involve is not the clear-cut question that is sometimes assumed, either sincerely or selfrighteously.

Den här uppsatsen behandlar problematiken förknippad med givande och mottagande av utvecklingsbistånd. En negativ konsekvens som kan uppstå av utvecklingsbistånd är biståndsberoende. Med det menas oftast att mottagarna blir beroende av givarnas medel och därmed är de fast i en ond cirkel då de blir fortsatt beroende av en utomstående part. Jag kommer dock belysa att myntet har två sidor, även givarna blir beroende men i det här fallet av att ge bistånd. Att givarna blir biståndsberoende har att göra med att biståndet har utvecklats till en industri där många människor är beroende av dess fortlevnad för att säkra intressen och sin försörjning. De inbyggda faktorerna i utvecklingsbiståndet är mycket komplicerade och att vara givare eller mottagare innefattar så mycket mer än att ”bara” vara givare eller mottagare. Den här studien syftar till att förstå hur det kommer sig att länder söder om Sahara som låg i topplistan på biståndsmottagare för 30 år sedan än idag finns kvar på samma lista. Uppsatsen behandlar frågorna: Hur påverkas utvecklingsprocesserna i länderna söder om Sahara av utvecklingsbistånd? Kan utvecklingsbistånd leda till oanade och rent av negativa konsekvenser och vilka är då dessa? Och vidare, vad har givarna för intresse av att ge bistånd?

In the last year more and more measles cases have been reported in Rinkeby-Kista due to the fact that it is one of the few areas in Sweden with low vaccination coverage. As a consequence, political parties have proposed a vaccination requirement for preschool to protect vulnerable children who, for various medical reasons, can not vaccinate. This study illustrates how preschool leaders at independent and municipal preschools in the district of Rinkeby-Kista in Stockholm address the politicians’ bill on a possible vaccination requirement for preschool. Furthermore, the study illustrates how these preschool leaders handle the question of vaccination as an intercultural dilemma at preschool. The purpose is investigated using qualitative interviews where four preschool leaders are interviewed and the results are analyzed from an intercultural perspective. The result of the study shows that the preschool leaders would feel safe with some type of control of the children who are not vaccinated when they are part of a collective at preschool. But at the same time, there is a fear that it could lead to a categorization of children in society. The majority of preschool leaders did not consider it their task to handle the vaccination question at preschool and referred to BVC and current laws when different interests were posed against each other. It was only one preschool leader who participated in handling the vaccination question at preschool and was interested in intercultural meetings with the parents to conduct a dialogue together.

This master thesis is a case study on the remittance corridor between South Africa and Zimbabwe. The purpose of the study was to explore and evaluate the dilemmas the remittances senders face in the migration process and how they are dealt with. This was further investigated in the connection to what possibilities the remittances sender have in the host country to increase both the own, as well as the family’s, level of development. Research about the remittance process from the remittances sender’s perspective suffers from shortcomings, a problem this study addresses. A collection of life stories helped to identify the dilemmas and trade-offs the remittances sender faces. The results show that dilemmas exist in every phase of the migration process. How well the remittances senders cope with these dilemmas, seems to be connected to their socio-economic background to a large extent. The pressure to remit affects the available possibilities in the host country to improve the remittances sender’s level of development. An exciting finding and contribution of this study is the remittances senders’ perspective on their future, whether to stay or return home. This complex dilemma, that lacks research, is so interesting that it calls for more investigation.

This retroductive study aims to examine in what way paradoxes figure in contemporary political discourse, and what political effects arise therefrom. To this end, the study will address an extreme example – Swedish right-wing nationalism - which often is accused of being paradoxical; for example, when right-wing nationalistic discourse – often explicitly anti-feminist – begins to appropriate a feminist analysis in order to engage in contemporary political events. Such was the case when news of what happened in Cologne on New Year’s 2015/2016 reached Sweden. An important theoretical framework for this study is Michael Billig’s Ideological Dilemmas, and his theories on common sense and intellectual- versus lived ideology. According to Billig ‘doxa’ constitutes various contradictory values, and in this way, doxa is inherently paradoxical. Therefore, in order to understand and define the figure paradox, first we need to investigate how our own liberal doxa operate paradoxically, and what are both the rhetorical and political implications of the paradoxes constitutive of liberal common sense. The analysis of this study suggests that liberal discourse has, to a certain degree, facilitated the growth and effectiveness of right-wing nationalist discourse that has drawn on cultural differences as a permissible ground for a debate surrounding the future of western liberal principles and the defence of women’s rights.

Project-based organizations (PBOs) have drawn attention in business management and represent an increasingly important part of organizations. If managing by projects represents an adapted way to cope with the current environment, it also comes with new challenges. This research brings light on the organizational tensions between immediate performance and sustained performance in PBOs by focusing on competence development as the crucial means to achieve sustained performance. Because PBOs are temporary by nature, competence development represents one of their challenges. Therefore, this research was conducted to gain a better understanding of how this tradeoff can be managed by PBOs. With that purpose, we both researched how this organizational tradeoff and competence development processes were managed in a hockey organization. In sport organizations, player succession is crucial to the organization’s overall performance and survival, therefore making competence development a key activity. The research led us to grasp a better understanding of the nature of the tradeoff between immediate performance and sustained performance as well as brought additional findings on competence development processes. More specifically, it was found that this tradeoff requires adaptation to project stages. We summarized and visualized the findings by providing a framework that can act as a tool for practitioners in PBOs to understand and therefore manage the tradeoff between immediate performance and sustained performance by implementing competence development.

Separate essays on entrepreneurship, joint venturing, and trade comprise this thesis. The emergence of entrepreneurship is common in the real world but relatively less so in classical economic models. If industry incumbents are attributed with full rationality and perfect foresight, then there are few, if any, profitable opportunities left for new entrants (entrepreneurs) to exploit. This essay explains how entrepreneurs can emerge in a dynamic world when firms must choose between a technology strategy that is either statically or dynamically efficient. A model is developed which shows how such opportunities for new entry can occur when incumbents are caught in a Prisoners’ Dilemma game involving technology strategy. A relevance measure and policy implications are then explored. Joint ventures, especially of the R&D type, are becoming increasingly important as a way to gain needed technological and market competencies. Unfortunately, many joint ventures have the characteristics of a Prisoners’ Dilemma. Firms may cooperate or defect in the venture. If contracts, side-payments, and third-party verification of the venture outcome are unavailable, then the dominant solution to the Prisoners’ Dilemma (mutual defection) results. This paper proposes the use of an ex-ante auction to obtain a Pareto-improvement for these ventures. A Pareto-improvement is assured when non-transferable costs and benefits of firms are not conditional on joint venture strategies. When this condition is not met restrictions are required to obtain the Pareto-improvement. The problem of trade between countries that share an international open access resource is becoming significant as the world reaches the limits of critical shared resource stocks. It is modelled as a world with one primary factor, two intermediate goods, one final good (harvested from the open access resource), and two nations where it is assumed that either the trading takes place over one stage (nations are price-takers), or two stages (nations have market power). Imperfect competition and open access generated externalities affect the trading efficiency. To maximize world welfare this essay recommends subsidizing R&D where comparative advantage exists, and creating international agreements to ensure the one-stage game structure is used when trading. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate