Subject of this diploma thesis is to provide an overview of economic theories on why companies tend to invest at foreign markets directly and thus to determine the foreign direct investment (FDI) itself. Covered areas include a foreign direct investment typology, motivation to invest, localisation factors, attractiveness and measurement of a host country business environment. Various types of FDI, methodology and forms of FDI statistical coverage analysis is included in the thesis. Three frameworks influencing all the segments of the FDI are covered in depth. These include the foreign policy factors, domestic policy factors and a process of economic transformation in the Czech Republic. Corresponding analytics map a development between a FDI and selected macroeconomic indicators of the Czech Republic. The analysis shows that foreign investment has a certain influence over selected macroeconomic indicators, however it is not always possible to quantify it as well as to predict its trend. On the other side it is often difficult to prove an influence of macroeconomic development on intensity of the FDI inflow to the Czech Republic. Keywords: foreign investment, determinants of the foreign direct investment inflow, foreign direct investment macroeconomic indicators

Název diplomové práce v anglickém jazyce, abstrakt v anglickém jazyce a 3 klíčová slova v anglickém jazyce Title: Legal and Economic Aspects of Foreign Direct Investment with Reference to Taiwan Abstract: The thesis on "Legal and Economic Aspects of Foreign Direct Investment with Reference to Taiwan" consists of two main parts, which are divided into eight chapters. The thesis uses the methods of secondary source analysis, synthesis, and comparison. The thesis is mainly based on domestic and foreign literature, foreign legislation, documents and data of international organizations published on their websites, academic articles, textbooks, and economic studies. The first part of the thesis deals with the general issue of foreign direct investment in four chapters, both from the legal and economic points of view. The thesis introduces the reader to the definitions of investment and investor, the nature and meaning of investment, the standards of treatment of investment, and, last but not least, its legal regulation. This section aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of foreign direct investment protection, which will provide a well-rounded insight into the subject. In the second practically oriented part, the thesis analyses foreign direct investment in Taiwan. In particular, it...

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-09-24T17:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Ricardo Schuch_.pdf: 3644349 bytes, checksum: c578043a36586dddeccda984c32d66aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T17:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Ricardo Schuch_.pdf: 3644349 bytes, checksum: c578043a36586dddeccda984c32d66aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / Nenhuma / O desenvolvimento do Agronegócio Brasileiro tem desempenhado um papel fundamental na produção de recursos para o País e para o mundo. Tem sido o setor com maior taxa de crescimento econômico e o principal responsável pelo superávit da balança comercial brasileira. O Agronegócio possui uma longa e robusta cadeia de valor, envolvendo várias indústrias, dentre estas, a indústria de Insumos e a indústria de Equipamentos Agrícolas. Estas indústrias tem sido alvo de processos de internacionalização, por iniciativas de investidores e empresas transnacionais com sede no exterior, com o interesse de acessar os segmentos de mercado atendidos por estas empresas ou mesmo, a expansão de empresas já instaladas no País. O Investimento Externo Direto (IED) tem sido utilizado por estes investidores e empresas transnacionais para o alcance deste objetivo. Esta dissertação investigou quais são os fatores de decisão para o Investimento Externo Direto no Agronegócio Brasileiro, nestas duas indústrias, bem como a sua hierarquização, ordenando desde os fatores de maior, até os de menor relevância. Adicionalmente, esta pesquisa possibilitou a compreensão das diferenças e semelhanças entre estas duas indústrias. O conhecimento dos fatores de decisão permite o entendimento de quais são os motivos, causas, razões, fontes, condições, elementos, princípios e aspectos a serem considerados no processo de tomada de decisão para o Investimento Externo Direto, dando causa a alguém para tomar uma determinada decisão ou realizar uma dada escolha. A hierarquização destes fatores nestas indústrias possibilita o entendimento das motivações e preocupações dos Executivos destas indústrias no processo de decisão para Investimento Externo Direto. Esta pesquisa socorreu-se à bibliografia para a coleta dos fatores de decisão para o Investimento Externo Direto. A validação destes fatores, o agrupamento destes fatores em seis grupos e a construção do roteiro de entrevistas foram possíveis, com a realização de entrevistas a alguns especialistas do Agronegócio. A hierarquização destes grupos de fatores, as semelhanças e as diferenças entre as duas indústrias estudadas, foram possíveis através de entrevistas com os Executivos destas duas indústrias. As principais contribuições desta pesquisa foram o conhecimento dos fatores de decisão, o seu agrupamento em seis grupos de fatores e o conhecimento da hierarquia destes grupos no processo de tomada de decisão para o Investimento Externo Direto nas indústrias de Insumos e Equipamentos Agrícolas, bem como diferenças e semelhanças entre estas duas indústrias. Como sugestão para o aprimoramento e, para novas pesquisas, esta dissertação sugere coletar dados com empresas que ainda não possuem investimentos e com outros stakeholders destas indústrias. Adicionalmente, este estudo pode ser fonte de consulta e inspiração para novas pesquisas em outras indústrias do Agronegócio brasileiro. / The development of Brazilian Agribusiness has played a fundamental role in the production of resources for the Country and World. It has been the sector with the highest economic growth rate and the main responsible for the surplus of the Brazilian trade balance. Agribusiness has a long and robust value chain, involving several industries, among them, the Inputs Industry and the Agricultural Equipment Industry. These industries have been a target for internationalization processes, through initiatives of investors and transnational companies with headquarters abroad, with the interest of accessing the market segments served by these companies or even the expansion of companies already installed in the country. These investors and transnational companies have used the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to reach this goal. This dissertation has investigated the Decision Factors for Direct Foreign Investment in Brazilian Agribusiness in these two industries, as well as its hierarchy, ordering from the major factors to the least relevant ones. Furthermore, this research has revealed the understanding of the differences and similarities between these two industries. The knowledge of decision factors allows the comprehension of the motivation, causes, reasons, sources, conditions, elements, principles and aspects to be considered in the decision-making process for Foreign Direct Investment, that motivate someone to take a decision or make a specific choice. The hierarchy of these factors in these industries makes possible the understanding of the motivations and concerns of Executives of these industries in the decision process for Foreign Direct Investment. This research has supported by bibliography from the collection of Decision Factors for Foreign Direct Investment. The validation, the grouping of these factors into six groups and the construction of the interview script were possible with the support from Agribusiness specialists. The hierarchy of these factors groups, similarities and differences between the responses of two industries focused were possible through interviews with the executives of these industries. The main contributions of this research were the knowledge of the Decision Factors, their grouping into six groups of Factors and the knowledge of the hierarchy of these groups in the process of decision making for the Direct Foreign Investment in the Brazilian Industries of Agricultural Inputs and Equipment, as well as differences and similarities between these two industries. As a suggestion for improvement and for further research, this dissertation suggests to collecting data from companies that have not local invested and other stakeholders of these industries. In addition, this study can be a source of consultation and inspiration for further research in other Brazilian Agribusiness industries.

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本論文共分五章，其主要內容如下： ：說明論文之動機、目的、架構及 限制。 及理論：分為對外投資決策行為相關研究、對外投資決策過程 @ 之研究及對外投資相關研究。方法與分析：分為名詞定義、問卷 設計、研究對象與資料蒐集及研究分析方法。結果與分析：使用Probit及 Regression統計分析方法，分析二主題，得到以下結果：典型台灣企業對 外投資決策過程 @ 台灣企業通常是為了取得低價勞工而去對外投資， 對外投資計劃的提議與決定多由董事長或董事會執行，通常成立專案小組 負責對外投資計劃，專案小組的成員主要有董事長或董事會、總經理及副 總經理。進行初步調查的方法主要係由公司自行搜集相關資料，廠商投資 的產業以在國內曾在生產銷售的產品，主要調查東南亞地區，且多會派總 經理實地調查投資地點的市場及廠房設備情形；除此之外，會更進一步調 查投資報酬率。廠商主要對外投資資金來源是以公司現有的資金，投資計 劃的評估方法是採回收期間法，投資風險的評估方法是採主觀判斷法，多 在當地獨 @自成立新公司，一般在對外投資上遭遇的問題與困難主要為利 潤 外投資計劃。影響台灣企業對外投資決策過程的公司因素公司曾有對 外投資經驗與公司規模（以員工人數與營業額衡量）和對外投資動機（考 慮市場因素、生產條件因素、資金因素及地主國政府政策）、對外投資計 劃題議者、對外投資專案小組成員、實地派去調查的人員、對外投資資金 來源管道、對外投資 存在，顯見公司因素會影響台灣企業對外投資 的決策過程。與建議。務評估方式及風險評估方式等七種決策活動之間有 顯著關不符合，有半數的廠商曾因風險或不確定性太大而放棄對

Šiame darbe siekiama ištirti paskatų tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms taikymo ypatumus naujose Europos Sąjungos šalyse – Lietuvoje, Latvijoje, Estijoje, Lenkijoje, Vengrijoje, Slovakijoje, Čekijoje ir Rumunijoje. Darbe atskleidžiami paskatų tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms (TUI) teoriniai aspektai, analizuojamos šiuolaikinės TUI tendencijos, keliamos hipotezės apie atskirų šalių teikiamas paskatas tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms ir jų patrauklumą. Šioms hipotezėms patvirtinti ar paneigti vykdomas dviejų etapų tyrimas, kuriuo parodoma, kiek apskritai ir kokias paskatas teikia pasirinktos šalys, taip pat nustatomi paskatų tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms reitingai, kuriais parodomas skirtingas kiekvienos šalies teikiamų paskatų patrauklumas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog visos nagrinėjamos šalys teikia skirtingas paskatas tiesioginėms užsienio investicijoms. Įvertinus šalis pagal suminį paskatų investicijoms reitingą, patraukliausios šalys investuotojams yra Vengrija, Rumunija, Latvija. Galiausiai pateikti atlikto tyrimo ribotumai bei rekomendacijos tolesniems šios srities tyrimams. / This paper deals with analyzing investment incentives for foreign direct investment (FDI) concentrating on new European Union countries’ practices (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Romania). Firstly, the theoretical aspects of FDI incentives are described, then modern trends of FDI are examined and hypotheses about the range and attractiveness of investment incentives in selected countries are formulated. In order to confirm these hypotheses, the carried out research is divided into two stages, where quantity and variety of investment incentives is estimated and summary score of FDI incentives’ attractiveness is attributed to each country, showing how much the incentives’ system is well-favoured by investors. The results of the research identifies a wide range of investment incentives that are currently offered in new EU countries. Also, in conformity with the attributed summary score of FDI incentives, the most attractive countries are Hungary, Romania and Latvia. Finally, the limitations of this research and recommendations for further studies are presented.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Yang M. Chang / This paper studies economic factors that affect a multinational’s decision between serving a foreign market via foreign direct investment (FDI) and setting up a joint venture (JV) with a local firm in the host country. The factors that we consider include the substitutability of products produced by competing firms, as well as the hotly debated intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection. In a simple North-South framework, we show that JV is the equilibrium market structure when the degree of R&D spillover is moderate, products are considerably substitutable, and IPRs strong. The government of South needs to maintain a minimum level of IRP to encourage an effective JV. For increasing social welfare, the South also needs to have a policy that limits foreign ownership in a JV.

South Africa was invited to join the Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) group at the end of 2010, mainly because South Africa is viewed as the ‘gateway’ into Africa, and South Africa is also considered to be the link between BRIC and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It is expected that the BRIC countries will increase their foreign direct investment (FDI) to South Africa. This inflow of BRIC FDI may lead to the advantages of boosting SADC exports, which is important as it may lead to the SADC countries experiencing expanded market opportunities, and exports have for a long time been viewed as an engine of economic growth. It has been further indicated that it is evident that relatively few studies have been conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports within the African context and that this relationship is not well understood. In light of these shortcomings in the literature, the first aim of this study was to attempt to contribute to the literature on FDI in SADC by investigating the relationship between BRIC FDI inflows on SADC exports. From the assessment of recent studies conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports in developed, developing and African countries a number of conclusions have been made. The first was that the majority of the studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 by various authors used causality tests and regression models to determine the relationships between FDI and exports. It also seemed that bi-directional causality is most often found, thereby indicating that FDI has a positive influence on exports and exports also have a positive influence on FDI. The secondary research aim, to determine the specific relationship between the BRIC’s FDI on SADC exports to BRIC and the world, was analysed by means of a descriptive and empirical study (correlation test, regression model, Granger causality test and panel data causality testing method), and the results indicated that, from 2003 to 2011, there was a strong positive correlation between BRIC FDI inflows to SADC and SADC exports to BRIC (59 per cent) and the world (96 per cent). The regression analysis showed that 53 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the BRIC is explained by BRIC FDI, while 99 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the world is explained by BRIC FDI. Finally the Granger causality test results indicated that BRIC FDI inflows contributed to higher exports from SADC, specifically SADC exports to the world. This was however not the case for SADC exports to BRIC. The results further suggest that there is a possible cointegration between BRIC FDI and the SADC exports to the world, reflecting, among other things, that the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows with SADC exports to the world may be mainly due to exogenous factors rather than a direct causal relationship. The BRIC FDI inflows on the SADC exports to the world being significant is a motivation for the SADC group to further motivate integration, co-operation and participation within BRIC, as this may possibly lead to further inward FDI flows, which may further promote exports to the world. Future studies would include determining the market forces that contribute to the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows into SADC, with the SADC exports to the world. / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

South Africa was invited to join the Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) group at the end of 2010, mainly because South Africa is viewed as the ‘gateway’ into Africa, and South Africa is also considered to be the link between BRIC and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It is expected that the BRIC countries will increase their foreign direct investment (FDI) to South Africa. This inflow of BRIC FDI may lead to the advantages of boosting SADC exports, which is important as it may lead to the SADC countries experiencing expanded market opportunities, and exports have for a long time been viewed as an engine of economic growth. It has been further indicated that it is evident that relatively few studies have been conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports within the African context and that this relationship is not well understood. In light of these shortcomings in the literature, the first aim of this study was to attempt to contribute to the literature on FDI in SADC by investigating the relationship between BRIC FDI inflows on SADC exports. From the assessment of recent studies conducted on the relationship between FDI and exports in developed, developing and African countries a number of conclusions have been made. The first was that the majority of the studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 by various authors used causality tests and regression models to determine the relationships between FDI and exports. It also seemed that bi-directional causality is most often found, thereby indicating that FDI has a positive influence on exports and exports also have a positive influence on FDI. The secondary research aim, to determine the specific relationship between the BRIC’s FDI on SADC exports to BRIC and the world, was analysed by means of a descriptive and empirical study (correlation test, regression model, Granger causality test and panel data causality testing method), and the results indicated that, from 2003 to 2011, there was a strong positive correlation between BRIC FDI inflows to SADC and SADC exports to BRIC (59 per cent) and the world (96 per cent). The regression analysis showed that 53 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the BRIC is explained by BRIC FDI, while 99 per cent of the variance in the SADC exports to the world is explained by BRIC FDI. Finally the Granger causality test results indicated that BRIC FDI inflows contributed to higher exports from SADC, specifically SADC exports to the world. This was however not the case for SADC exports to BRIC. The results further suggest that there is a possible cointegration between BRIC FDI and the SADC exports to the world, reflecting, among other things, that the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows with SADC exports to the world may be mainly due to exogenous factors rather than a direct causal relationship. The BRIC FDI inflows on the SADC exports to the world being significant is a motivation for the SADC group to further motivate integration, co-operation and participation within BRIC, as this may possibly lead to further inward FDI flows, which may further promote exports to the world. Future studies would include determining the market forces that contribute to the simultaneous movement of BRIC FDI inflows into SADC, with the SADC exports to the world. / MCom (International Trade), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central research question of this study concerns the level of political risk that the Ogaden region of eastern Ethiopia poses for companies operating in, or intending to operating in the oil and gas industry of that region. The aim is to answer that question as well as two further subquestions. The first sub-question concerns issues pertaining to the factors and indicators that would be included in a political risk model specifically envisaged for the oil and gas industry, and the second concerns the practical application of political risk as a decision-making and management tool for investors. It is practically impossible to gather all the relevant information when undertaking a political risk analysis, to know all the unknowns. It would take an immense amount of time to attempt such an analysis and the costs would be exorbitant. In creating a political risk model specific to the oil and gas industry, a methodological approach is adopted to streamline this process. It is the aim of this research study to engage in this streamlining process; selecting the most salient variables that can then be incorporated into an industry specific model, which will yield realistic and practical results. In terms of the political risk indication, the political risk analysis of the Ogden returned a score putting the region in the high risk indication bracket. In terms of investment indication, the score indicates a moderate to high risk for investments the oil and gas industry. This does not mean that investors should stay away from the region. A high degree of risk, if sufficiently managed, can result in increased opportunities for higher returns for the investor. Beyond the traditional approaches to risk management there are other avenues that the investor may choose to follow, such as a commitment to engage with local stakeholders. These initiatives should extend beyond mere financial incentives to a more genuine form of community interaction, with extensive local consultation. Strategies, policies, and procedures should be developed that ensure that companies engage productively with NGOs and the media at local levels in order create a suitable environment for all involved. Political risk is more than simply providing a report with a risk rating tagged to the end of it. It should be a fully integrated part of the investor’s strategy, essential to the continued success and profitability of the investment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale navorsingsvraag van hierdie studie handel oor die vlak van politieke risiko wat maatskappye wat besigheidsbelange in die Ogaden streek van oos Ethiopië het, of wat beplan om besigheidsbelange in die olie- en gasbedryf te begin, in die gesig staar. Die doel is om die vlak van politieke risiko te identifiseer en om verder twee sub-vrae te beantwoord. Die eerste sub-vraag is om die faktore en indikatore te identifiseer wat deel sal vorm van ‘n politieke risikomodel, spesifiek vir die olie- en gasbedryf en die tweede handel oor die praktiese aanwending van politieke risiko as ’n besluitnemings- en risikobestuur-instrument vir beleggers. Dit is prakties onmoontlik om alle relevante informasie in te samel wanneer ’n politieke risiko-analise gedoen word, of om bewus te wees van al die onbekende aspekte. Dit sal ‘n ongelooflike lang tydperk neem asook die kostes sal uiters hoog wees. Wanneer ‘n politieke risikomodel spesifiek vir die olie- en gasindustrie gebou word, word ’n metodologiese benadering om die proses te vergemaklik gevolg. Dit is die doel van hierdie studie om by te dra tot die vereenvoudiging van hierdie metodologiese proses deur die mees prominente aspekte te selekteer wat gevolglik geïnkorporeer kan word in ‘n industrie spesifieke model. Die model sal beide realistiese en praktiese resultate bied. Ten opsigte van die skaal vir belegging en politieke risiko indikasie, het politieke risiko analise van die Ogaden gedui op ’n hoë risiko indikasievlak. Vir belegging dui die risikovlak op ’n medium tot hoë risikovlak vir die olie- en gasindustrie. Dit beteken nie dat beleggers die area noodwendig moet vermy nie. Indien ’n hoë risikovlak aanwesig is, kan suksesvolle bestuur steeds verhoogde winsgeleenthede vir die belegger verseker. Behalwe vir die tradisionele benaderings tot risikobestuur en risikomitigasie is daar ook ander moontlikhede wat die belegger kan volg om die vlak van risiko te verlaag, soos ’n ooreenkoms om saam met plaaslike belanghebbendes te werk. Sulke meganismes moet verby finansiële belonings strek en ‘n opregte vorm van gemeenskapsinteraksie aanneem wat net kan gebeur deur middel van uitgebreide plaaslike konsultasie. Strategie, beleid en prosedure moet ontwikkel word, wat sal verseker dat maatskappye optimaal saamwerk met nie-regerings-organisasies en die media op plaaslike vlak. Dit sal verseker dat ’n geskikte omgewing vir alle partye geskep word. Poltieke risiko is veel meer as net risiko-evaluasie waar ’n vlak van risiko verskaf word. Dit behoort ten volle deel te wees van die belegging en is essensieël tot die sukses en winsvlak vir die belegger.