The new Public Procurement Law introduces the Dispute Boards as a new settlement ofdisputes and contestations during the contractual execution of the work phase. The present article works, in the first place, the framework of public procurement and the controversies that are originated in the matter. Then, it will expose the development of the Dispute Boards in other countried and their characteristics. Finally, it concludes identifying the type of Dispute Boards that is being adopted in Peruvian law, showing his vantages and disadvantages. / La nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado, Ley N° 30225, incorpora la Junta de Resolución de Disputas, como un nuevo mecanismo de resolución de conflictos durante la fase de ejecución contractual de obras.En el artículo se desarrolla, en primer lugar, el marco de las contrataciones del Estado y las controversias que se originan en el mismo. Posteriormente, se expone el desarrollo de los Dispute Boards internacionalmente y sus características, y se concluye identificando el tipo de Dispute Boards adoptado en la legislación peruana, exponiendo sus fortalezas y debilidades.

The primary purpose of this treatise is to reexamine the South African labour dispute resolution bodies to see if they live up to the legislation’s promise of promoting social justice in conciliation, arbitration and con-arb processes concluded by them. The study defines social justice and examines this term in relation to employment law. The promotion of social justice was reaffirmed by the International Labour Organisation in its 1944 Conference which was later incorporated into its Constitution. The study briefly reviews the importance of this conference of the 10 May 1944 in relation to promoting social justice. The study also examines the social justice in the context of South African employment laws by briefly analyzing each South African labour legislation and the Constitution. This analysis is based on the provisions of legislation and considers if the respective provisions promote social justice as required by the International Labour Organisation’s Constitution and later by the South African Constitution. In analyzing the Constitution, and other legislation like the; Employment Equity Act (EEA), and Labour Relations Act (LRA), the treatise examines certain cases that were determined under the legislation from social justice perspective. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 represents one of the major reforms of the labour relations system in South Africa. It is guided by the Constitution in terms of promoting social justice. The LRA established the dispute resolution bodies that are mandated by the legislation to resolve labour disputes. The study examines the systems and the processes employed by these bodies mainly the Commission for Conciliation; Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) and the Bargaining Councils to determine if these systems are promoting social justice as required by the legislation. In conducting this analysis the study considers not only the processes adopted but also the manner in which the relevant dispute resolution bodies market their services; their strategies and operational plans; and accessibility and more. The study further investigates the challenges that these bodies are faced with that have a negative impact on their responsibility to promote social justice. These challenges faced by society range from unemployment, the level of literacy and the growing inequality within South African society. They constantly pose a challenge and require these bodies to consistently devise means and strategies to overcome them. A limited comparative study is undertaken in order to determine whether South Africa can learn anything from another country. There are several countries that may have been chosen to conduct this study but the study considered the fact that it needs to look at the country without the sub-Saharan Africa. The country that shares a history similar to South Africa due to the fact that the social challenges faced by the South African society might be similar to those faced by the country chosen. In this research Namibia was chosen as a suitable country to determine whether there is something to learn from it or not. In conclusion it is submitted that South African legislation pertaining to labour dispute resolution needs to constantly evolve in order to promote social justice challenges of the time.

1 ABSTRACT MEDIATION AS A MEAN OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION This dissertation deals with the phenomenon of discrepancies between commonly shared perceptions about international mediation and its real and practical situation. The aim of this disertation is not to analyze the legal provisions on mediation in individual national jurisdictions or to analyze individual provisions of the private international law, which potentially apply to issues of cross-border mediation. The intention is to point to current trends and current issues in the field of international mediation. We especially want to conduct generally accepted theoretical concepts of mediation in an international context critical view by comparing it to empirical dates proving the actual state of mediation as a method of resolving international business disputes. The first part of this disertation summarizes the basic theoretical background related to mediation, which serves as a basis for the construction of generally recognized premises in this field. These premises relate to the context of international commerce. Therefore, it deals with the mediation principles, models and important aspects that are relevant to international commercial disputes with an international element. In the second part, the disertation tries to point...

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The statutory definition of the lock-out encompasses certain acts (inter alia termination of contracts of employment) which must be executed by the employer with a certain purpose. The Appellate Division has recently found that the employment relationship not necessarily terminates similarly to the common law contract of employment, but may subsist after termination of the contract of employment. The industrial court does not easily accept that it has been deprived of its unfair labour practice jurisdiction where terminations of employment take place in consequence of a lock-out. The motive of the employer seems to be decisive. In line with both the trend in first world countries and principles established by the courts in South Africa, the Constitution and especially recent labour legislation significantly curtail the bargaining power of the employer because it is progressively being believed that the employer has sufficient economic power to his disposal. / Die omskrywing van die uitsluiting in wetgewing omvat sekere handelinge {onder andere beeindiging van dienskontrakte) wat deur die werkgewer met 'n sekere doel verrig moet word. Die Appelhof het onlangs beslis dat die diensverhouding na beeindiging van die dienskontrak kan bly voortduur en nie noodwendig soos die gemeenregtelike dienskontrak ten einde loop nie. Die nywerheidshof aanvaar ook nie geredelik dat hy in geval van diensbeeindiging wat volg op 'n uitsluiting van sy onbillike arbeidspraktyk jurisdiksie ontneem is nie. Die motief van die werkgewer blyk hier deurslaggewend te wees. In lyn met sowel die ne1g1ng in eerstew~reldse lande, asook beginsels reeds deur die howe in Suid-Afrika gevestig, word die bedingingsmag van die werkgewer ingevolge die Grondwet en veral onlangse arbeidswetgewing betekenisvol ingekort omrede toenemend aanvaar word dat die werkgewer oor voldoende ekonomiese mag beskik. / Law / LL.M.

Picketing, a method used by employees, collectively, to assert their demands against employers, is a controversial subject arising from the conflict of interest existing between labour and employers! Previously, South African law neither forbade nor regulated picketing. Consequently, no immunity from civil liability existed in relation to a person's conduct during a picket. Presently, picketing is regulated by section 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108of19% (right to picket) and section 69 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, which provides for a protected picket (one that complies with the requirements of section 69) whereby immunity from civil liability attaches to a person's conduct during a picket. These provisions and their coexistence is examined, comparing foreign law where relevant, in an attempt to provide a foundation for a topic relatively disregarded. Section 69 reveals elements of uncertainty and vagueness. / Law / LL.M.

Esta pesquisa analisa o conflito ambiental em torno da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no Pará, Amazônia brasileira. Tal conflito iniciou-se em meados da década de 1980, quando, a partir do inventário de bacias hidrográficas realizado visando o planejamento energético brasileiro, foi apontado no Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 que o aproveitamento energético do rio Xingu constituiria o maior projeto nacional daquele século e início do próximo. Desde então, uma ampla rede, conectando grupos sociais diversos – indígenas, ribeirinhos, agricultores, autoridades políticas, ambientalistas, socioambientalistas, celebridades –, relatórios e pareceres técnicos, instituições governamentais, organizações da sociedade civil, a floresta amazônica e a bacia do Rio Xingu, é associada, de forma instável e controversa, disputando-se a realização ou não deste projeto. Ancorando-se nas abordagens teórico-epistemológicas propostas por Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) e Boltanski (2009), é elaborada uma proposição do conceito de conflito ambiental, o interpretando como uma categoria híbrida, com o objetivo de reforçar a sua carga cosmopolítica. Além disso, considera-se que os conflitos são parte crucial do encontro de perspectivas e estão no centro das relações sociais, isto é, o mundo é um espaço de conflitos, que depende de agenciamentos e do encontro entre pontos de vista. A partir de pesquisa de campo realizada em Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira e Volta Grande do Xingu, no período de novembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, utilizando-se de registros etnográficos, entrevistas, observações, diário de campo, fotografias e análise de documentos, discutem-se os movimentos de entrecaptura (STENGERS, 2003) em torno da obra, adotando-se a noção de rede sociotécnica tal qual definida por Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Apresenta-se assim uma cartografia dos agentes envolvidos, visando-se demonstrar como o natural e o social são coproduzidos no conflito, discutindo-se os processos pelos quais o conflito e sua dinâmica em torno de pontos de vista divergentes têm se configurado. Contudo, para além da cartografia dos sujeitos, considera-se que há no processo entrecapturas distintas, caracterizadas por restrições lógicas e sintáticas diferentes. Essas distinções ficam claras no que se refere ao controle do tempo. Portanto, é associada à discussão da rede sociotécnica a análise das disputas cosmopolíticas pela definição de “ambiente” e “desenvolvimento”, conceitos centrais nas contestações entre os grupos confrontantes. Em suma, a partir dessa análise pode-se concluir que o conflito em torno de Belo Monte é um conflito no qual fica evidente que há diferenças maiores entre os pontos de vista dos diferentes sujeitos do que os estudos de impacto ambiental e as políticas de desenvolvimento podem abarcar. Ao explicitar demandas que alargam as noções convencionais de ambiente e política, pode-se afirmar que é em termos cosmopolíticos que o conflito se expressa, criando a abertura para uma nova circunscrição do tolerável. / This research analyzes the environmental conflict regarding the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Pará State, Brazilian Amazon. This conflict started in the mid-eighties, when the watersheds were inventoried with the intention of establishing energy plans for the country; the Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 (National Electrical Energy Plan 1987/2010) established that the energetic leveraging of the Xingu river would be the largest national project of that century and the beginning of the next one. Since then, a network spanning diverse social groups – indigenous groups, ribeirinho populations, agriculturists, political authorities, environmentalists, socio-environmentalists, celebrities –, reports and technical opinions, governmental institutions, civil society organizations, the Amazon rainforest and the Xingu river basin has been associated in an unstable and controversial manner, contesting whether or not this project should be implemented. Based on the theoretical and epistemological approaches proposed by Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) and Boltanski (2009), this thesis elaborates a proposition of the related environmental conflict concept, interpreting this conflict as a hybrid category with the intention of stressing its cosmopolitical importance. In addition, we consider that these conflicts are a critical part of the observed clash of perspectives and are at the center of social relationships; i. e., the world is a stage for conflicts that depend on the negotiation and on the confrontation of points of view. Based on field researches carried out in Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira and Volta Grande do Xingu, from November 2010 to August 2011, using ethnographical records, interviews, observations, field diaries, pictures and document analysis, we discuss intercapturing dynamics (STENGERS, 2003) around the project, adopting the notion of sociotechnical network as defined by Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Thus, this work presents a mapping of the involved agents with the intention of demonstrating how natural and social factors are co-produced in this conflict, also discussing the processes through which the conflict and its dynamics concerning diverging points of view have been arranging themselves. However, beyond the mapping of the subjects, we consider that the process presents distinct intercapturing forces, characterized by different logical and syntactical constraints. These distinctions are very clear in regards to time control. Therefore, the analysis of cosmopolitical disputes is associated to the discussion of the sociotechnical network through the definition of “environment” and “development”, which are core concepts in the arguments between confronting groups. In summary, this analysis allows us to conclude that the conflicts surrounding Belo Monte evidence that the differences between the points of view of the different subjects are greater than those encompassed by environmental impact studies and development policies. By identifying and revealing demands that expand the conventional notions of environment and politics, we are able to assert that this conflict expresses itself in cosmopolitical terms, opening space for a new delimitation for what is tolerable.

The aim of this work is to analyze the system alternative dispute resolution of cross-border consumer disputes within the EU, Norway and Iceland and the proposal to improve the system. To create this work was done study of theoretical perspectives on alternative dispute resolution of consumer disputes and consumer protection. It was implemented the managed-depth interviews, the analysis of secondary data and the case study. The conclusion was to evaluate all of the data and defined a proposal to improve cross-court resolution of consumer disputes.

Esta pesquisa analisa o conflito ambiental em torno da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no Pará, Amazônia brasileira. Tal conflito iniciou-se em meados da década de 1980, quando, a partir do inventário de bacias hidrográficas realizado visando o planejamento energético brasileiro, foi apontado no Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 que o aproveitamento energético do rio Xingu constituiria o maior projeto nacional daquele século e início do próximo. Desde então, uma ampla rede, conectando grupos sociais diversos – indígenas, ribeirinhos, agricultores, autoridades políticas, ambientalistas, socioambientalistas, celebridades –, relatórios e pareceres técnicos, instituições governamentais, organizações da sociedade civil, a floresta amazônica e a bacia do Rio Xingu, é associada, de forma instável e controversa, disputando-se a realização ou não deste projeto. Ancorando-se nas abordagens teórico-epistemológicas propostas por Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) e Boltanski (2009), é elaborada uma proposição do conceito de conflito ambiental, o interpretando como uma categoria híbrida, com o objetivo de reforçar a sua carga cosmopolítica. Além disso, considera-se que os conflitos são parte crucial do encontro de perspectivas e estão no centro das relações sociais, isto é, o mundo é um espaço de conflitos, que depende de agenciamentos e do encontro entre pontos de vista. A partir de pesquisa de campo realizada em Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira e Volta Grande do Xingu, no período de novembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, utilizando-se de registros etnográficos, entrevistas, observações, diário de campo, fotografias e análise de documentos, discutem-se os movimentos de entrecaptura (STENGERS, 2003) em torno da obra, adotando-se a noção de rede sociotécnica tal qual definida por Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Apresenta-se assim uma cartografia dos agentes envolvidos, visando-se demonstrar como o natural e o social são coproduzidos no conflito, discutindo-se os processos pelos quais o conflito e sua dinâmica em torno de pontos de vista divergentes têm se configurado. Contudo, para além da cartografia dos sujeitos, considera-se que há no processo entrecapturas distintas, caracterizadas por restrições lógicas e sintáticas diferentes. Essas distinções ficam claras no que se refere ao controle do tempo. Portanto, é associada à discussão da rede sociotécnica a análise das disputas cosmopolíticas pela definição de “ambiente” e “desenvolvimento”, conceitos centrais nas contestações entre os grupos confrontantes. Em suma, a partir dessa análise pode-se concluir que o conflito em torno de Belo Monte é um conflito no qual fica evidente que há diferenças maiores entre os pontos de vista dos diferentes sujeitos do que os estudos de impacto ambiental e as políticas de desenvolvimento podem abarcar. Ao explicitar demandas que alargam as noções convencionais de ambiente e política, pode-se afirmar que é em termos cosmopolíticos que o conflito se expressa, criando a abertura para uma nova circunscrição do tolerável. / This research analyzes the environmental conflict regarding the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Pará State, Brazilian Amazon. This conflict started in the mid-eighties, when the watersheds were inventoried with the intention of establishing energy plans for the country; the Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 (National Electrical Energy Plan 1987/2010) established that the energetic leveraging of the Xingu river would be the largest national project of that century and the beginning of the next one. Since then, a network spanning diverse social groups – indigenous groups, ribeirinho populations, agriculturists, political authorities, environmentalists, socio-environmentalists, celebrities –, reports and technical opinions, governmental institutions, civil society organizations, the Amazon rainforest and the Xingu river basin has been associated in an unstable and controversial manner, contesting whether or not this project should be implemented. Based on the theoretical and epistemological approaches proposed by Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) and Boltanski (2009), this thesis elaborates a proposition of the related environmental conflict concept, interpreting this conflict as a hybrid category with the intention of stressing its cosmopolitical importance. In addition, we consider that these conflicts are a critical part of the observed clash of perspectives and are at the center of social relationships; i. e., the world is a stage for conflicts that depend on the negotiation and on the confrontation of points of view. Based on field researches carried out in Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira and Volta Grande do Xingu, from November 2010 to August 2011, using ethnographical records, interviews, observations, field diaries, pictures and document analysis, we discuss intercapturing dynamics (STENGERS, 2003) around the project, adopting the notion of sociotechnical network as defined by Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Thus, this work presents a mapping of the involved agents with the intention of demonstrating how natural and social factors are co-produced in this conflict, also discussing the processes through which the conflict and its dynamics concerning diverging points of view have been arranging themselves. However, beyond the mapping of the subjects, we consider that the process presents distinct intercapturing forces, characterized by different logical and syntactical constraints. These distinctions are very clear in regards to time control. Therefore, the analysis of cosmopolitical disputes is associated to the discussion of the sociotechnical network through the definition of “environment” and “development”, which are core concepts in the arguments between confronting groups. In summary, this analysis allows us to conclude that the conflicts surrounding Belo Monte evidence that the differences between the points of view of the different subjects are greater than those encompassed by environmental impact studies and development policies. By identifying and revealing demands that expand the conventional notions of environment and politics, we are able to assert that this conflict expresses itself in cosmopolitical terms, opening space for a new delimitation for what is tolerable.

This work studies constitutional bases of two essential institutions of Collective Labor Law: employer’s obligation to negotiate collectively and facultative arbitration. In relation to the first one, using tools provided bythe Theory of Law, it is argued that the section 28º of Peruvian Constitution establishes a collective negotiation concept as claim (not as permission) so, employers legal obligation of collective negotiation is constitutional. In theother hand, regarding facultative arbitration, it has constitutional support on state’s obligation to promote pacific ways to labor conflicts; even though, it is questioned that a «sub constitutional» rule has restrictively regulated this institution. / En este trabajo se estudian las bases constitucionales de dos instituciones centrales del derecho colectivo del trabajo: la obligación patronal de negociar colectivamente y el arbitraje potestativo. En lo que se refiere a la primera, utilizando las herramientas que proporciona la teoría del derecho, se sostiene que el artículo 28 de la Constitución consagra una concepción de la negociación colectiva como pretensión (y no como permiso), y por tanto, que es constitucional el deber legal de los empleadores de negociar colectivamente. En cuanto al segundo, se afirma que este encuentra sustento constitucional en la obligación estatal de promover formas pacíficas de solución de los conflictos laborales, aunque se cuestiona que la normativa infraconstitucional haya regulado esta institución de forma restrictiva.

Esta pesquisa analisa o conflito ambiental em torno da construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no Pará, Amazônia brasileira. Tal conflito iniciou-se em meados da década de 1980, quando, a partir do inventário de bacias hidrográficas realizado visando o planejamento energético brasileiro, foi apontado no Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 que o aproveitamento energético do rio Xingu constituiria o maior projeto nacional daquele século e início do próximo. Desde então, uma ampla rede, conectando grupos sociais diversos – indígenas, ribeirinhos, agricultores, autoridades políticas, ambientalistas, socioambientalistas, celebridades –, relatórios e pareceres técnicos, instituições governamentais, organizações da sociedade civil, a floresta amazônica e a bacia do Rio Xingu, é associada, de forma instável e controversa, disputando-se a realização ou não deste projeto. Ancorando-se nas abordagens teórico-epistemológicas propostas por Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) e Boltanski (2009), é elaborada uma proposição do conceito de conflito ambiental, o interpretando como uma categoria híbrida, com o objetivo de reforçar a sua carga cosmopolítica. Além disso, considera-se que os conflitos são parte crucial do encontro de perspectivas e estão no centro das relações sociais, isto é, o mundo é um espaço de conflitos, que depende de agenciamentos e do encontro entre pontos de vista. A partir de pesquisa de campo realizada em Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira e Volta Grande do Xingu, no período de novembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, utilizando-se de registros etnográficos, entrevistas, observações, diário de campo, fotografias e análise de documentos, discutem-se os movimentos de entrecaptura (STENGERS, 2003) em torno da obra, adotando-se a noção de rede sociotécnica tal qual definida por Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Apresenta-se assim uma cartografia dos agentes envolvidos, visando-se demonstrar como o natural e o social são coproduzidos no conflito, discutindo-se os processos pelos quais o conflito e sua dinâmica em torno de pontos de vista divergentes têm se configurado. Contudo, para além da cartografia dos sujeitos, considera-se que há no processo entrecapturas distintas, caracterizadas por restrições lógicas e sintáticas diferentes. Essas distinções ficam claras no que se refere ao controle do tempo. Portanto, é associada à discussão da rede sociotécnica a análise das disputas cosmopolíticas pela definição de “ambiente” e “desenvolvimento”, conceitos centrais nas contestações entre os grupos confrontantes. Em suma, a partir dessa análise pode-se concluir que o conflito em torno de Belo Monte é um conflito no qual fica evidente que há diferenças maiores entre os pontos de vista dos diferentes sujeitos do que os estudos de impacto ambiental e as políticas de desenvolvimento podem abarcar. Ao explicitar demandas que alargam as noções convencionais de ambiente e política, pode-se afirmar que é em termos cosmopolíticos que o conflito se expressa, criando a abertura para uma nova circunscrição do tolerável. / This research analyzes the environmental conflict regarding the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the Pará State, Brazilian Amazon. This conflict started in the mid-eighties, when the watersheds were inventoried with the intention of establishing energy plans for the country; the Plano Nacional de Energia Elétrica 1987/2010 (National Electrical Energy Plan 1987/2010) established that the energetic leveraging of the Xingu river would be the largest national project of that century and the beginning of the next one. Since then, a network spanning diverse social groups – indigenous groups, ribeirinho populations, agriculturists, political authorities, environmentalists, socio-environmentalists, celebrities –, reports and technical opinions, governmental institutions, civil society organizations, the Amazon rainforest and the Xingu river basin has been associated in an unstable and controversial manner, contesting whether or not this project should be implemented. Based on the theoretical and epistemological approaches proposed by Bhabha (2007), Latour (1994), De la Cadena (2010), Stengers (2007), Viveiros de Castro (2002) and Boltanski (2009), this thesis elaborates a proposition of the related environmental conflict concept, interpreting this conflict as a hybrid category with the intention of stressing its cosmopolitical importance. In addition, we consider that these conflicts are a critical part of the observed clash of perspectives and are at the center of social relationships; i. e., the world is a stage for conflicts that depend on the negotiation and on the confrontation of points of view. Based on field researches carried out in Belém, Santarém, Brasília, Altamira and Volta Grande do Xingu, from November 2010 to August 2011, using ethnographical records, interviews, observations, field diaries, pictures and document analysis, we discuss intercapturing dynamics (STENGERS, 2003) around the project, adopting the notion of sociotechnical network as defined by Bruno Latour (LATOUR, 2003). Thus, this work presents a mapping of the involved agents with the intention of demonstrating how natural and social factors are co-produced in this conflict, also discussing the processes through which the conflict and its dynamics concerning diverging points of view have been arranging themselves. However, beyond the mapping of the subjects, we consider that the process presents distinct intercapturing forces, characterized by different logical and syntactical constraints. These distinctions are very clear in regards to time control. Therefore, the analysis of cosmopolitical disputes is associated to the discussion of the sociotechnical network through the definition of “environment” and “development”, which are core concepts in the arguments between confronting groups. In summary, this analysis allows us to conclude that the conflicts surrounding Belo Monte evidence that the differences between the points of view of the different subjects are greater than those encompassed by environmental impact studies and development policies. By identifying and revealing demands that expand the conventional notions of environment and politics, we are able to assert that this conflict expresses itself in cosmopolitical terms, opening space for a new delimitation for what is tolerable.