Die Einführung des polyvalenten Bachelors mit dem berufsfeldspezifischen Profil für das Lehramt an Grund-, Mittel- und Förderschulen sowie das Höhere Lehramt an Gymnasien ("BA-Lehramt") und den entsprechenden lehramtsspezifischen Masterstudiengängen ("MA-Lehramt") war auch mit dem Ziel verbunden, die Abbruch- bzw. Schwundquoten der Studierenden zu reduzieren. Um dieses Ziel erreichen zu können, muss man aus unserer Sicht neben den "reinen Zahlen" vor allem die Gründe kennen, die dazu führen, das Lehramtsstudium abzubrechen. Ein Entgegenwirken ist in erster Linie bei jenen Gründen möglich und wünschenswert, die im Studium bzw. in den Studienbedingungen verankert sind.

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Bakgrund: Fördelarna med amning är välkända men trots det avbryter många svenska mödrar sin amning tidigare. Att avbryta amningen kan för en del mödrar vara problematisk och leda till skuldkänslor. Tidigare studier visar att brister i stödet ökar känslor av frustration, förvirring och tvivel hos mödrarna. Syfte: Att beskriva vilken erfarenhet distriktssköterskan inom barnhälsovården har av att stödja mödrar som valt att avbryta amningen. Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tio distriktssköterskor. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Vid analysen av intervjumaterialet framkom tre kategorier: Komplex arbetsuppgift, Kunskapsförmedling och Stödjande förhållningssätt. För att kunna ge stöd till mödrar som avbryter amningen skapade distriktssköterskorna förutsättningar till att samtala med mödrarna om deras funderingar och behov. Det var även viktigt att ge praktiska råd och information som underlättar mödrarnas beslut. Distriktssköterskorna framförde att de upplevde en svårighet med att stödja mödrarna i deras beslut att avbryta amningen. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskan inom barnhälsovården har det övergripande ansvaret för att främja amningen vilket gör att distriktssköterskorna ställs inför en komplex arbetsuppgift med att stödja mödrar som avbryter sin amning. Detta ställer krav på distriktssköterskan att vara följsam i sin profession och möta varje enskild mamma där hon befinner sig och ge individuellt anpassat stöd. / Background: The benefits of breastfeeding are well known but despite this many Swedish mothers interrupt their breastfeeding. This can be problematic and lead to feeling of guilt for some mothers. Previous studies show that lack of support can increase feelings of frustration, confusion and doubt in the mothers. Aim: To describe the district nurses in child health care’s experiences in supporting mothers who have chosen to discontinue breastfeeding. Method: The study has a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten district nurses. The interviews were analysed using qualitative manifest content analysis. Findings: The analysis of the interviews revealed three categories: Supportive attitudes, knowledge transfer and Complex task. In order to provide support for mothers who discontinue breastfeeding, district nurses have created opportunities to talk to the mothers about their concerns and needs. The study shows the importance in providing practical advices and information to help the mothers in their decisions. The district nurses told that they have experienced difficulties in supporting mothers and their decision to stop breastfeeding. Conclusion: The district nurses in the child health care have the overall responsibility to promote breastfeeding and therefore they are facing a complex task in supporting mothers who interrupt their breastfeeding. This requires the district nurse to be flexible in her or his profession in order to meet every single mother where she is located to provide individually tailored support.

Reasons for discontinuation of distraint - Abstract The subject-matter of this diploma thesis are the reasons for the discontinuation of distraint performed by a court distrainor in accordance with the Rules of Distraining. The importance of the chosen topic is justified by the fact that the only means the liable party can use to effectively defend themselves against distraint is a motion for the discontinuation or postponement of distraint. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with sources of the legal regulation, the most important amendments and the basic terminology which is closely related to the discussed procedural institute of the discontinuation of distraint. One of the key principles governing the distraint proceedings is the principle of protecting and defending the liable party while performing distraint. The chapter focused on basic principles affecting the course of the distraint proceedings deals particularly with those principles that are applied in the stage of the distraint proceedings from the filing of the motion for the discontinuation of distraint, or the motion for the postponement of distraint, until a decision on that motion is taken, or also in the cases where a decision on the discontinuation of distraint is taken even without filing a motion. The chapter focusing on the...

Introdução: A dinâmica do uso dos métodos contraceptivos é importante entre os universitários, pois estes apresentam altas aspirações educacionais e profissionais, o que afeta a intenção reprodutiva. Ainda, por serem na maioria solteiros, os jovens alternam os métodos de acordo com o tipo de relacionamento. Neste contexto, a anticoncepção de emergência é uma opção, sobretudo nos casos de descontinuidades. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre as descontinuidades e sua relação com o uso da anticoncepção de emergência no Brasil. Objetivo: Analisar a frequência e os determinantes da descontinuidade contraceptiva em um período de 12 meses; avaliar o uso da anticoncepção de emergência após as descontinuidades, e avaliar as descontinuidades após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, realizado com amostra probabilística de mulheres universitárias da Universidade de São Paulo. As alunas foram selecionadas por amostragem aleatória simples sem reposição (n=1.679). Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário de autopreenchimento respondido online. No Stata 14.2, os dados foram analisados por meio de regressão logística multinomial e multivariada, e equações de estimação generalizadas. Resultados: Primeiro, observou-se que as jovens com relacionamentos casuais, com menor nível socioeconômico, matriculadas nos cursos de Humanas e Ciências da Saúde, com menos anos de experiência sexual, com múltiplos parceiros sexuais e que usavam métodos menos eficazes, apresentaram maior probabilidade de descontinuar uma ou várias vezes. Segundo, as usuárias de pílula e preservativo que tinham relacionamentos casuais, com menor nível socioeconômico e que tiveram gravidez anterior, foram mais propensas a descontinuar, abandonar ou mudar para um método menos eficaz. Terceiro, uma proporção significativa de mulheres não usou anticoncepção de emergência após descontinuarem ou abandarem o método. Quarto, a anticoncepção de emergência foi mais utilizada após inconsistências no uso do método. Quinto, as jovens que usaram um método antes do uso da anticoncepção de emergência, sem religião, com um relacionamento estável, e que tiveram um parceiro sexual na vida, foram mais propensas a usar contracepção após a anticoncepção de emergência. Sexto, as jovens com relacionamento estável, de nível socioeconômico mais baixo, matriculadas nos cursos de Humanas e que tiveram um parceiro sexual na vida tiveram maior probabilidade de mudar para um método menos eficaz após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência. Por fim, poucas jovens apresentaram descontinuidades dentro de 30 dias após o uso da anticoncepção de emergência. Conclusões: A descontinuidade contraceptiva difere por tipo de método. A anticoncepção de emergência é subutilizada após as descontinuidades. A parceria influência na dinâmica do uso de contraceptivos. Ainda, aspectos educacionais, nível socioeconômico e número de parceiros sexuais são características importantes a serem consideradas na implementação de programas de planejamento familiar focados em mulheres jovens. / Introduction: Contraceptive use dynamics is relevant to undergraduate students as they present high educational and professional aspirations, which affects reproductive intention. Also, they are mostly single, so they alternate the contraception according to their relationships. In that case, emergency contraception is an option, mainly in situations of discontinuation. However, little is known about discontinuation and its relation to the use of emergency contraception in Brazil. Objective: To analyze the frequency and correlates of contraceptive discontinuation within 12-months; to assess emergency contraception use after discontinuation, and evaluate dicontinuation after emergency contraception use. Methods: We conducted a 12-month retrospective cohort study on a sample of undergraduate women at University of São Paulo, Brazil. Students were selected by simple random sampling without replacement (n=1,679). Data were collected online using a self-administered questionnaire. In Stata 14.2, we used multinomial and multivariate logistic regression, and generalized estimating equation to analyze the data. Results: First, we observed that women with casual relationships, lower socioeconomic status, enrolled in Human and Health Sciences programs, with less years of sexual experience, with multiple sexual partners in lifetime, and who use less effective method were more likely to discontinuation one or several times. Second, pill and condom users who had casual relationships, with lower socioeconomic status, and who had previous pregnancy were more likely to discontinue and to abandon or switch to a less effective method. Third, a significant proportion of women did not use emergency contraception after discontinuing or abandoning contraception. Fourth, emergency contraception was mostly used after inconsistent use of contraception. Fifth, women who used contraception prior to emergency contraception use, had no religion, were in stable relationships, and had only one sexual partner were more likely to use contraception after emergency contraception. Sixth, women with stable relationships, from lower socioeconomic status, enrolled in Human Sciences programs, and who had one sexual partner were more likely to switch to a less effective method after emergency contraception use. Lastly, few women presented gaps in contraception within 30- days after emergency contraception use. Conclusions: Discontinuation does differ by type of method. Emergency contraception is underutilized after discontinuation. Partnership has an important influence on contraceptive use dynamics. Also, educational background, socioeconomic status, and number of lifetime sexual partners are important characteristics that should be considered when implementing family planning programs focused on young women.

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Les études sur les couples traités par fécondation in vitro (FIV) ont jusqu’à présent porté essentiellement sur l’évaluation du succès en FIV. Très peu de données sont disponibles sur le devenir à long terme de couples traités par FIV. L’objectif de ce travail était d’estimer la fréquence de réalisation du projet parental à long terme, et d’étudier les facteurs associés aux interruptions précoces des traitements et aux naissances naturelles.L’enquête DAIFI-2009 a inclus 6 507 couples ayant débuté un programme de FIV en 2000-2002 dans l’un des 8 centres de FIV participant à l’étude. Les données médicales des couples et leur parcours dans le centre ont été obtenus à partir des dossiers médicaux des centres de FIV pour tous les couples. L’information sur le devenir des couples après le départ du centre a été obtenue par questionnaire postal auprès des couples en 2008-2009 (38% de participation 7 à 9 ans après l’initiation des FIV). L’étude des facteurs associés à la participation à l’enquête postale suggérait que la fréquence de réalisation du projet parental estimée sur les répondants seulement pourrait être biaisée. Les différentes méthodes mises en œuvre pour corriger la non réponse (pondération, imputation multiple) n’ont pas modifié l’estimation de la fréquence de réalisation du projet parental. Au total, 7 à 9 ans après l’initiation des FIV, 60% des couples ont réalisé leur projet parental de façon biologique, suite à un traitement ou suite à une conception naturelle. Lorsque les adoptions sont aussi prises en compte, 71% des couples ont réalisé leur projet parental. Après l’échec d’une première tentative de FIV, un couple sur 4 (26%) a interrompu les FIV dans le centre d’inclusion. Globalement, les couples avec de mauvais facteurs pronostiques ont un plus grand risque d’interrompre les FIV. Cependant, la proportion plus importante d’interruption parmi les couples avec une origine inexpliquée de l’infécondité pourrait s’expliquer par la survenue plus fréquente de naissance naturelle dans ce sous-groupe de couples. Parmi les couples n’ayant pas eu d’enfant suite aux traitements, 24% ont ensuite conçu naturellement en médiane 28 mois après l’initiation des FIV. Parmi les couples ayant eu un enfant suite aux traitements, 17% ont ensuite conçu naturellement en médiane 33 mois après la naissance de l’enfant conçu par AMP. Les facteurs associés aux naissances naturelles sont des indicateurs d’un meilleur pronostic de fertilité, particulièrement chez les couples sans enfant AMP.L’enquête DAIFI-2009 a permis d’apporter des informations sur le parcours à long terme des couples traités par FIV qui n’avait jusqu’à présent été que peu étudié, souvent sur de faibles effectifs et avec un suivi plus court. Ces résultats doivent apporter de l’espoir aux couples inféconds, puisque la majorité d’entre eux ont finalement réalisé leur projet parental, même si cela peut prendre de nombreuses années. / Until now, most studies of couples treated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) have been centered on IVF success. Very few data are available on the long-term outcome of these couples, including spontaneous conception and adoptions. This work aimed to estimate the long-term cumulative parenthood rate, and to study factors associated with early IVF discontinuation and with spontaneous live births.The DAIFI study is a retrospective cohort including 6,507 couples who began IVF in 2000-2002 in one of the eight participating French IVF centres. Medical data on all couples were obtained from centre databases. Information on long-term outcome after leaving the IVF center was collected by postal questionnaire sent to couples in 2008-2010 (7 to 9 years after IVF initiation, participation rate 38%). Study of factors associated with participation in the postal survey suggested that the cumulative parenthood rate estimated only in participants might be biased. The different methods used to correct for non-response bias (inverse probability weighting, multiple imputation) did not modify the estimation of the cumulative parenthood rate obtained with the complete case approach. Finally, 7 to 9 years after IVF initiation, the cumulative parenthood rate was estimated at 60%, including live births following IVF, other treatment or spontaneous conception. When adoptions were also considered, the cumulative parenthood rate reached 71%. After a first failed IVF cycle, just over one couple out of four (26%) discontinued IVF treatment. Globally, couples with poor prognostic factors had a higher risk of early discontinuation of IVF treatment. However, the higher proportion of early discontinuation observed among couples with unexplained infertility could be linked to a higher chance of spontaneous pregnancy in this subpopulation. Among couples who remained childless after treatment, 24% later had a spontaneous live birth (SLB), at a median of 28 months after the first IVF attempt. Among couples who had had a child during medical treatment, 17% later had an SLB, at a median of 33 months after the birth following medical treatment. Regarding factors associated with SLB, they can be viewed as indicators of a better fertility prognosis, especially among unsuccessfully treated couples.The DAIFI study has provided information on the long-term outcome of couples treated by IVF, which has until now been little studied, often on small samples and with a shorter duration of follow-up. These results should give hope to infertile couples as nearly three couples out of four finally became parents, even if it may take many years.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the constitutively active tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. Standard treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in the chronic phase (CP) of CML conveys excellent long-term prognosis but is associated with side effects and costs. Treatment free remission (TFR) is possible in a proportion of patients discontinuing treatment after obtaining deep treatment responses but it is not fully known how to select the right patients for stopping attempts. Treatment of accelerated phase (AP) and blast crisis (BC) is more complicated and the prognosis more dismal. In this thesis, we have studied factors of importance for outcome in CML patients with focus on immunological factors and clinical management. In a cohort of 32 newly diagnosed CP-CML patients, evidence of active immune escape mechanisms were found. These declined with the course of TKI treatment and at the same time, effector lymphocyte responses were elicited. These anti-leukaemia immune responses might help in the long-term control of CML. Multiple plasma protein markers were also measured with three multiplex platforms in a smaller cohort of patients (n=14). Inflammatory cytokines and other plasma proteins were affected by TKI treatment and multiplexing seems useful for finding potential biomarkers with biologic or prognostic significance in CML. Patients progressing to AP/BC were studied in a population-based material from the Swedish CML register. Approximately 4% of TKI-treated CP-CML patients transformed to AP/BC within 2 years of diagnosis. Monitoring of treatment responses was suboptimal in 1/3 of these patients and the median survival was 1.4 years after diagnosis of AP/BC. Thus, minimising the risk of disease progression through strict adherence to guidelines for monitoring and treatment is essential. In a cohort of patients (n=50) discontinuing TKI treatment within a large European trial, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 30% of patients, starting within 1- 6 weeks of TKI discontinuation and spontaneously resolving over time in most cases. Patients (n=56) were also evaluated with a multiplex platform with a total of 162 inflammation- and cancer-related plasma proteins. No predictive protein biomarkers for successful TKI discontinuation could be found. However, profound effects of TKI-treatment were seen and plasma proteomics could be useful for understanding effects of long-term TKI-treatment.

Understanding the behavior of those who start--or intend to start--a business is vital for a country of entrepreneurs such as Peru, which registered the third highest rate of active entrepreneurship worldwide in 2011, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). However, Peru also registered, in 2011, one of the highest business discontinuation rates among efficiency-based and resource-based economies. This study represents the first effort to analyze certain behavioral characteristics (risk aversion, joy of winning, overconfidence and tax collection) of a sample of necessity-driven entrepreneurs in Lima, Peru. These features might help explain, in the first place, the decision to become entrepreneurs, but also the decision to leave the market. In particular, wefind that entrepreneurs are risk averse, tend to overestimate their abilities and are willing to work harder when the gross pay is higher (and are taxed) than when it is lower (and are not taxed). Altogether, these traits may explain the high discontinuation rate of businesses in Peru, one of the highest in efficiency-based and resource-based economies. / Entender el comportamiento de aquellos que empiezan —o pretenden empezar— un negocio es vital para un país de emprendedores así como el Perú, el cual registró la tercera tasa más alta de emprededeurismo activo a nivel mundial en 2011, de acuerdo con el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Sin embargo, el Perú también registró, el año 2011, una de las tasas más altas de descontinuación de negocios entre las economías basadas en la eficiencias y recursos. Este estudio representa el primer intento en analizar ciertas características de conducta (aversión al riesgo, alegría por el triunfo, confianza excesiva y el pago de impuestos) de una muestra de emprendedoresmotivados por la necesidad en Lima, Perú. Estas características puede que ayuden a explicar, en primer lugar, la decisión de devenir emprendedores, pero también la decisión de dejar el mercado. En particular, nos encontramos con que los emprendedores son adversos al riesgo, tienden a sobrestimar sus habilidades y están dispuestos a trabajar más duro cuando el pago bruto es mayor (y está sujeto a impuestos) que cuando es menor (y no está sujeto a impuestos). En suma, estas características pueden explicar la alta tasa de descontinuación de negocios en el Perú, una de las más altas en economías basadas en la eficiencia o en recursos.

In order to meet the customer demands and remain competitive in a market where product life cycles are every day shorter, companies are forced to update their product portfolios continuously. The process for phasing the products in the company portfolios (i.e. introducing the new products and deleting the old ones) is known as the Phase-In/Phase-Out (PIPO) Process or Rollover Process. In most of the companies, there is a lack of formal processes for planning the phasings, eliminating the obsolete products and introducing the updated ones. However, a good planning is a key point to succeed and to create a lower impact on customers. Moreover, to achieve the best results, a cross-functional department organization is necessary to share the correct information at the correct time. This Degree Project has been carried out at Coty France, in the Demand Planning Department. This department is responsible for deciding the discontinuation dates and managing the switches of the products. This Master Thesis focuses on determining a methodology to share the information among the departments involved in the PIPO process and creating a tool to estimate the discontinuation dates. Clear procedures have been defined for phasing the products and an Excel tool has been created to calculate the dates. Finally, to validate the final solution proposed, an analysis of the Customer Service Level has been performed to confirm that the use of these procedures reduces the impact on customers. / För att möta kundernas krav och förbli konkurrenskraftiga på en marknad där produktlivscyklerna är kortare varje dag tvingas företag att uppdatera sina produktportföljer kontinuerligt. Processen för fasering av produkterna i företagsportföljerna (dvs. introduktion av de nya produkterna och radering av de gamla) är känd som Phase-In/Phase-Out (PIPO)-processen eller Rolloverprocessen. I de flesta av företagen saknas formella processer för att planera faserna, eliminera de föråldrade produkterna och introducera de uppdaterade. En bra planering är dock en nyckelpunkt för att lyckas och skapa en lägre inverkan på kunderna. För att uppnå bästa resultat krävs dessutom en tvärfunktionell avdelningsorganisation för att dela rätt information vid rätt tidpunkt. Detta examensprojekt har genomförts i Coty France, i Demand Planning Department. Denna avdelning ansvarar för att bestämma avslutningsdatum och hantera switcharna av produkterna. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att bestämma en metod för att dela informationen mellan de avdelningar som är involverade i PIPO-processen och skapa ett verktyg för att uppskatta avslutningsdatum. Tydliga procedurer har definierats för fasning av produkterna och ett Excelverktyg har skapats för att beräkna datum. Slutligen, för att validera den föreslagna slutliga lösningen, har en analys av kundtjänstnivån genomförts för att bekräfta att användningen av dessa procedurer minskar påverkan på kunderna.