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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Cyclic variation in the flow field behaviour within a direct injection spark ignition engine : a high speed digital particle image velocimetry study

Justham, Timothy January 2010 (has links)
Currently environmental concerns are driving internal combustion engine manufacturers to seek greater fuel efficiency, more refinement and lower emissions. Cyclic variation is a known obstacle to achieving the greatest potential against these goals and therefore an understanding of how to reduce these is sought. It is widely accepted that cyclic variation in in-cylinder flow motions is a key contributor to overall cyclic variation and therefore the characterisation of factors affecting these is an important step in the process of achieving a better understanding and ultimately control of cyclic variation. This thesis reports the development of a novel optical engine research facility in which high speed digital particle image velocimetry (HSDPIV) has been applied to the study of flow field behaviour within a direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine. This study investigates the spatial and temporal development of flow structures over and within many engine cycles. Flow field PIV measurements have been captured with a high spatial resolution and temporal frequencies up to 5 kHz from a number of measurement locations at a large range of crank angles. The major contributions from this work have included the use of the novel measurement technique to investigate spatial and temporal flow field development in the intake runner, valve jet, in-cylinder tumble and swirl planes and the pent roof. The gathered data have been used to investigate cycle by cycle variations in both high and low frequency flow structures. Major findings of this work have included the observation of highly varying flow fields throughout the engine cycle. Frequency analysis of these flows has allowed the low frequency bulk motions and higher frequency turbulent components to be studied. The low frequency flow field components are shown to create varying flow field interactions within the cylinder that also affect the manner in which the flow develops over the course of the cycle. The intensity of the turbulence fluctuations, u , has been calculated based upon the high frequency components within the flow and variations within this are shown to correlate with pressure related combustion parameters.
62

[en] EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DEPOSITS IN FUEL INJECTORS OF A GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL DE DEPÓSITOS EM BICOS DE UM MOTOR COM INJEÇÃO DIRETA DE GASOLINA

LEONARDO COSTA BRAGA 03 May 2019 (has links)
[pt] O desenvolvimento de um motor de quatro tempos, de ignição por centelha, com injeção direta de combustível dentro da câmara de combustão foi uma iniciativa importante para o mercado automobilístico mundial. O potencial termodinâmico deste tipo de motor e sua notória melhoria na economia de combustível têm feito com que a tecnologia seja foco de um grande número de projetos de pesquisa, com o objetivo de entender, desenvolver e aperfeiçoar o sistema de injeção direta de combustível. No entanto, para atender aos novos limites de emissões estabelecidas pela especificação EURO 5, foi necessária uma reavaliação do projeto da geometria do injetor, o que ocasionou no desenvolvimento de um novo componente com um maior número de furos e com uma redução do diâmetro dos mesmos (injetor multifuros). Essa alteração no projeto visa garantir uma melhor pulverização, otimização da relação ar/combustível e, consequentemente, um melhor processo de queima na câmara de combustão, atendendo dessa forma os limites de emissões estabelecidos pela diretriz normativa vigente. Os processos de preparação da mistura, injeção, vaporização e controle do escoamento de ar dentro do cilindro têm sido as principais fontes de publicações de periódicos que estudam o sistema de injeção direta. O presente trabalho, por sua vez, tem por finalidade avaliar a formação de depósitos de compostos inorgânicos nos injetores, provenientes da utilização de combustíveis formulados com diferentes teores de sulfato. O motor utilizado para execução dos testes foi o EP6CDT da PSA Peugeot Citroen. No estudo foram realizados ensaios em bancada de testes e em veículos (estrada e dinamômetro). Outros veículos com a mesma tecnologia, disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, também foram testados. As variáveis avaliadas durante o projeto foram: a composição química de diferentes combustíveis, fator de correção do tempo de injeção (FRA) e a vazão através dos bicos injetores no decorrer dos testes. Os estudos indicaram que a mudança na geometria dos injetores, somada a composição das gasolinas nacionais testadas, originou a formação dos depósitos que será discutida ao longo deste trabalho. / [en] The development of a four-stroke engine, spark ignition, with direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber was an important initiative for the global automotive market. The thermodynamic potential of this type of engine and its significant improvement in fuel economy have meant this technology as focus of a large number of research projects, with the objective to understand, develop and improve the system of direct fuel injection. However, to meet new emission limits set by Euro 5 specification, it was necessary to reevaluate the geometry design of the injector, which resulted in the development of a new component with a larger number of holes and with a diameter reduction (multi-holes injector). This change in the project aims to ensure a better spray, optimizing air / fuel ratio and, consequently, a better process of combustion inside the combustion chamber, satisfying the emission limits established by the applicable norms. The processes for preparing the mixture, injection, atomization and air flow control inside the cylinder have been the main source of periodic publications that study the direct injection system. Therefore, this paper purpose is to evaluate the formation of inorganic deposits in the injectors using fuels formulated with different amounts of sulfate. The engine used for running the tests was the EP6CDT of PSA Peugeot Citroen. For this study one has performed tests on test bench and in vehicles (road and dynamometer). Other vehicles, with the same technology available in Brazil, were also tested. The variables evaluated during the project were: the chemical composition of different fuels, the correction factor from the injection time (FRA) and flow through the injectors during the tests. This study has indicated that the injector geometry modification, coupled with tested compositions of gasoline, resulted in the formation of deposits that will be discussed throughout this work.
63

Étude expérimentale de la combustion à volume constant pour la propulsion aérobie : influence de l'aérodynamique et de la dilution sur l'allumage et la combustion / Experimental Study of Constant-Volume Combustion for Air-Breathing Propulsion : Influence of Aerodynamics and Dilution on Ignition and Combustion

Michalski, Quentin 29 April 2019 (has links)
Les turbomachines actuelles ont atteint un niveau de maturité technique très élevé. De nouvelles architectures reposant sur des cycles thermodynamiques basés sur une combustion à gain de pression, comme la combustion à volume constant (CVC), ont le potentiel d’augmenter leur efficacité. Dans cette étude,une solution qui repose sur l’intégration dans une turbomachine de chambres de combustion à volume constant sans piston (CVCSP) est considérée. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse sont doubles : dans un premier temps de développer et de caractériser extensivement un nouveau dispositif (CV2) dédié à la Combustion à volume constant sans piston sur un cas de référence et, dans un second temps, de proposer à travers plusieurs études, une analyse de l’influence de l’aérodynamique et de la dilution sur les processus d’allumage et, plus généralement de combustion. Le dispositif CV2 permet la combustion aérobie en allumage commandé d’un mélange de propane ou de n-décane, injecté directement dans la chambre. Un point de référence est caractérisé en détail via : des mesures de champs de vitesse par PIV, de chimiluminescence pendant la combustion, une analyse 0D développée dans cette étude. La caractérisation détaillée de ce point de référence montre que le dispositif CV2 reproduit correctement une combustion à volume constant turbulente dans un mélange faiblement hétérogène en température et stratifié en composition, et ce sur un nombre de cycles permettant d’établir une convergence statistique raisonnable. Ces diagnostics et analyses sont employés dans 2 cas d’études pour caractériser successivement : l’influence de l’aérodynamique, via une variation de l’instant d’allumage, l’influence des gaz brûlés résiduels sur la combustion en allumage commandé et la stabilité cyclique, via une variation de la pression d’échappement.Dans un fonctionnement sans balayage, on montre que cette variabilité cyclique est liée au premier ordre à la variation de la dilution en gaz brûlé résiduel du mélange et à la vitesse locale. On montre notamment que, pour un mélange donné, il existe une corrélation statistique entre une vitesse statistique limite et la probabilité d’allumage moyenne. Pour représenter l’effet de pression dans un plénum en amont d’une turbine, on réalise une étude paramétrique sur la pression d’échappement. La dilution résultante, croissant avec la pression d’échappement, diminue la vitesse fondamentale de flamme et ralentit donc la combustion. Les niveaux de températures des gaz brûlés résiduels résultent des échanges de chaleur qui ont lieu sur toute la durée du cycle, de l’allumage du cycle N à celui du cycle N+1 suivant. Des extrapolations sur des cycles à température de paroi plus élevée et à échappement plus court montrent que l’adiabaticité du cycle est améliorée (de 20 %) et que l’effet de dilution en température est alors favorable à une vitesse de flamme turbulente qui est alors plus élevée. Un phénomène d’allumage par gaz brûlé résiduel est observé sur certains cycles de combustion. Ce phénomène est caractérisé dans des conditions favorables, i.e. faible richesse (0.66), allumage tardif et cycle plus court. Lors d’un allumage par gaz brûlés résiduels, un noyau de flamme se développe dans les zones présentant des gaz brûlés résiduels chauds et à basse vitesse autour du jet d’admission et se propage ensuite au reste du mélange identiquement à celui qui serait généré par allumage commandé.Ce travail prend place dans le cadre de la chaire industrielle CAPA sur la combustion alternative pour la propulsion aérobie financée par SAFRAN Tech, MBDA et l’ANR. / Current turbomachines have reached a very high level of technical maturity. Thermodynamic cycles based on pressure-gain combustion, such as constant volume combustion (CVC), feature a clear potential for efficiency improvement. The present study considers the integration in a turbomachine of piston-lessCVC chambers. The thesis work is twofold. First, a new experimental setup (CV2) dedicated to cyclic piston-less CVC is developed and thoroughly characterized on a reference operating point. Second, the influence of the aerodynamics and dilution on the processes of ignition and, in a larger sense, on combustion is discussed through dedicated studies. The CV2 device allows for the spark-ignited air-breathing combustion of a mixture of either propane orn-decane, directly injected into the chamber. A reference condition is characterized in details using: PIV velocity field measurements, chemiluminescence of combustion and a 0D modeling of the device. This detailed characterization evidenced that the CV2 combustion chamber successfully replicates, on a number of cycles allowing a reasonable statistical convergence, a turbulent deflagrative constant-volume combustion in a mixture stratified in composition. Those diagnostics and analyses are applied to 2 cases of study to characterize successively : the influence of the aerodynamics, through a variation of the ignition timing, the influence of the residual burnt gases on spark-ignited combustion and the cyclic stability, through a variation of the exhaust backpressure.Operating the device without scavenging of the combustion chamber, we show that the cyclic variability correlates strongly with both the variation of residual burnt gases dilution and the local velocity. Particularly, we show that for a given mixture, a correlation exists between a statistical velocity limit and the average probability of ignition. The effect of a plenum backpressure upstream of a turbine, downstream of the combustion chamber, is simulated by varying the exhaust system backpressure. The resulting dilution, which increases with the exhaust backpressure, diminishes the fundamental flame velocity of the mixture and slows down the combustion. The residual burnt gases temperature results from the integrated heat exchanges that happen during the total cycle duration starting from the end of combustion of cycle N, to the ignition of cycle N+1. Enhanced cycles, with an increased wall temperature and reduced exhaust duration, are extrapolated by 0D analysis. Those cycles evidence a reduction of the cumulated heat exchanges of up to 20 %. The resulting dilutionis more favorable to higher turbulent flame velocity thus to shorter combustion duration. A phenomenon of ignition induced by the residual burnt gases is observed on certain combustion cycles. This phenomenon is characterized in favorable conditions, i.e. fuel-lean equivalence ratio (0.66), late ignition and shortcycles. During an ignition by residual burnt gases, a flame kernel is ignited in areas where the still hot residuals burnt gases meet fresh gases in low-velocity areas around the intake jet. The ignition kernel then propagates to the rest of the mixture in a similar manner as if it was spark-ignited.This work is part of the CAPA Chair research program on Alternative Combustion modes for Air-breathing Propulsion supported by SAFRAN Tech, MBDAFrance and ANR (French National Research Agency).
64

Pressurizing of high-pressure fuel system forsingle cylinder test cell / Trycksättning av högtrycksbränslesystem för encylindertestcell

Glaad, Gustaf January 2019 (has links)
This master thesis covers the development of a high-pressure fuel system for compression ignitedfuels such as diesel and diesel-like fuels that will be deployed into a single cylinder test cell at AVLMTC Södertälje, Sweden. The test cell is used by AVL to conduct research and testing of new fuelsfor their customers and this new fuel system will widen the span of fuels able to be tested by theequipment.This thesis focuses on pumping and pressurizing of the fuel, ensuring that all ingoing materialsare non-corrosive in this environment and compatible with the necessary fuels and lastly a safetyanalysis of the system with respect to operator and process safety. Other aspects of the projectsuch as mass flow measurements and fuel conditioning is covered in a sister thesis Mass flowrate measurement of compression ignition fuels in high-pressure stand-alone pump unit for singlecylinder test cell written by C. Aksoy [1].The goal of this thesis project was to deliver a finished manufactured fuel system and if the timeallowed for it, also validate its performance and finally installing and incorporating it into the singlecylinder test cell. The development process started with the writing of a product specificationoutlining the requirements and request on the product in a specification of requirements matrix andrelate these to product properties of the system using a quality function deployment (QFD) matrix.This document was then used as a base for further advancement in developing concepts to solveeach product property and weighing these concepts against each other using Pugh’s matrices. Thechosen concepts were then further developed, a flow chart for the system was developed as well asfuel lines and other supporting components were analyzed and chosen.In the end the high-pressure fuel pump from Scania’s XPI fuel system were chosen as well asa pressure transducer in the HP1000 series from ESI. Within the time frame of this thesis, theproject did not end up getting finished to the degree planned, but due to time constraints werehalted before starting manufacturing of the system. Some minor component choices remained aswell as documentation such as drawings and finalizing the physical layout of the system remained.All information regarding the remaining work needed to finalize the project and deploying thesystem in the test cell were outlined and with more time, the fuel system should fulfill its purposeof allowing testing and research of compression ignited fuel to be possible in the test cell. / Kontentan för denna mastersavhandling är utvecklingsprocessen för ett högtrycksbränslesystemför kompressionsbränslen såsom diesel och diesellika bränslen som kommer att installeras i enencylindertestcell hos AVL MTC Södertälje, Sverige. Testcellen används av AVL för forskningoch testning av nya bränslen åt deras kunder och detta nya bränslesystem kommer att utöka typernaav bränslen som kan testas med utrustningen till att inkludera kompressionsantända bränslen.Denna avhandling fokuserar på utvecklingen av tillförseln och trycksättnigen av bränslet, säkerställnigenav att ingående material är icke-korrosiva i den avsedda miljön och kompatibla med allanödvändiga bränsletyper och slutligen en säkerhetsanalys av systemet med avseende på operatörsochprocessäkerhet. Andra aspekter såsom massflödesmätning och bränslekonditionering presenterasi systeravhandlingen Flödesmätning och konditionering av högtryckantända bränslen för encylindertestcellskriven av C. Aksoy [1].Målet med denna avhandling var att leverera ett färdigtillverkad bränslesystem och om tiden tillät,även validera systemets prestanda och slutligen integrera och installera systemet i testcellen. Utvecklingsprocesseninleddes med att skriva en produktspecifikation som innehöll en sammanställningav kundens krav och önskemål för produkten och relaterade dessa till produktegenskaper med hjälpav en quality function deployment (QFD) matris. Detta dokument användes vidare som en bas förfortsatt utveckling av produkten i konceptgenereringsprocessen och för att väga de olika konceptenmot varandra med hjälp av Pugh’s matriser. De valda koncepten blev sedan analyserade ytterligare,ett flödesschema för de ingående komponenterna framtaget och övriga sekundära komponenteranalyserade och valda.Till slut valdes högtrycksbränslepumpen från Scanias XPI system och en tryckgivare från HP1000-serien från ESI. Inom tidsramen för avhandlingen färdigställdes aldrig projektet till den grad somhade planerats, men blev istället avbrutet innan tillverkningen av systemet han påbörjas på grund avtidsbegränsningar. Vissa sekundära komponentval, dokumentation såsom ritningar och färdigställningav den fysiska layouten av systemet kvarstod vid avhandlingens slut. All information angåendeallt nödvändigt fortsatt arbete för att färdigställa projektet och integrera systemet i encylindertestcellendokumenterades och med mer tid borde bränslesystemet kunna uppfylla sitt syfte att möjliggöratestning och forskning av kompressionsbränslen i testcellen.
65

Etude par PIV par fluorescence de l’interaction d’un spray avec un écoulement gazeux en aérodynamique contrôlée : application à l’injection directe essence / Study by means of PIV by fluorescence of the interaction between a spray and a gaseous flow in a controlled aerodynamic : application to the gasoline direct injection

Lemetayer, Julien 07 December 2016 (has links)
De nombreux procédés actuels mettent en jeu des écoulements diphasiques (sprays agricoles, pharmaceutiques, peinture...). Néanmoins, la connaissance des mécanismes régissant les interactions entre les phases (entraînement, modification des trajectoires des particules, transfert d'énergie...) est encore incomplète, notamment lors de l'injection directe essence, qui représente le cadre de cette étude. Dans cette étude expérimentale, les dynamiques instantanées des deux phases sont étudiées dans un plan pour mettre en évidence les interactions aérodynamiques entre les phases. Pour ce faire, un diagnostic de FPIV diphasique, utilisant un colorant fluorescent pour chaque phase, est développé afin d'acquérir simultanément des images séparées de chaque phase sur deux caméras indépendantes. Ainsi, les vitesses instantanées et simultanées des deux phases sont mesurées sans recourir à un prétraitement des images. Dans un premier temps, ce diagnostic optique est appliqué à la caractérisation d'une injection dans un gaz au repos. L'injection du spray met en mouvement le gaz par le biais d'un transfert de quantité de mouvement du spray vers le gaz. La dispersion des gouttes du spray et le mélange des deux phases qui résultent de ces transferts d'énergie cinétique dépendent du type de spray et également de la pression d'injection. Dans un second temps, ces interactions sont étudiées dans un moteur monocylindre transparent. La comparaison entre les fonctionnements avec et sans injection indique un impact notable de la présence du spray sur l'aérodynamique interne par le développement de nouvelles structures et la modification des caractéristiques du tumble. L'aérodynamique interne du moteur modifie également le développement du spray en comparaison de l'injection dans un gaz au repos. / Two-phase flows are involved in numerous actual industrial processes (agriculture, pharmacy, painting...). However, the complex interactions between phases (entrainment, particle trajectory modification, energy transfer...) are not well understood, especially for the gasoline direct injection, which represents the context of this study. For this experimental study, instantaneous dynamics of both phases are studied in a plan to highlight the aerodynamic interactions between phases. To achieve that, a two-phase FPIV diagnostic, based on using a fluorescent dye for each phase, is developed to simultaneously acquire separated images of each phase on two independent cameras. Instantaneous and simultaneous velocities of both phases are measured without any image pre-processing. Firstly, this optical diagnostic is applied to the characterisation of a spray injection in a gas at rest. The spray drags the gas by a momentum transfer from spray to gas. The spray droplet dispersion and the mixture between the two phases, which result from this kinetic energy transfer, depend on the spray topology and the injection pressure. Then, these interactions are studied in a transparent monocylinder engine. The comparison between cycles with and without injection reveals a significant impact of the spray presence on the internal aerodynamic through the development of new structures and the modification of tumble characteristics. The internal aerodynamic also modifies the spray development in comparison to the injection in a gas at rest.
66

Study of different Exhaust Gas Recirculation Configurations and their Impact on Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engines

Pitarch Berná, Rafael 13 October 2023 (has links)
[ES] Esta tesis doctoral se encuadra en el contexto de una creciente concienciación y preocupación en la sociedad por la contaminación y su efecto sobre la salud de las personas, así como la influencia de los gases de efecto invernadero en el cambio climático. En este sentido, el sector transporte no ha sido una excepción, y se ha legislado para regular tanto las emisiones contaminantes como las de efecto invernadero de manera cada vez más estricta, retando continuamente a las empresas del sector y fabricantes de motores a aumentar la eficiencia y limpieza de sus sistemas propulsivos. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar el impacto que tienen distintos sistemas de recirculación de gases de escape (exhaust gas recirculation o EGR) en un motor de encendido provocado, de inyección directa, sobrealimentado, con distribución variable y dentro de la tendencia del downsizing. Cabe resaltar que el motor bajo estudio es un modelo sin EGR empleado actualmente en aplicaciones de transporte por carretera de turismos utilitarios, por lo que el proyecto ha estado en todo momento ligado a la actualidad del sector, y los avances y descubrimientos de los estudios aquí presentados pueden resultar de una enorme utilidad y ser empleados en aplicaciones reales. Estos sistemas de recirculación de gases de escape pretenden aumentar la eficiencia de los motores de encendido provocado con el objetivo de reducir la desventaja que estos presentan con respecto a los motores de encendido por compresión, mientras que se mantienen los niveles de emisiones. Dicha desventaja en eficiencia radica principalmente en una menor relación de compresión del motor de encendido provocado para evitar la autoignición y en el uso del dosado estequiométrico para el correcto funcionamiento del postratamiento. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral s'enquadra en el context d'una creixent conscienciació i preocupació en la societat per la contaminació i el seu efecte sobre la salut de les persones, així com la inuència dels gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle en el canvi climàtic. En aquest sentit, el transport no ha sigut una excepció, i s'ha legislat per a regular tant les emissions contaminants com les d'efecte d'hivernacle de manera cada vegada més estricta, reptant contínuament a les empreses del sector i fabricants de motors a augmentar l'eficiència dels seus sistemes propulsius. Aquest treball té per objectiu estudiar l'impacte que tenen diferents sistemes de recirculació de gasos d'escapament (exhaust gas *recirculation o EGR) en un motor d'encesa provocada, d'injecció directa, sobrealimentat, amb distribució variable i dins de la tendència del downsizing. Cal ressaltar que el motor sota estudi és un model sense EGR empleat actualment en aplicacions de transport per carretera de turismes utilitaris, per la qual cosa el projecte ha estat en tot moment lligat a l'actualitat del sector, i els avanços i descobriments dels estudis presentats poden resultar d'una enorme utilitat i ser emprats en aplicacions reals. Aquests sistemes de recirculació de gasos d'escapament pretenen augmentar l'eficiència dels motors d'encesa provocada amb l'objectiu de reduir el desavantatge que aquests presenten respecte als motors d'encesa per compressió, mantenint els nivells d'emissions. Aquest desavantatge en eficiència radica principalment en una menor relació de compressió del motor d'encesa provocada per a evitar l'autoignició i en l'ús del dosatge estequiomètric per al correcte funcionament del postractament / [EN] This PhD-Thesis is framed in the context of a growing awareness and concern in society about pollution and its effect on people's health, as well as the influence of greenhouse gases on climate change. In this sense, transportation has not been an exception, and legislation has been reated to regulate both polluting emissions and greenhouse gases in an increasingly strict manner, continually challenging companies in the sector and engine manufacturers to increase efficiency and cleanliness of their propulsive systems. The objective of this work is to study the impact that different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems have on a spark ignition, direct injection, turbocharged engine, with a variable timing and within the downsizing trend. It should be noted that the engine under study is mass-produced without EGR and is currently used in passenger utility cars, so the project has been always linked to current events in the sector, and the advances and discoveries of the studies presented here can be useful in real applications. These exhaust gas recirculation systems aim to increase the efficiency of spark ignition engines, reducing the disadvantage they present with respect to compression ignition engines, while maintaining emission levels. Said disadvantage in efficiency lies mainly in a lower compression ratio in order to avoid autoignition and in the use of stoichiometric operation for the optimal operation of the aftertreatment system. / Pitarch Berná, R. (2023). Study of different Exhaust Gas Recirculation Configurations and their Impact on Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engines [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198094
67

Experimental study of the behavior of gasoline direct injection GDI sprays during wall impingement under realistic engine conditions.

Carvallo García, César Leonardo 17 July 2023 (has links)
[ES] A medida que aumenta la conciencia climática y se buscan reducir las emisiones globales, se están realizando esfuerzos para producir tecnologías que permitan desarrollar motores más limpios y amigables con el medio ambiente. Los sistemas GDI (inyección directa de gasolina) tienen el potencial de cumplir con los cada vez más estrictos estándares de emisiones y, al mismo tiempo, mejorar el consumo de combustible. El espacio limitado dentro de la cámara de combustión hace que el impacto del chorro con la pared sea un fenómeno común en los motores de inyección directa de gasolina. Este fenómeno tiene un efecto significativo en el desarrollo del chorro y su interacción con el aire en la cámara. En condiciones de arranque en frío, las bajas presiones y temperaturas en la cámara facilitan la deposición del combustible en la superficie del pistón, lo que conduce a un aumento considerable en la formación de hollín y en los hidrocarburos sin quemar. Esta tesis busca proporcionar información sobre las características más relevantes de la interacción chorro-pared en sistemas de inyección directa de gasolina en condiciones de arranque en frío y otras condiciones evaporativas. Para ello, se utilizó una pared plana ubicada a diferentes distancias de impacto y ángulos con respecto a la punta del inyector. Se empleó un inyector solenoide fabricado por Continental y el inyector "Spray G", utilizando iso-octano como combustible inyectado. El estudio se llevó a cabo en diversas instalaciones experimentales cubriendo varias técnicas ópticas. El estudio de la interacción chorro-pared se llevó a cabo utilizando tres campañas experimentales. En la primera, se utilizó una pared de cuarzo transparente para analizar las características macroscópicas del chorro al impactar la pared, observándola lateral y frontalmente con el uso de tres cámaras de alta velocidad gracias a los accesos ópticos de la instalación experimental. En la segunda, se empleó una pared termorregulada de acero inoxidable para medir el efecto que tienen las condiciones de operación y ambientales sobre la transferencia de calor entre la pared y el chorro durante el evento de inyección de combustible. Se observó que la penetración del chorro libre y el desarrollo del chorro sobre la pared son influenciados por la presión de inyección y el ángulo de inclinación de la pared. El ancho del chorro medido después del impacto fue afectado principalmente por la distancia entre el inyector y la pared y por el ángulo de la pared pero más aún por la distancia respecto al punto de impacto sobre la cual fue medida. La semi área de impacto es susceptible a cambios en el ángulo de la pared y la distancia inyector-pared teniendo un papel fundamental en el arrastre de aire entre el chorro y el ambiente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las fases líquida y vapor tanto para la penetración de chorro libre como para el desarrollo del chorro sobre la pared a temperatura ambiente. Por el contrario, con la pared calentada, se obtuvieron diferencias entre la fase líquida y vapor, destacando la contribución de la evaporación de combustible causada por el incremento en la temperatura de la pared. Respecto a la pared instrumentada, tanto la temperatura del combustible como de la pared produjeron los picos más significativos en términos del flujo de calor superficial. Órdenes de magnitud similares respecto al flujo de calor superficial fueron encontrados entre las campañas experimentales de la pared instrumentada y la termografía infrarroja. La aparición del flash boiling en condiciones de menor contrapresión ambiental y mayor temperatura del combustible modificó la morfología del chorro en términos de anchura , lo que tuvo repercusiones significativas en el parámetro R (que depende de la penetración del chorro) y en el número de gotas de líquido presentes en el chorro, afectando tanto a los perfiles de extinción de la luz como a los perfiles del flujo de calor superficial. / [CA] A mesura que augmenta la consciència climàtica i es busquen reduir les emissions globals, s'estan fent esforços per a produir tecnologies que permeten desenvolupar motors més nets i amigables amb el medi ambient. Els sistemes GDI (injecció directa de gasolina) tenen el potencial de complir amb els estrictes estàndards d'emissions i, al mateix temps, millorar el consum de combustible. L'espai limitat dins de la cambra de combustió fa que l'impacte del doll amb la paret siga un fenomen comú en els motors d'injecció directa de gasolina. Aquest fenomen té un efecte significatiu en el desenvolupament del doll i la seua interacció amb l'aire en la cambra. La interacció doll-paret és un fenomen interessant i difícil de comprendre que ocorre durant el procés de combustió. En condicions d'arrancada en fred, les baixes pressions i temperatures en la cambra faciliten la deposició del combustible en la superfície del pistó, la qual cosa condueix a un augment considerable en la formació de sutge i en els hidrocarburs sense cremar. Aquesta tesi busca proporcionar informació sobre les característiques més rellevants de la interacció doll-paret en sistemes d'injecció directa de gasolina en condicions d'arrancada en fred i altres condicions evaporatives. Per a això, es va utilitzar una paret plana situada a diferents distàncies d'impacte i angles respecte a la punta de l'injector. Es va emprar un injector solenoide fabricat per Continental i l'injector "Spray G", utilitzant iso-octà com a combustible injectat. L'estudi es va dur a terme en diverses instal·lacions experimentals cobrint diverses tècniques òptiques. L'estudi de la interacció doll-paret es va dur a terme utilitzant tres campanyes experimentals. En la primera, es va utilitzar una paret de quars transparent per a analitzar les característiques macroscòpiques del doll en impactar la paret, observant-la lateral i frontalment amb l'ús de tres càmeres d'alta velocitat gràcies als accessos òptics de la instal·lació experimental. En la segona, es va emprar una paret termorregulada d'acer inoxidable per a mesurar l'efecte que tenen les condicions d'operació i ambientals sobre la transferència de calor entre la paret i el doll durant l'esdeveniment d'injecció de combustible. Es va observar que la penetració del doll lliure i el desenvolupament del doll sobre la paret són influenciats per la pressió d'injecció i l'angle d'inclinació de la paret. L'ample del doll mesurat després de l'impacte va ser afectat principalment per la distància entre l'injector i la paret i per l'angle de la paret però més encara per la distància respecte al punt d'impacte sobre la qual va ser mesurada. La semi àrea d'impacte és susceptible a canvis en l'angle de la paret i la distancia injector-paret tenint un paper fonamental en l'arrossegament d'aire entre el doll i l'ambient. No es van trobar diferències significatives entre les fases líquida i vapor tant per a la penetració de doll lliure com per al desenvolupament del doll sobre la paret a temperatura ambient. Per contra, amb la paret calfada, es van obtindre diferències entre la fase líquida i vapor, destacant la contribució de l'evaporació de combustible causada per l'increment en la temperatura de la paret. Respecte a la paret instrumentada, tant la temperatura del combustible com de la paret van produir els pics més significatius en termes del flux de calor superficial. Ordres de magnitud similars respecte al flux de calor superficial van ser trobats entre les campanyes experimentals de la paret instrumentada i la termografia infraroja. L'aparició del flaix boiling en condicions de menor contrapressió ambiental i major temperatura del combustible va modificar la morfologia del doll en termes d'amplària, la qual cosa va tindre repercussions significatives en el paràmetre R i en el nombre de gotes de líquid presents en el doll, afectant tant els perfils d'extinció de la llum com als perfils del flux de calor superfial. / [EN] Fuel injection is one of the most important factor that must be considered to achieve cleaner and more efficient internal combustion engines. Its role is more evident when direct injection strategies are used. As awareness of climate change and global emission reduction policies increase, efforts are being made to develop new technologies that enable cleaner and more environmentally friendly engines. The gasoline direct injection systems can fulfill strict emission standards and improve fuel consumption. Because of the space constraints inside the combustion chamber for spray penetration, collision and interaction with the wall are common events in direct injection engines, considerably influencing spray formation and air-spray interaction inside the chamber. In cold-start engine conditions, the lower injection pressures and temperatures in the combustion chamber enhance the fuel deposition over the piston surface, incrementing the soot and the unburned hydrocarbon formation. The present work highlights the fundamental aspects of the spray-wall interaction for the gasoline direct injection (GDI) system under cold-start and other evaporative conditions. For that, a flat wall is located several distances and at different wall angles to the injector tip. Also, this thesis involves using a solenoid injector produced by Continental and the well-known "Spray G" injector using iso-octane as injected fuel covering several techniques and experimental facilities. To analyze the spray-wall interaction, three experimental approaches were used: The first used three high-speed cameras and a quartz wall inside the test rig vessel to study the macroscopic characteristics of the spray, which was observed lateral and frontal by using the optical accesses of the vessel. The second approach used a stainless steel wall to catch the effect of the operating and ambient conditions over the heat flux between the wall and the spray during the fuel injection event and determine how the spray development is affected by the cold-start realistic engine conditions and other evaporative conditions that were included in the test matrix. This wall was coupled with sensors to control the initial surface temperature and to compute the temperature variation in time and the surface heat flux using high-speed thermocouples. The spray under free-jet conditions was also analyzed as a comparison point with the spray-wall interaction conditions. The free spray penetration and the spray spreading over the wall were influenced mainly by the injection pressure and the wall angle. The spray thickness measured after the SWI was affected primarily by the wall-to-tip distance and the wall angle but even more by the distance from the impact point in which it is measured. The semi-circle impact area was susceptible to wall angles and wall-to-tip distance variations, essential in the spray-air entrainment. No remarkable differences were found between the liquid and vapor phases for the free jet or the isothermal wall configuration. In contrast, some differences were obtained for the instrumented and thermoregulated wall, remarking the contribution of fuel evaporation caused by the wall temperature increase. Regarding the thermoregulated wall, the fuel and wall temperatures produced the most important peaks in terms of surface heat flux. A similar order of magnitude regarding the surface heat flux was found between the thermoregulated wall and infrared thermography experimental campaigns. The flash boiling appearance for the lower ambient back pressure and higher fuel temperature condition changed the spray morphology in terms of the width (spray angle), having significant repercussions over the R-parameter (which depends on the spray penetration) and in the number of liquid droplets present in the spray affecting both the light extinction profiles and the surface heat flux profiles. / Esta tesis se ha desarrollado en el marco de una ayuda para la Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) Subprograma 1 (PAID-01-19) financiada por la Universitat Politècnica de València. / Carvallo García, CL. (2023). Experimental study of the behavior of gasoline direct injection GDI sprays during wall impingement under realistic engine conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195027
68

A 26 GHz Phase-Locked Loop Frequency Multiplier in 0.18-um CMOS

Carr, John 25 April 2009 (has links)
This thesis presents the analysis, design and characterization of an integrated high-frequency phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency multiplier. The frequency multiplier is novel in its use of a low multiplication factor of 4 and a fully differential topology for rejection of common mode interference signals. The PLL is composed of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) for the first divide-by-two stage, a static master-slave flip-flop (MSFF) divider for the second divide-by-two stage and a Gilbert cell mixer phase detector (PD). The circuit has been fabricated using a standard CMOS 0.18-um process based on its relatively low cost and ready availability. The PLL frequency multiplier generates an output signal at 26 GHz and is the highest operational frequency PLL in the technology node reported to date. Time domain phase plane analysis is used for prediction of PLL locking range based on initial conditions of phase and frequency offsets. Tracking range of the PLL is limited by the inherent narrow locking range of the ILFD, and is confirmed via experimental results. The performance benefits of the fully differential PLL are experimentally confirmed by the injection of differential- and common-mode interfering signals at the VCO control lines. A comparison of the common- and differential-mode modulation indices reveals that a common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of greater than 20 dB is possible for carrier offset frequencies of less than 1 MHz. Closed-loop frequency domain transfer functions are used for prediction of the PLL phase noise response, with the PLL being dominated by the reference and VCO phase noise contributions. Regions of dominant phase noise contributions are presented and correlated to the overall PLL phase noise performance. Experimental verifications display good agreement and confirm the usefulness of the techniques for PLL performance prediction. The PLL clock multiplier has an operational output frequency of 26.204 to 26.796 GHz and a maximum output frequency step of 16 MHz. Measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset from the carrier is -103.9 dBc/Hz. The PLL clock multiplier core circuit (VCO/ILFD/MSFF Divider/PD) consumes 186 mW of combined power from 2.8 and 4.3 V DC rails. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-24 11:31:35.384
69

Exploration And Assessment of HCCI Strategies for a Multi-Cylinder Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Pandey, Sunil Kumar January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is an alternative combustion mode in which the fuel is homogeneously mixed with air and is auto-ignited by compression. Due to charge homogeneity, this mode is characterized by low equivalence ratios and temperatures giving simultaneously low nitric oxide (NOx) and soot in diesel engines. The conventional problem of NOx-soot trade-off is avoided in this mode due to absence of diffusion combustion. This mode can be employed at part load conditions while maintaining conventional combustion at high load thus minimizing regulatory cycle emissions and reducing cost of after-treatment systems. The present study focuses on achieving this mode in a turbocharged, common rail, direct injection, four-cylinder, heavy duty diesel engine. Specifically, the work involves a combination of three-dimensional CFD simulations and experiments on this engine to assess both traditional and novel strategies related to fuel injection. The first phase of the work involved a quasi-dimensional simulation of the engine to assess potential of achieving HCCI. This was done using a zero-dimensional, single-zone HCCI combustion model with n-heptane skeletal chemistry along with a one-dimensional model of intake and exhaust systems. The feasibility of operation with realistic knock values with high EGR rate of 60% was observed. The second aspect of the work involved three-dimensional CFD simulations of the in-cylinder process with wall film prediction to evaluate injection strategies associated with Early Direct Injection (EDI). The extended Coherent Flame Model-3Zone (ECFM-3Z) was employed for combustion simulation of conventional CI and EDI, and was validated with experimental in-cylinder pressure data from the engine. A new Uniformity Index (UI) parameter was defined to assess charge homogeneity. Results showed significant in-homogeneity and presence of wall film for EDI. Simulations were conducted to assess improvement of charge homogeneity by several strategies; narrow spray cone angle, injection timing, multiple injections, intake air heating, Port Fuel Injection (PFI) as well as combination of PFI and EDI. The maximum UI achieved by EDI was 0.78. The PFI strategy could achieve UI of 0.95; however, up to 50% of fuel remained trapped in the port after valve closure. This indicated that except EDI, none of the above-mentioned strategies could help achieve the benefits of the HCCI mode. The third part of the work involved engine experimentation to assess the EDI strategy. This strategy produced lower soot than that of conventional CI combustion with very short combustion duration, but led to high knock and NOx which is attributed to pool fire burning phenomenon of the wall film, as confirmed by CFD. An Optimized EDI (OptimEDI) strategy was then developed based on results of CFD and Design of Experiments. The Optim EDI consisted of triple injections with split ratio of 41%-45%-14% and advancing the first injection. This strategy gave 20% NOx and soot reduction over the conventional CI mode. Although this strategy gave encouraging results, there was a need for more substantial reduction in emissions without sacrificing efficiency. Hence, a novel concept of utilizing air-assisted Injection (AAI) into the EGR stream was employed, as this implied injecting very small droplets of fuel into the intake which would have sufficient residence time to evaporate before reaching the cylinder, thereby enabling HCCI. The fourth and final part of the work involved engine experimentation with AAI, and combination of OptimEDI with AAI. Results with 20% EGR showed that 5 to 10% of AAI gave further reduction in NOx but not in soot. With experiments involving 48% EGR rate, there was soot reduction of 75% due to combined AAI-EDI. NOx was negligible due to the high EGR rate. Thus, the significant contribution of this work is in proving that combining AAI with EDI as a novel injection strategy leads to substantial NOx and soot reduction.
70

Assessment of fuel consumption reduction strategies on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with a cooled EGR system

Rivas Perea, Manuel Eduardo 01 September 2016 (has links)
[EN] This research work presents the study of a low pressure EGR loop influence on a SI gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine in steady and transient testing conditions, with an optimization process of the original engine calibration in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption when cooled EGR is introduced in steady testing conditions. The cooled EGR strategy was also evaluated operating in synergy with other fuel consumption reduction strategies, such as: lean burn, multi-injection, higher coolant temperature and in-cylinder induced swirl motion. To fulfill the main objectives of this research work, firstly, a methodical process was followed, where a global methodology was first developed in order to obtain high accuracy engine tests, based on the experimental tools chosen that could comply with the requirements of the testing conditions, and the appropriate theoretical tools and procedure to post-process the tests performed. Secondly, a specific methodology was developed for each stage of the study and testing conditions, taking into account optimization processes or parametric tests in order to study the effect of a single parameter on engine's outputs or optimize an engine parameter in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption. As a first stage of the study, a basic analysis of the impact of cooled EGR on the engine combustion, performance, air management and exhaust emissions is presented. Afterwards, an optimization of the combustion phasing in order to minimize the fuel consumption was performed, and therefore the potential of cooled EGR in order to reduce the engine fuel consumption was observed for low load, part load and full load engine conditions, for two different engine speeds. In addition, a study in transient conditions of the engine operating with cooled EGR was performed. NEDC cycles were performed with different EGR valve openings and therefore a comparison of different cooled EGR rates influence on the engine performance, air management and accumulated exhaust emissions was presented. The second stage, consisted in a methodology developed to optimize the VVT setting and injection timing, for part load engine conditions, in order to maximize the cooled EGR potential to reduce engine fuel consumption. After this optimization, a synergy analysis of the optimum engine condition operating with cooled EGR and three other engine fuel consumption reduction strategies was performed. These strategies were tested to investigate and evaluate the potential of increasing the cooled EGR operational range to further decrease the engine fuel consumption. Furthermore, a basic study of the potential to reduce the engine fuel consumption and impact on combustion, air management and exhaust emissions of a lean burn strategy, in part load engine conditions, was presented as introduction of the final study of the cooled EGR strategy operating in synergy with the lean burn strategy in order to investigate the potential to control the exhaust emissions and reduce the engine fuel consumption. / [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar la influencia de un lazo de baja presión de EGR en las prestaciones de un motor de gasolina de encendido provocado turbosobrealimentado e inyección directa, en condiciones de ensayos estacionarios y transitorios, con un proceso de optimización de la calibración original del motor para minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor. La estrategia de "cooled EGR" fue también evaluada operando en sinergia con otras estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor, entre ellas: mezcla pobre, múltiples inyecciones, operación a alta temperatura del fluido refrigerante del motor y movimiento de "swirl" inducido en el cilindro. Para cumplir con los objetivos mencionados, se siguió un proceso metódico donde previamente se desarrolló una metodología global para obtener resultados de indudable calidad, basados en el uso de herramientas experimentales que cumplieran con los requerimientos de las condiciones de ensayo, y las apropiadas herramientas teóricas y procedimiento para post-procesar los ensayos realizados. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló una metodología específica para cada etapa del estudio, teniendo en cuenta los procesos de optimización o estudios paramétricos que se pudieran realizar. Como primera etapa, se presenta un estudio básico del impacto del "cooled EGR" en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor. Seguidamente, se procedió a la optimización del centrado de la combustión con la finalidad de minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor y poder analizar el potencial del "cooled EGR" como estrategia de reducción de consumo de combustible. El estudio presentado se realizó para baja, media y alta carga del motor con dos diferentes regímenes de giro del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio del motor operando en condiciones transitorias con "cooled EGR". Se realizaron una serie de ensayos usando el ciclo NEDC como base y se probaron diferentes estrategias sencillas de control de la apertura de la válvula de EGR para analizar la influencia del "cooled EGR" en condiciones transitorias. La segunda etapa consiste en el desarrollo de una metodología para optimizar los parámetros del diagrama de distribución (VVT) y el inicio de inyección, para cargas medias del motor, con la finalidad de maximizar el potencial de reducción de consumo de combustible de la estrategia "cooled EGR". Una vez realizada la optimización, se llevó a cabo un estudio usando la configuración óptima encontrada, operando en sinergia con otras tres estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor. Estas estrategias fueron evaluadas con la finalidad de incrementar el rango de operación de la estrategia "cooled EGR" para lograr reducir aún más el consumo de combustible del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio básico sobre la influencia de operar con mezcla pobre en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor, como introducción al último estudio llevado a cabo sobre la posibilidad de usar la estrategia de mezcla pobre en conjunto con la estrategia de "cooled EGR", con la finalidad de analizar el potencial de controlar las emisiones contaminantes y reducir el consumo de combustible del motor al mismo tiempo. / [CAT] L'objectiu d'este treball d'investigació és estudiar la influència d'un llaç de baixa pressió d'EGR en les prestacions d'un motor de gasolina d'encesa provocat turbosobrealimentat i injecció directa, en condicions d'assajos estacionaris i transitoris, amb un procés d'optimització del calibratge original del motor per a minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor. L'estratègia de "cooled EGR" va ser també avaluada operand en sinergia amb altres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor, entre elles: mescla pobra, múltiples injeccions, operació a alta temperatura del fluid refrigerant del motor i moviment de `"swirl" induït en el cilindre. Per a complir amb els objectius mencionats, es va seguir un procés metòdic on prèviament es va desenrotllar una metodologia global per a obtindre resultats d'indubtable qualitat, basats en l'ús de ferramentes experimentals que compliren amb els requeriments de les condicions d'assaig, i les apropiades ferramentes teòriques i procediment per a post- processar els assajos realitzats. En segon lloc, es va desenrotllar una metodologia específica per a cada etapa de l'estudi, tenint en compte els processos d'optimització o estudis paramètrics que es pogueren realitzar. Com a primera etapa, es presenta un estudi bàsic de l'impacte del "cooled EGR" en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor. A continuació, es va procedir a l'optimització del centrat de la combustió amb la finalitat de minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor i poder analitzar el potencial del "cooled EGR" com a estratègia de reducció de consum de combustible. L'estudi presentat es va realitzar per a baixa, mitja i alta càrrega del motor amb dos diferents règims de gir del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi del motor operand en condicions transitòries amb "cooled EGR". Es van realitzar una sèrie d'assajos usant el cicle NEDC com a base i es van provar diferents estratègies senzilles de control de l'obertura de la vàlvula d'EGR per a analitzar la influència del "cooled EGR" en condicions transitòries. La segona etapa consistix en el desenrotllament d'una metodologia per a optimitzar els paràmetres del diagrama de distribució (VVT) i l'inici d'injecció, per a càrregues mitges del motor, amb la finalitat de maximitzar el potencial de reducció de consum de combustible de l'estratègia "cooled EGR". Una vegada realitzada l'optimització, es va dur a terme un estudi usant la configuració òptima trobada, operant en sinergia amb altres tres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor. Estes estratègies van ser avaluades amb la finalitat d'incrementar el rang d'operació de l'estratègia "cooled EGR" per a aconseguir reduir encara més el consum de combustible del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi bàsic sobre la influència d'operar amb mescla pobra en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor, com a introducció a l'últim estudi dut a terme sobre la possibilitat d'usar l'estratègia de mescla pobra en conjunt amb l'estratègia de "cooled EGR", amb la finalitat d'analitzar el potencial de controlar les emissions contaminants i reduir el consum de combustible del motor al mateix temps. / Rivas Perea, ME. (2016). Assessment of fuel consumption reduction strategies on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with a cooled EGR system [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68497 / TESIS

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