Tiling multiple monitors to increase the amount of screen space has become an area of great interest to researchers. While previous research has shown user performance benefits when tiling multiple monitors, little research has analyzed whether much larger high-resolution displays result in better user performance. The work in this paper evaluates user performance on an even larger, twenty-four monitor, high-resolution (96 DPI), high pixel-count (approximately 32 million pixels) display for single-users in both flat and curved forms. The first experiment compares user performance time, accuracy, and mental workload on multi-scale geospatial search, route tracing, and comparison tasks across one, twelve (4x3), and twenty-four (8x3) tiled monitor configurations. Using the same tasks, we evaluated conditions that uniformly curve the twelve and twenty-four monitor displays. Results show that, depending on the task, larger viewport sizes improve performance time with less user frustration. Findings also reveal that curving large displays improves performance time as users interacted with less strenuous physical navigation on the curved conditions. A second study sought to understand why curving the display, effectively bringing all pixels into visible range, improved performance so as to provide guidelines for using such large displays. The study tested for region biases, performance gaps in comparing virtually distant objects, and degree of detail of user insights while measuring the physical navigation required. Results clearly show that significantly less movement is required when physically navigating the curved display. Performance measures reveal that users favor the left regions of the flat display, while there appears to be no region bias on the curved display. Furthermore, user performance time increased as the virtual distance between objects increased, and there is a tradeoff in insight detail between the two forms. In conclusion, larger, high-resolution displays improve user performance, and curving such displays further improves performance, removing any biases towards regions of the display, potentially reducing the performance drop of virtually far apart objects, reducing the amount of physical navigation necessary, and enabling more detailed insights. Based on these findings, one should always curve multiple monitor displays for single users, and if space is an issue, start curving once the display reaches four or five monitors wide. / Master of Science

Der in dieser Arbeit verfolgte Ansatz ermöglicht die generelle Herstellung taktiler Displays mit fotolithographischen Methoden. Dabei werden alle Aktorelemente Schicht für Schicht und gleichzeitig während des Herstellungsprozesses erzeugt. Somit ist eine Miniaturisierung und Skalierung möglich, wie sie für Prozesse in der Halbleitertechnik üblich ist. Um die Aktorgröße jedes einzelnen Aktors zu kontrollieren, wurde das temperatursensitive Hydrogel Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamid) verwendet und zur Steuerung eine elektronikkompatible thermische Schnittstelle entwickelt. Dabei entsteht ein hochaufgelöstes thermisches Feld, welches aktorgenau den Zustand von jedem visuellen Pixel und taktilem Taxel einstellt. Es wurde ein System zur Wiedergabe von sowohl glatten als auch rauen Oberflachen und ein weiteres System zur Wiedergabe von Konturen aufgebaut. Da die Aktoren ihre optischen Eigenschaften verändern, haben die Displays damit zusätzlich auch eine visuelle, monochrome Funktionalität.:1 Einleitung 2 Präzisierte Problemstellung 3 Stand der Technik 3.1 Haptik 3.2 Kutane Displays 3.3 Taktile Wahrnehmung als Grundlage kutaner Displays 3.3.1 Frequenzabhängigkeit der Hautwahrnehmung 3.3.2 Sensortypen der Haut 3.3.3 Zusammengesetzte Wahrnehmung und Wahrnehmbarkeitsschwellen 3.3.4 Auswahl des Aktorfunktionsprinzips 3.4 Grundlagen stimulisensitiver Hydrogele 3.4.1 Arten von Gelen 3.4.2 Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht der Gelquellung 3.4.3 Quellkinetik: Zeitliche Beschreibung der Quellung 3.4.4 Herstellung von Hydrogelstrukturen 3.5 Erzeugung eines Temperaturprofils zur Aktorsteuerung 4 Herstellung des Aktorchips und Elementansteuerung 4.1 Trägersubstratherstellung 4.1.1 Trägersubstrat-Schichtaufbau: vereinfachtes Modell 4.1.2 Projektionsschicht 4.1.3 Herstellung einer transparenten Schicht definierter thermischer Eigenschaften 4.2 Aktorarrays auf Hydrogelbasis 4.3 Fotolithografischer Prozess 4.3.1 Belichtungseinheit 4.3.2 Lichtleistung und Uniformität 4.3.3 Fotolithografische Maske 4.3.4 Proximity-Belichtung – 1:1 Schattenprojektion 4.4 Hydrogelsynthese 4.4.1 Vernetzergehalt 4.4.2 Fotoinitiator 4.4.3 Losungsmittel- und Monomerkonzentration 4.4.4 Lösungsmittelqualitat und Temperatur 4.4.5 UV-Intensitat 4.4.6 Lithografische Hydrogelstrukturierung 4.4.7 UV-Belichtungszeit 4.4.8 Belichtungsprozess und Lichtleistung 4.4.9 Auswirkungen von Sauerstoff auf die Hydrogelstruktur 4.5 Strukturierungsgrenze 4.6 Haftvermittlung zwischen Hydrogelaktoren und Tragersubstrat 4.7 Thermische Aktorsteuerung 4.7.1 Temperatursteuerung im Quellungsgleichgewicht 4.7.2 Quellverhalten bei schneller Temperaturanderung und kurzer Quellzeit 4.8 Fertigungstechnologie fur Grosflächenmikrostrukturierung 4.8.1 Herstellung von Grosflächenmaster 4.8.2 Elastische Displayabdeckung 4.8.3 Mikrofluidische Quellmittelversorgung des Aktorchips 5 Optoelektrothermischer Controller 5.1 Konzept Warmesteuerung durch Licht 5.2 Aktorchip-Aufnahmeeinheit mit Licht-Wärme-Umwandlung 5.3 Mechanischer und optischer Aufbau 5.4 Zusatzoptik für Projektion auf 2,5 Zoll Displaydiagonale 5.5 Umlenkspiegel 5.6 Leistungsparameter der verwendeten Projektions-Systeme 5.7 Projektorcharakteristik 5.8 Setup der Thermografiekamera 5.9 Optimierung und Charakterisierung der Aktorsteuerung 5.9.1 Design-, Betriebs- und Messgrosen der thermischen Steuerung 5.9.2 Dimensionierung und Optimierung der thermischen Steuerung 5.9.3 Zeitliche und räumliche Auflösung der Aktorsteuerung 5.9.4 Optische Temperaturbestimmung durch Kontrastfunktion 6 Multimodales Display 6.1 Displayfunktionen 6.1.1 Basisaktorchip als Aktorarray mit Substrat und Abdeckung 6.1.2 Monochrome Displayfunktion 6.1.3 Ausgabe taktiler Oberflächeneigenschaften 6.1.4 Taktile Kantenhervorhebung der Kontur 6.2 Kombinierte Monochrom und Displacementfunktionalität 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Ausblick

Digital Clay is a next generation human-machine communication interface based on a tangible haptic surface. This thesis embraces this revolutionary concept and seeks to give it a physical embodiment that will confirm its feasibility and enable experimentation relating to its utility and possible improvements. Per the approach adopted in work, Digital Clay could be described as a 3D monitor whose pixels can move perpendicularly to the screen to form a morphing surface. Users can view, touch and modify the shape of the working surface formed by these pixels. In reality, the pixels are the tips of micro hydraulic actuators or Hapcel (i.e. haptic cell, since the Digital Clay supports the haptic interface). The user can get a feel of the desired material properties when he/she touches the working surface. The potential applications of Digital Clay cover a wide range from computer aided engineering design to scientific research to medical diagnoses, 3D dynamic mapping and entertainment. One could predict a future in which, by using Digital Clay, not only could the user watch an actor in a movie, but also touch the face of the actor! This research starts from the review of the background of virtual reality. Then the concept and features of the proposed Digital Clay is provided. Research stages and a 5x5 cell array prototype are presented in this thesis on the structural design and control of Digital Clay. The first stage of the research focuses on the design and control of a single cell system of Digital Clay. Control issues of a single cell system constructed using conventional and off-the-shelf components are discussed first in detail followed by experimental results. Then practical designs of micro actuators and sensors are presented. The second stage of the research deals with the cell array system of Digital Clay. Practical structural design and control methods are discussed which are suitable for a 100x 100 (even 1000X 1000) cell array. Conceptual design and detailed implementations are presented. Finally, a 5 x 5 cell array prototype constructed using the discussed design solutions for testing is presented.

L’ingénierie protéique servant autrefois à comprendre les relations structures-fonctions des protéines connait un tournant majeur depuis plusieurs années. L’ingénierie protéique évolue pour créer des nouvelles fonctions protéiques : c’est la naissance de l’ingénierie protéique moderne. L’objectif de ma thèse a consisté à mettre en place et caractériser deux approches indépendantes d’ingénierie protéique dans le domaine du vaccin et du diagnostic. Le premier projet consistait à générer des ligands protéiques à partir d‘échafaudages moléculaires (des alternatifs aux anticorps) en couplant le ribosome display au NGS et en développant des outils d’analyses bio-informatiques. Des sélections contre des cibles protéiques d’origine bactérienne et virale ont conduit à l’identification de ligands Affibodies affins (µM au nM). Leur caractérisation a validé leur potentiel comme outil de recherche et de réactif diagnostique. Ces études ont permis de valider la plateforme de génération des ligands mise en place, en augmentant l’exploration de l’espace de diversité des interactions des ligands. Le second projet portait sur le développement d’une plateforme de présentation et de vectorisation à partir de particules d’encapsuline. Elles ont été génétiquement modifiées pour présenter de manière répétée à leur surface l’ectodomaine de la protéine de matrice M2 (M2e) du virus Influenza A H1N1 tout en encapsulant une protéine hétérologue : l’eGFP. Les nanoparticules modifiées sont correctement formées et encapsulent l’eGFP. Des souris immunisées par ces particules induisent une réponse anticorps spécifique contre l’épitope M2e et l’eGFP. L’utilisation de ces nanoparticules comme plateforme vaccinale de présentation et de vectorisation est prometteuse et ouvre la voie pour d’autres applications en biotechnologie / In the past, protein engineering used to understand function and structure relationship. But since few years, protein engineering was used to create new protein functions: modern protein engineering was born. The aim of my thesis was to set up and characterize two approaches of protein engineering in diagnostic and vaccine field. The first project was to generate artificial binder using protein scaffolds as an alternative to antibodies by coupling ribosome display (RD) to NGS and developing bio-informatics tools. Screening and selection against bacterial and viral targets have led to affibody binder’s identification with an affinity range from µM to nM. Their characterization has validated their potential as research tools and protein reagents for diagnostic assay. Coupling ribosome display to high throughput sequencing as means to directly identify selected binder coding sequences, enormously enhance binder discovery depth. The second project was to generate an innovative nanocarrier based on encapsulin nanoparticle, for customized peptide display and cargo protein vectorization. Encapsulin particles from T.maritima were genetically modified for simultaneous display of the matrix protein 2 ectodomain of the influenza H1N1 A virus and heterologous protein eGFP packaging. Genetically engineered encapsulin nanoparticles were well-formed and abled to efficiently load eGFP. Immunogenicity studies revealed antibody responses against both the surface epitope and the loaded cargo protein. Taken together, this display system is a versatile tool for rational vaccine design and paves the way for new applications in the research fields of vaccine, antimicrobial research and other biotechnological applications

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M54 / Master of Science

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Designing and implementing an instrumentation cockpit display system presents many unique challenges. The system must be easy to use, yet highly customizable. Typically, these systems require an experienced programmer to create graphical display screens. Furthermore, most current display systems do not provide for bi-directional communication between the instrumentation system and the display system. This paper discusses an architecture that addresses these issues and other common problems with cockpit displays. This system captures data from the instrumentation system, displays parameters, and returns calculated parameters and status information regarding pilot actions to the instrumentation system. Unlike traditional systems, the configuration of the graphical presentation of the cockpit display can be done by a non-programmer. All communication between the instrumentation system and the cockpit display system is done transparently using XML. The usage of XML in this system facilitates real-time form previewing, cross-platform compatibility, and seamless transitions between project management, graphical configuration, and engineering unit conversions.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper presents the description of a new XML-based data display language called Data Display Markup Language (DDML) that can be used as an interlingua for different data display configuration formats. Translation of data display configuration between various vendor- formats can be accomplished by translating in and out of DDML. The DDML can also be used as a vendor-neutral format for archiving and retrieving display configurations in a test and evaluation (T&E) configuration repository.

Operators of parking guidance and information (PGI) systems often have difficulty in providing the best car park availability information to drivers in periods of high demand. A new PGI configuration model based on the optimized combination method was proposed by analyzing of parking choice behavior. This article first describes a parking choice behavioral model incorporating drivers perceptions of waiting times at car parks based on PGI signs. This model was used to predict the influence of PGI signs on the overall performance of the traffic system. Then relationships were developed for estimating the arrival rates at car parks based on driver characteristics, car park attributes as well as the car park availability information displayed on PGI signs. A mathematical program was formulated to determine the optimal display PGI sign configuration to minimize total travel time. A genetic algorithm was used to identify solutions that significantly reduced queue lengths and total travel time compared with existing practices. These procedures were applied to an existing PGI system operating in Deqing Town and Xiuning City. Significant reductions in total travel time of parking vehicles with PGI being configured. This would reduce traffic congestion and lead to various environmental benefits.

This thesis explores the display of Roman floor mosaics in museums and in situ. Taking the original mosaic to museums for display and protection, and replacing them on site with replicas, is best for the preservation of the original material and its context.