Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_3105_Arlene de Araujo Saib.pdf: 942725 bytes, checksum: c0ee49ff970f9d7bfb7c826e57fbdad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Essa pesquisa questiona a noção de referencia como representação extensional dos referentes entendidos como categorias do mundo e, apoiando-se numa concepção sociocognitivo-interacional de linguagem, defende a referenciação como atividade discursiva voltada para a criação de objetos-de-discurso ancorados no contexto enunciativo e produzidos no fazer textual. O recorte teórico-metodológico proposto focaliza as estratégias de rotulação (de criação de formas nominais referenciais) as quais criam um dominio conceitual para a interpretação das informações-suporte presentes num texto-fonte, geralmente uma proposição ou uma sequência de proposições com independência enunciativa. A análise fundamenta-se num certo grau de indeterminação da linguagem e na dinâmica da (re)categorização como índice de uma estratégia discursiva em que os rótulos desempenham papel relevante tanto no encadeamento discursivo das unidades informativas dos textos quanto na organização semântico-argumentativa global do discurso. Por essa via de análise, os rótulos constituem paráfrases resumitivas com papel coesivo bem definido na superfície textual. Entretanto, a escolha da construção nominal (tanto do núcleo quanto dos determinantes) depende muito mais da interação entre os sujeitos envolvidos no processo interativo do que na relação de correferência buscada na semântica dos objetos ou dos fatos enunciados. O exame do corpus, constituído de textos opinativos presentes na mídia impressa brasileira e colhidos no período de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2007, apontou para a necessidade de ultrapassar o plano das relações anafóricas e integrar o funcionamento dos rótulos num referencial dêitico-enunciativo de linguagem. / This research Discusses the notion of reference as an extentional representation of the referents seen as world categories and, based on a social-cognitive-interactional conception of the language, it also considers the referentiation as a discursive activity aimed at the creation of speech objects engaged in the enunciative context and produced in the text. The theorical-methodological frame proposed focuses on the strategies of labelling (creation of referential nominal forms) that create a conceptual field for the supporting information present in a source text, usually a proposition or a sequence of propositions which are enunciatively independent. This analysis is based on a certain degree of language indetermination and the dynamics of (re) categorization as an index of sppeech strategy in which labels have an important role in the sequence of the informative units of the text as well as in the global semantic-argumentative organization of speech. From this point of view, labelling constitutes synthetic paraphrases with a cohesive role defined on the textual surface. However, the choice of the nominal construction (of the nucleus, as well as the determinants) depends much more on the interaction between the subjects involved in the process rather than on a relation of co-reference found in the semantics of the objects or the enunciated facts. The exam of the corpus, composed of opinative texts present in the Brazilian printed midia, and selected from December 2005 to December 2007, pointed to the necessity to overcome the level of the anaphoric relations, and integrate the function of labelling in a deitic-enunciative referential of language .

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eviliane.pdf: 573493 bytes, checksum: 1e218b258f3ecb7a07fe00cf8666b748 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / This research aims to investigate the referentiation process performed by the recategorization coreferential anaphora and non-coreferential in texts belonging to the school essay genre, produced by students of the High School third year of a public school in Cascavel PR and we intend to investigate how the producer of the text deals with the process of recovery, (re) constructing discourse objects, that allow verifying judgments and argumentative proposals of the producer. For this, we proceeded to the selection and analysis of the corpus constituted by texts produced by students of the High School third year of a public school in Cascavel PR. The research is guided by works of authors based on the sociocognitive interactionist language conception, who consider the language as a form of socio-historical cognition and of interactive character, as Mondada e Dubois (2003), Koch (2005), Marcuschi (2007a, 2007b, 2007c), Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995, 1999). We observed that the referential expressions contribute to elaborate the meaning, indicate points of view, point out argumentative directions, and act in the progression and textual cohesion. We noted that the lexical elements selection in the text represent ways of understanding not only the subject in the classroom but also evaluation linked to a discursive project of the speakers. We consider this study important for teaching, because it contributes to the teacher, considering that the referentiation process can assist in the construction of the argumentation, develop the language proficiency of students to the textual production. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o processo de referenciação realizado por meio das anáforas correferenciais recategorizadoras e não correferenciais nos textos pertencentes ao gênero redação escolar produzidos por alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública de Cascavel-PR e verificar de que maneira o produtor do texto lida com o processo de retomada em suas produções escritas, (re)construindo objetos-de-discurso, os quais permitem verificar juízos de valor e propostas argumentativas do produtor do texto. Para isso, procedeu-se à seleção e a uma análise do corpus constituído por textos produzidos por alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública de Cascavel-PR. Pautamo-nos em obras de autores fundamentados na perspectiva sociocognitiva e interacionista da linguagem, que consideram a linguagem uma forma de cognição sócio-histórica e de caráter eminentemente interativo, tais como Mondada e Dubois (2003), Koch (2005), Marcuschi (2007a, 2007b, 2007c), Apothéloz e Reichler-Béguelin (1995, 1999). Observamos que as expressões referenciais contribuem para elaborar o sentido, indicando pontos de vista, assinalando direções argumentativas, além de atuarem na progressão e na coesão textual. No decorrer da pesquisa, verificamos que a seleção dos elementos lexicais presentes nos textos representam formas de conceber não somente o tema proposto em sala de aula mas também de avaliação vinculada a um projeto discursivo dos locutores. Consideramos este estudo importante para o ensino, pois contribui para que o professor, a partir das considerações de que o processo de referenciação pode auxiliar na construção da argumentação, desenvolva a competência linguística do aluno para a produção textual.

Cette thèse a pour objet de décrire l’argumentation des élèves dans dix « cafés scientifiques » sur l’eau potable ayant eu lieu en 2011-2012 dans quatre écoles au Mexique, aux USA et en France. Il s’agit d’environnements éducatifs semi-formels (activité organisée à l’école mais extracurriculaire). Cette démarche est détaillée dans une première partie, avec la présentation des divers ancrages théoriques qui l’ont inspirée, issus de la linguistique interactionnelle, des études de l’argumentation, et de plusieurs traditions de recherches en éducation ; puis la définition des principales questions de recherche ; et enfin une présentation détaillée du corpus d’analyse.Au niveau mésoscopique, est proposée dans la partie II une analyse de la qualité des interactions lors du travail en petits groupes d’élèves, inspirée de la typologie des types de discours de Mercer (1996). Le discours d’exploration est appréhendé à partir de 5 indicateurs adaptés à la situation pédagogique, et attesté dans les trois pays. Ses frontières avec le discours d’accumulation et le discours de dispute sont précisées. Enfin, l’ensemble de la typologie est questionnée et affinée, à l’aune de cas problématiques interrogeant les unités d’analyse pertinentes et l’alternance entre les différents types de discours. La partie III analyse plutôt le travail de construction des arguments par les élèves, à l’échelle microscopique, à partir de trois grands types de ressources : savoirs, principes généraux incluant lois, normes et valeurs, et émotions. Un relevé exhaustif des éléments de savoir-croyance et des principes généraux utilisés par les élèves est réalisé. Est ensuite proposé un modèle du recours à ces principes dans l’interaction argumentative, inspiré de celui de la structure conversationnelle de l’argumentation de Muntigl et Turnbull (1998). Enfin, trois études de cas donnent à voir le fonctionnement discursif de la mobilisation des émotions à des fins argumentatives, à partir d’outils proposés par Plantin (2011). Dans la partie IV, à l’échelle macroscopique, les dix débats réalisés sur les différents terrains sont comparés. Le cadrage du débat est caractérisé sur le plan de l’orientation thématique vers des domaines de savoir et celui de la préférence pour certains modèles cognitifs de l’eau. Est également étudiée la façon dont les élèves construisent l’objet de discours « eau » et le présentent préférentiellement sous certains éclairages (Grize, 1990, 1996), phénomène analysé à l’aide d’outils textométriques. Les résultats des votes d’opinion individuels et par groupe réalisés tout au long des débats sont enfin présentés. L’ensemble de ces éléments (11-14) convergent pour décrire le travail discursif des élèves comme l’activation et le renforcement de scenarios d’affrontement entre argumentaires typiques. Ainsi, chaque sous-corpus national se caractérise par un scenario argumentatif propre, qui domine les débats, même si d’autres scenarios, minoritaires, cohabitent avec lui.Finalement, ce travail offre un modèle cohérent de l’argumentation des élèves, qui permet de caractériser à différents niveaux ces scenarios argumentatifs. / This thesis aims at describing students’ argumentation in ten « scientific cafés » about drinking water organized in 2011-2012 in Mexico, the USA and France. These events can be characterized as a semi-formal educational context (at school but an extra-curricular activity). Part I begins with a literature review of theoretical backgrounds in interactional linguistics, argumentation studies, and education research. The main research questions and the empirical data used in the study are then presented.Part II reports an analysis of the quality of students’ interactions at the mesoscopic level, while they are working in small groups, based on Mercer’s talk typology (1996). Exploratory talk is evidenced in each of the three countries, and is analyzed with 5 indicators taking into account the specificities of the pedagogical situation. The boundaries between exploratory talk, cumulative talk and disputational talk are discussed. The whole typology is refined, with the presentation of problematic atypical cases, raising the issues of the relevant unit of analysis and the alternation between different types of talk. Part III consists of an analysis of students’ work of building up their arguments at the microscopic level. To do so, they use 3 types of resources: knowledge, general principles (including laws, norms and values), and emotions. An inventory of the knowledge-belief elements and general principles used by the students is presented. An interactional model of the argumentative use of these general principles is then proposed, based on Muntigl and Turnbull’s model of the conversational structure of argumentation (1998). Finally, three case studies describe the role of emotions in students’ argumentation, using Plantin’s conceptual and methodological tools (2011).In the last chapter, Part IV, the ten debates are analyzed and compared at the macroscopic level. They are characterized by their tendency for orientation of the discourse towards disciplinary knowledge fields and their preference for certain cognitive models of water over others. There is also an analysis of how the students build « water » as a discourse object (“objet de discours”), and present it in specific lights (“éclairage”) (Grize, 1990, 1996). This analysis depends notably on the use of textometric tools. Results of individual and group opinion votes during the cafés are also presented. These three sets of results converge to give a global picture of students’ discursive work as the activation and strengthening of typical scenarios of opposing arguments. Each national sub-corpus has a specific, preferred argumentative scenario, which dominates the debates, even though there are alternative minority scenarios coexisting with the dominant scheme.In summary, this thesis offers a coherent model of students’ argumentation, and permits the characterization of such argumentative scenarios at different levels.

Although it is broadly acknowledged that democratic politics should operate through the public competition of binding positions, the careful development of these positions is commonly neglected. Providing ethnographic analysis of the work of staff advisers in parliamentary groups, the paper explores the invisible work invested into these competing positions. We argue that the invisibilization of work serves to accomplish a central tenet of democratic political discourse: the demonstration of resonance between constituents and elected politicians. The latter may be assisted by – but must not depend on – non-elected staff. Against this ‘sacred’ premise of representative democracy, the paper shows that and how political positions are based on invisible work and the work of invisibilizing. Building on laboratory and workplace studies, we specify the shape and function of invisibility by contrasting studies on invisible work in the natural sciences, in case law, and in party politics. In these instances, invisible work serves different discursive objects-in-formation: scientific facts, legal cases, and binding positions. Understanding invisible work, thus, leads us to consider different constitutive relevancies. In turn, these serve to specify established concepts in STS, such as ‘controversy,’ to better distinguish the day-to-day conduct of natural science from that of politics or law.