Orientador: Suzy Lagazzi Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:44:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pitombo-Oliveira_Tania_D.pdf: 3921299 bytes, checksum: b0e6240ebc5a18633cdb285711df93f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta minha reflexão, que se inscreve na perspectiva teórica da Análise de Discurso fundada nos trabalhos de Michel Pêcheux na França e Eni Orlandi e o grupo de pesquisadores por ela formados no Brasil, tenho como objeto a compreensão da constituição histórica do conflito posto no Estado de Mato Grosso pelo processo migratório instaurado na década de setenta, na perspectiva discursiva de análise do discurso jornalístico. Através dessa análise pretendo compreender a divisão que se mostra na língua e circula na mídia, principalmente nas diferentes posições-sujeito observadas. Para esta reflexão e compreensão dos sentidos que afloram e circulam na região norte do Estado de Estado de Mato Grosso, a análise do material constituído por entrevistas e depoimentos a partir de recortes de jornais locais impressos, virtuais e revistas; representativos da região norte do Estado do Mato Grosso, produziu recortes específicos, marcados, a partir das relações imaginárias constitutivas dos processos discursivos, por um forte posicionamento favorável à proposta de divisão territorial do Estado. Essa prática discursiva favorável ao processo divisionista, estabelece, por defender esse posicionamento, uma situação de confronto com os habitantes da região sul do Estado. Para entender esse confronto, foi necessário me deter também na prática discursiva jornalística representativa dos habitantes da região sul do Estado de Mato Grosso que compreende a capital Cuiabá e seu entorno, região esta toda ela à luz de mais de 200 anos de colonização e que devido às grandes distâncias, falta de estradas e comunicação com os grandes centros do País, viveu um grande período de isolamento sócio-econômico e cultural até a instauração do processo migratório no Estado. Tomando o discurso como local privilegiado de observação, encontro práticas discursivas que reforçam o ser de Mato Grosso, nascido aqui, em posição de enfrentamento aos paus-rodados e paus-fincados, formulações essas ancoradas no acontecimento discursivo da primeira divisão estadual, no movimento da construção de fundar sentidos postos pela Declaração da Amazônia, e, ainda, nos efeitos de uma incerteza em relação a um futuro marcados pelo tempo verbal do futuro do pretérito. A análise do discurso em relação ao confronto não dividir x criar um novo Estado deu visibilidade a processos de identificação que definem as relações imaginárias postas no Estado de Mato Grosso pelos seus habitantes / Abstract: This reflection is inscribed in the theoretical outlook of the analysis of the discourse based on productions by Michel Pêcheux in France and Erni Orlandi and the team of researchers formed by it in Brazil. I aim the understanding of the historical constitution of the conflict brought about by the migratory process in the state of Mato Grosso in the 80¿s, under the discursive analysis of the journalist discourse. Through this analysis I intend to understand the division shown in the language that circulates in the mass media, mainly in the different subject-positions observed. For this reflection and understanding of the meanings that emerge and circulate in the North region of the state of Mato Grosso, the analysis of the material made up of interviews and depositions from local newspaper clippings virtual news and magazines which represent the North region of the state of Mato Grosso has produced specific meanings, which are marked by a strong favorable stand to the proposal of the territorial division of the state and imaginary constitutive relations of the discursive processes. This discursive practice which is favorable to the divisional process stablishes a confronting situation towards the inhabitants of the south region of the state for defending this position. In order to understand this confrontation I also had to detain in the journalistic discursive practice which represents the inhabitants of the south region of the state of Mato Grosso which comprises the capital city Cuiabá and its surroundings. A region subject to over 200 years of colonization and which, due to large distances, lack of roads and communication with the large cities in Brazil, has faced a great period of socio-economical and financial isolation until the instauration of the migratory process in the state. Taking the discourse a privileged observation spot I find discursive practices which reinforce the Mato Grosso being. Born here, facing the ¿pau-rodados¿ and ¿pau-fincados¿, formulations anchored the discursive discourse of the first state division, to the construction movement of founding meanings imposed by the Declaration of the Amazonia and also to the effects of an incertaintly concerning a future marked by the conditional verbal tense. The discourse analysis related to the confrontation no division x creation of a new state enlighted the identification processes that define the imaginary relations inflicted in the state of Mato Grosso by its inhabitants / Doutorado / Mestre em Linguística

O presente estudo tem por objetivo examinar os discursos estatísticos e pedagógicos contemporâneos relativos à avaliação destinada às classes de alfabetização, marcados metodologicamente por orientações diversas e hegemônicas em tempos e espaços diversos, acompanhando, assim, a trajetória da escolarização e da alfabetização em massa no Brasil do século XX, para, na contemporaneidade do século XXI, analisar a forma como a avaliação governa a escolarização da alfabetização no nosso país. Ao tomar, então, a avaliação como uma técnica de governamento, procuro mostrar como o sujeito aluno é fabricado pelos discursos científicos, como os dos Testes ABC, os dos testes psicogenéticos e o da Provinha Brasil. O trabalho apoia-se na perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais em Educação pósestruturalistas e pós-modernos, ao colocar em suspeição a produção acadêmica sobre a avaliação da alfabetização e letramentos. Evidencia que, desde o momento em que se organizou o setor educação em âmbito do nacional, a avaliação sob medida e a informação estatística foram vistas como promissoras para a regulação da educação. Apresenta a análise de documentos que compõem o kit da Provinha Brasil, dando destaque ao mapeamento de 190 questões das edições de 2008 a 2011, testes 1 e 2, assim como apresenta o pareamento resultante da análise das fichas de avaliação (gabaritos) das questões objetivas da Provinha Brasil, correspondente aos testes 1 e 2, aplicados nos anos de 2008 e 2010, na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, com vistas a demonstrar quais teriam sido os maiores e menores percentuais de acertos. Constata que esse instrumento avaliativo, considerando sua matriz de referência para a avaliação da alfabetização e do letramento inicial, organizada por cinco eixos e dezessete descritores das habilidades a serem avaliadas, está discursivamente articulado às definições dadas pelas políticas públicas e pela maioria dos estudos acadêmicos brasileiros aos termos alfabetização e letramento. Observa, também, que tais eixos e habilidades estão associados a níveis de desempenho com vistas a “medi-los” e posicionar os alfabetizandos em relação aos primeiros. Assim como a descrição geral de cada nível, os seus detalhamentos podem sofrer alterações, exclusões e alternâncias de um teste para o seguinte, acompanhando as alterações sofridas pelas matrizes de referência e seus descritores. Esmiuçando as análises, mapeia a produtividade desse instrumento avaliativo para posicionar os alfabetizandos em novos níveis de alfabetização e de letramento, contando com uma supremacia de itens que avaliam o eixo leitura (92 questões) em relação aos itens que avaliam o eixo apropriação do sistema de escrita (52 questões), para o período de 2008 a 2010. Examina a forma como seria “medido” o processo de consolidação da alfabetização e de um letramento inicial, a partir da análise dos dados gerais da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre, em que o desempenho dos alfabetizandos, independentemente da edição e do teste, evidenciam uma maior visibilidade do processo de alfabetização e uma (in)visibilidade de um letramento inicial na leitura. Reconhece que o formato dos testes gera tais resultados e deixa à margem outras possíveis leituras (in)visibilizadas nesse instrumento avaliativo. / This study aims at examining contemporary statistical and pedagogical discourses concerning assessment for literacy classes, which were methodologically marked by different hegemonic orientations in different times and spaces, which followed schooling and literacy path in the 21st-century Brazil to analyse how assessment rules literacy teaching in our country in the 21st century. Taking the assessment as a government technique, I seek to show how scientific discourses, such as Testes ABC, psychogenetic tests and Provinha Brasil, have shaped the student. By challenging the academic production about assessment of reading instruction and literacy, Cultural Studies perspective in poststructuralist and postmodern Education supports this work. It shows that the bespoken assessment and statistical data were seen as promising for governing education, from the time education sector was nationally established. It provides analysis of documents making up Provinha Brasil, emphasising the mapping of 190 questions from 2008 to 2011 editions, tests 1 and 2, and analysis of evaluation forms for objective questions of Provinha Brasil, corresponding to tests 1 and 2 applied from 2008 to 2011 in public schools in Porto Alegre, to show which were higher and lower rates of hits. Considering its reference array to assess reading instruction and beginning literacy, organised in five axes and 17 keywords of skill to be assessed, it finds that this evaluative tool is discursively linked to definitions public policies and the majority of Brazilian academic studies have given to the terms reading instruction and literacy. It also notes that these axes and skills are associated to performance levels for ‘measuring them’ and position students in relation to the former. As with the general depict of every level, their details may change, be excluded, or alternate from one test to the next one, following changes for reference array and keywords. Scrutinising analyses, it scans productivity for this evaluative tool to position students in new levels of reading instruction and literacy, relying on more items assessing the axe reading (92 questions) in relation to items assessing the axe written system learning (52 questions) for 2008 to 2010. It examines how the process of reading instruction and beginning literacy would be ‘measured’ from analysis of general data in public schools in Porto Alegre, in which the students’ performance, apart from edition and test, points visibility for the process of reading instruction and (in)visibility of beginning literacy. It recognises that the shape of tests creates these results and keeps other readings in the background (in)visible in this evaluative tool.

A proposta geral deste trabalho é discutir e refletir acerca da dicotomia ficção/realidade cada vez mais presente nas telenovelas contemporâneas, realizando uma aproximação interdisciplinar das questões relacionadas ao estudo dos mecanismos referentes à organização discursiva e temática da telenovela Vidas Opostas, da Rede Record, com enfoque na problemática da violência social. Mais especificamente, temos como meta a exploração das possibilidades oferecidas pela Análise do Discurso para a operação de objetos visuais ou verbo-visuais e a aplicação de uma metodologia de análise para a telenovela em questão, verificando como é construído o seu discurso sobre a violência. Isso exigiu, assim, um aprofundamento teórico e, ao mesmo tempo, uma ampliação na perspectiva da construção teórico-metodológica, ainda mais a se considerar a especificidade do objeto, que além do nãoverbal, lida com imagens em movimento. Pudemos perceber, nas análises realizadas, a existência de uma forte demarcação na representação dos espaços configurados como a favela e o asfalto, demarcação que não se limitou apenas à figurativização desses lugares, mas disseminou-se sobre os múltiplos planos do discurso da telenovela. No que tange a temática da violência, foi possível observar que, apesar de retratar a violência como elemento constituinte desses dois ambientes, essa territorialização discursiva também se mantém. Sendo assim, pudemos identificar em Vidas Opostas não apenas uma demarcação espacial desses ambientes da favela e do asfalto, mas também e principalmente uma demarcação discursiva, que por um lado enaltece a favela, e de outro, critica a sociedade do asfalto. Com essa proposta, a telenovela pretende, de certa forma, desvirtuar-se do padrão imposto tradicionalmente pela Rede Globo, por meio de tratamento temático e estético diferenciado. Ela se propõe como produto que dá visibilidade às camadas marginalizadas da sociedade, cumprindo assim uma função social que estaria além do entretenimento e alienação. Contudo, esse esforço de superar a emissora rival faz a trama oscilar constantemente entre a inovação e a tradição. Por um lado, procura diferenciar-se de outras tramas por meio de experimentações na linguagem, especialmente no que se refere à representação da realidade; por outro lado, a trama apresenta uma série de elementos bastante característicos da telenovela brasileira, como pudemos observar nas análises. / This research has as its proposal to discuss and reflect on the dichotomy fiction/reality present in contemporary Brazilian soap operas, performing an interdisciplinary approach of the issues concerning the mechanisms of discursive and thematic organization of the soap opera Vidas Opostas, broadcasted by Rede Record, focusing the subject of social violence. More precisely, we aim to explore the possibilities offered by Discourse Analysis to the operation of visual and verb-visual objects and to the implementation of an analysis methodology to the soap opera, verifying how its discourse on violence is constructed. It required, therefore, a theoretical deepen and, at the same time, an expansion in terms of theoretical-methodological construction, further considering the object specificity, which is constituted not only by nonverbal language, but also by moving images. In our analysis, we realized the existence of a strong demarcation in the representation of the spaces configured as the favela and the asfalto; this demarcation was not limited only to the characterization of these places, but it has spread out to the various plans of the discourse. Regarding the thematic of violence, we observed that, despite the representation of violence as a constitutive element of these two places, the discursive territory construction also remains. Thus, we identified in Vidas Opostas not only a geographical demarcation of the spaces called favela and asfalto, but also (and primarily) a discursive demarcation, which on the one hand exalts the favela and in the other hand, criticizes the asfalto. With this proposal, the soap opera intends to differ itself from the pattern tradicionally imposed by Rede Globo television, through distinctive thematic and aesthetic construction. It proposes itself as a television product which gives visibility to marginalized categories of society, thus accomplishing a social function beyond entertainment and alienation. However, this effort to overcome its rival broadcaster makes the soap opera constantly oscillate between innovation and tradition. On the one hand, it aims at distinct itself from other soap operas through experimentation in language, especially in the reality representation; on the other hand, it presents various elements which is typical of Brazilian soap operas, as we could see in our analysis.

The thesis called Qualitative Analysis of Media Discourse of the Far-right Blog cz.altermedia.info deals with the discourse analysis of the Czech version of an international project Altermedia.info. Discourse analysis aims at differences between the discourse of the founding editor and the current one and analyses the neo-fascist nature of the blog. The theoretical framework of the analysis is based on the postmarxist theory of discourse introduced by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes the findings of researchers who are engaged in discourse analysis (structuralism, poststructuralism, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk). The thesis also examines how specific meaning is constructed within the nationalist discourse of Altermedia and to what extent a new team of authors contributed to the change of discourse. The analysis identifies the main nodal points, which are involved in the construction of discourse, and examines the antagonistic processes within the two different editors. Discursive analysis reveals particular inclination of the current discourse of Altermedia for the neo-Nazi ideology, and thus indicates the fundamental antagonism between the founding editors and current one.

This paper presents the results of a critical discourse analysis of a selection of Canada’s security texts and argues that the country’s security discourses construct Muslims as dangerous and different from the normative Canadian. The research relies on a social constructionist understanding of discourse and the recognition that our state’s representatives and agents, operating from positions of discursive power, wield disproportionate influence in directing the national conversation and managing the signals that shape our social attitudes and imaginaries. By persistently qualifying terrorism with Islam, portraying the terrorist figure as a religiously and ideologically-motivated actor opposed to ‘Western values’ and by casting suspicion on the ordinary behaviour of Muslims, Canada’s security discourses produce a mental model in which Islam and its followers are associated with a propensity for terrorist violence. The discourses also naturalize the idea that Muslims are in need of surveillance, not only by the state’s agents, but by the public itself. When examined alongside a body of research illustrating Canada’s ‘visible minority’ population continues to be negatively affected by dominant group discrimination, the results of the study raise questions about the culpability of state representatives in the reproduction of ideas of difference which continue to inform the country’s social imaginary and hinder the equality and inclusivity of minority groups within the national collective.

Correct Information Units (CIU) analysis is one of the few measures of discourse that attempts to quantify discourse as a function of communicating information efficiently. Though this analysis is used reliably as a research tool, most studies' apply CIUs to structured discourse tasks and do not specifically describe how raters are trained. If certified clinical speech-language pathologists can likewise reliably apply CIU analysis within clinical settings to unstructured discourse, such as the discourse of people with aphasia (PWA), it may allow clinicians to quantify the information communicated efficiently in clinical populations with discourse deficits. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if using the outlined training module, clinicians are able to score CIUs with similar inter-rater reliability across both structured and unstructured discourse samples as researchers. Method: Four certified SLPs will undergo a two-hour training session in CIU analysis similar to that of a university research staffs' CIU training protocol. Each SLP will score CIUs in structured and unstructured language samples collected from individuals diagnosed with aphasia. The SLP' scores within the structured and unstructured discourse samples will be compared to those of a university research lab staffs'. This will determine (1) whether SLPs can reliably code CIUs when compared with research raters in a lab setting when both using the same two-hour CIU training and resources allotted; (2) whether there is a significant difference in reliability when structured and unstructured discourse is analyzed.

<p>This investigation examined the functions of two Spanish discourse markers, <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>, in the interlanguage of intermediate English-speaking learners of Spanish. <i>Pues</i> is translated in English to ‘so’, ‘then’, ‘cos’, and ‘well’, and <i>bueno</i> is translated in English to ‘well’ and ‘alright’. Discourse markers like <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno </i>provide cohesion in spoken interaction, and despite the lack of attention received in second language research and classrooms, they are important linguistic features for second language users. While several studies have addressed discourse markers by non-native speakers, the present investigation contributed to the scarce body of research on interlanguage discourse marker use in Spanish and to general theoretical discussions about second language discourse marker use and acquisition by considering discourse marker frequency in input and describing the use of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> in the interlanguage of Spanish learners. In this investigation, frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution were analyzed as three distinct facets of discourse marker proficiency.</p> <p>Using a native speaker functional framework established by Travis (2005) for reference, the analyses responded to the following general questions: How do Spanish learners compare to native speakers of Peninsular Spanish in their frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>? How are these three variables among learners affected by a 6-week, language immersion study abroad program? Finally, how do native speakers of Peninsular Spanish and second language learners of Spanish compare in their characteristic patterns of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> functional use? Using oral interviews of 58 non-native (L2) Spanish speakers at the beginning and end of a program abroad and 14 native speakers (NS) of Spanish from Madrid, all tokens of <i>pues</i> (<i>N</i> = 506) and <i>bueno</i> (<i>N</i> = 273) were analyzed according to the functional framework (Travis, 2005). Analyses revealed infrequent L2 use of <i>pues </i>and <i>bueno</i> with a limited range of functions and distinct functional distribution compared to NS data. Over the program abroad, learners significantly increased their functional range of <i>pues</i>.<i> </i>No other significant differences in learner use over the program were identified. Detailed analysis of the patterns of use of native speakers and learners led to the identification of unique discourse marker uses in the interlanguage of learners. These findings were discussed in light of issues of interlanguage discourse marker use, discourse marker frequency in input, and second language instruction.</p>

This study is an analysis of lyrics from popular American music albums since the 1990s to understand public discourse about and experience with public administration. Albums included in the study came from two prominent sources: Billboard and Pitchfork decade-end lists. The study is framed by critical, postmodern, and responsiveness theories, methodologically grounded in critical discourse analysis, and technically approached using standard qualitative methods, including especially qualitative content analysis and iterative, inductive coding techniques. Findings from the qualitative study demonstrate public discourse on the themes of institutional and systemic racism and violence within and perpetuated by public administration and public institutions. Implications for critical self-reflection and responsiveness from the field on these themes are included, and a theory of administrative listening to exogenous discourse is developed. By using exogenous-discourse analysis, including especially that found in popular music, public administration can listen and respond to discourse that originates outside the institutions and systems it controls, broadening its understanding of public sentiment, contributing to a more democratic administration, and building public trust in public institutions.

How do the Swedish police get represented in news media and how does that representation differentiate from other media channels where the police have full control over what is said? Through a discourse analysis of news texts and extracts from the police own webpage and Facebook page, we claim that the discourse in newspapers and the discourse on the webpage and Facebook page is pretty much the same, only packaged differently.

Two fundamental components of causality are the Cause and the Result. In linguistic work the distinction between these aspects is commonly blurred, presumably because the primary research focus has been on describing how language encodes causality. The semantic nature of the component events and the constraints on their relationship are seldom discussed; however, the current work aims to shed light on a broader spectrum of features that underlie the concept. This is an essential foundation for understanding how language communicates Result. The present discussion explores and illuminates the nature of this concept focusing on a relatively open-ended set of linguistic elements that can play a role in shaping a discourse relation in addition to discourse connectives. This is in contrast to the majority of the previous research, which has been quite intensely concerned with investigating a limited collection of well-established causality markers. Also, despite the fact that English has been used in studies on causality both as a control language and a metalanguage, there is surprisingly little work on the semantics of the relations that occur specifically in English, let alone Result relations. By borrowing from several cognitively-oriented approaches and combining empirical data from two written corpora (British National Corpus and the Penn Discourse Treebank) with experimental work, the current study systematically investigates the conceptual and linguistic properties of several closely related Result relation types (including Purpose), along with the joint role of discourse connectives and other discourse elements in conveying the intended sense. The findings indicate that linguistic signals of the conceptual structure of the relation seem to play a more significant role in the interpretation than explicit marking. Two factors emerged as more vital cues than the presence of the ambiguous connective so.  In Purpose relations, a modal auxiliary conveying an intended effect, and in Result relations the presence/absence of an intentionally acting actor are crucial for disambiguation. The multifunctional connective therefore seems to merely satisfy the mandatory marking requirement related to the intrinsically unrealized (‘nonveridical’) nature of Purpose. In Result the presence of an ambiguous marker is to a great extent optional in English. However, discourse markers can also reflect how language users categorize causal event types. This claim has been confirmed in several cross-linguistic analyses, but the lexicon of English connectives has not been systematically investigated from this vantage point. The few existing studies found that the uses of English connectives are quite unconstrained across causal categories. The present work contributes to this line of research and suggests that two unambiguous markers, as a result and for this reason, indeed cover a wide range of causal event types; however, they also exhibit significant tendencies to occur prototypically in certain relation types. The presence and role of an intentionally acting discourse participant behind both real-world and linguistic causally-related events contributes to these tendencies. The contexts that include such a participant are regarded as intrinsically subjective and have been found to manifest surface expressions of subjectivity in previous work on other languages. The current study confirms similar tendencies in the linguistic construal and marking of Result relations in English, which proves that certain language elements partake in establishing the intended interpretation on a par with discourse connectives.  What emerges as a result of this discussion, is therefore an account on how English utilizes the broad category of Result and what linguistic elements are used to convey the array of resultative events.