An enhanced approach for the impact analysis is presented. Impact analyses play an important role in future research analysis as part of the scenario techniques in the strategic management field. Nowadays, they are also applied for the description of mutual relationships of tangible and intangible resources in organisations. The new method is based on currently existing methods using a cross impact matrix and overcomes some of their drawbacks. Indirect impacts are considered together with their impact strengths. A modification of the impact matrix is not necessary. Simple examples show that the new method leads to more reasonable and stable results than the existing methods. The new method shall help analysing the complexity of social systems in a more reliable way.

An enhanced approach for the impact analysis is presented. Impact analyses play an important role in future research analysis as part of the scenario techniques in the strategic management field. Nowadays, they are also applied for the description of mutual relationships of tangible and intangible resources in organisations. The new method is based on currently existing methods using a cross impact matrix and overcomes some of their drawbacks. Indirect impacts are considered together with their impact strengths. A modification of the impact matrix is not necessary. Simple examples show that the new method leads to more reasonable and stable results than the existing methods. The new method shall help analysing the complexity of social systems in a more reliable way.

All companies, municipalities, governments and private individuals are in need of a functioning banking system. Research shows that for the long-term survival of banks, sustainability is important. However, there are several reasons why the banks are working with sustainability. The purpose of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the sustainability work of banks operating in Sweden and to see how sustainability work differs between banks. The purpose is also to contribute to a deeper understanding of why the banks work with sustainability. The study has examined the banks Nordea, Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Swedbank, SEB and Ekobanken. The study has a deductive approach and uses mixed methods. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted, sustainability reports have been reviewed, the number of customers and customer satisfaction have been taken into account. The study consists of interviews with Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Ekobanken, Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority and Fair Finance Guide. A thematic analysis has been made based on the collected data. The study has come to the conclusion that the banks are working with sustainability to meet the expectations of their stakeholders, reduce risks, achieve trust, marketing goals and profitability. The banks work with both long-term social measures and short-term financial targets. The banks, Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority and Fair Finance Guide believe that the climate is a current issue. It is also through the indirect impact they have the greatest opportunity to influence the world towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability is constantly changing as society norms and expectations change. There is also a gap between the banks' policies and what they do in practice regarding their work with sustainability. / Alla företag, kommuner, stater och privatpersoner är i behov av ett fungerande banksystem. Forskning menar att för bankernas långsiktiga överlevnad är hållbarhetsarbetet viktigt, dock finns flera olika anledningar till att bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för hållbarhetsarbetet inom bankerna med verksamhet i Sverige samt att se hur hållbarhetsarbetet skiljer sig mellan olika banker. Syftet är även att bidra till en djupare förståelse för varför bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet. Studien har undersökt bankerna Nordea, Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Swedbank, SEB och Ekobanken. Studien har en deduktiv ansats och använder sig av metodtriangulering. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts, hållbarhetsrapporter har granskats, antalet kunder och kundnöjdhet har tagits i beaktande. De som har intervjuats är Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Ekobanken, Finansinspektionen och Fair Finance Guide. En tematisk analys har gjorts med utgångspunkt i den insamlade datan. Studien har kommit fram till att bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet för att leva upp till sina intressenters förväntningar, minska risker, uppnå förtroende, marknadsföringssyfte och för lönsamheten. Bankerna arbetar både långsiktigt med sociala mått och kortsiktigt med finansiella mått. Bankerna, Finansinspektionen och Fair Finance Guide anser att klimatfrågan är väldigt viktig just nu. Det är även genom den indirekta påverkan de har störst möjlighet att påverka världen mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Hållbarhetsarbetet förändras hela tiden i takt med att samhällets normer och förväntningar förändras. Det finns dessutom ett gap mellan bankernas policy och vad de gör i praktiken när det kommer till deras hållbarhetsarbete.

L’Association des nations de l’Asie du sud-est (ASEAN) est l’une des organisationsrégionales les plus anciennes en Asie. Créée en 1967 par la Déclaration de Bangkok, une déclarationinterétatique, l’ASEAN n’avait pas un statut juridique clair jusqu’en 2007, date de l’adoption de saCharte constitutive. A défaut d’une base conventionnelle, l’ASEAN ne manquait pourtant pas descaractéristiques d’une organisation internationale. Pendant les quarante années qui ont suivi sacréation, elle avait choisi un mode de fonctionnement fondé principalement sur les relations(relationship-based) et non sur les règles de droit. La prédominance du politique dans lefonctionnement de l’ASEAN a donc laissé aux règles de droit une place secondaire voire ambigüe.Cette spécificité, appelée ASEAN way, a fait de l’ASEAN une organisation au service des intérêtsindividuels de ses membres. En 2007, l’ASEAN s’est dotée d’une Charte constitutive, qui tente à latransformer en une organisation fondée sur des règles (rule-based). Cette Charte qui a ouvert unenouvelle ère pour l’ASEAN, l’a mise au rang d’organisation internationale, sujet dérivé du droitinternational. Elle semble remettre en cause la place du politique dans le fonctionnement de cetteorganisation. Néanmoins, la Charte a renforcé l’ASEAN way, ce qui démontre les limites de l’ASEAN.L’étude de l’institutionnalisation de l’ASEAN vise à démontrer les causes de la prééminence del’ASEAN way sur le droit et ses répercussions sur les relations entre les Etats. Cette présente étudeprocède à l’examen de l’articulation entre les objectifs et principes comme cadre axiologique del’ASEAN, son système institutionnel et son ordre juridique. / The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of the most ancient regionalorganizations in Asia. Created in 1967 by the Bangkok Declaration, an interstate declaration, ASEANdid not have a clear legal status until 2007, date of its constituent Charter adoption. Lacking aconventional basis, ASEAN however did not lack the characteristics of an international organization.During the 40 years following its creation, it had chosen a mode of functioning mainly based onrelationship and not on rules of law. The political predominance in the ASEAN functioning therefore leftonly a secondary place to the rules of law, somewhat ambiguous. This particularity, so-called ASEANway, has made ASEAN an organization geared towards the individual interests of its members. In2007, ASEAN adopted a constituent Charter, whose aim is to transform ASEAN into a rule-basedorganization. This Charter, opening a new era for ASEAN, raised it to the rank of internationalorganization – derived subject of international law. It seems to call into question the place of politics inits functioning. The Charter nevertheless reinforced the ASEAN way, which shows the limits of ASEAN.The study of the ASEAN institutionalization aims at proving the cause of the predominance of ASEANway on the law and its repercussions on interstate relationships. This present study carries out theexamination of the link between the aims and the principles as an axiomatical framework of ASEAN, ofits institutional system and its legal order.