Founded in 1928, Iscor was intended to make South Africa self sufficient in the provision of steel while providing employment for poor whites. Economic considerations prevailed when Iscor began replacing expensive white labour with cheaper black labour. From 1934 to 1948 black labour was employed to curtail costs. While being replaced by black labour, white employees' salaries and fringe benefits remained better than those of their black colleagues. Affordable houses were provided for white employees while blacks were housed in overcrowded compounds. No medical or pension benefits were made available to black employees or their families, while white employees enjoyed both. White employees were provided with what were arguabley the finest sports facilities in the country while black facilities were neglected. With the National Party victory in 1948 more emphasis was placed on the employment of Afrikaans speaking white South Africans at the expense of blacks and English speaking whites. / History / M.A. (History)

The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 provides an elaborate dispute resolution system which seeks to resolve disputes in a speedy and cost-effective manner. However, this system is faced with a number of challenges. The application of common law and administrative law causes tension between the Labour Court and civil courts. It creates uncertainty in the development of our labour law jurisprudence and also leads to the problem of forum shopping. These problems in effect undermine the objectives of the Act. This dissertation analyzes problems in the LRA and other legislations leading to forum shopping. It also analyses the view of the courts on this problem and further expounds a number of possible solutions. The analysis revolves mainly around an observation of South African literature and case law. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

Cette étude aborde le sujet de l’arbitrage de l’offre-finale. L’étude vise tout d’abord à présenter la particularité de ce mécanisme arbitral au travers du prisme de l’arbitrage salarial pratiqué au baseball. Elle vise ensuite à promouvoir l’utilité de ce processus au sein de ce cadre sportif en proposant son emploi pour régler les litiges relatifs à la détermination du montant des indemnités de transferts des footballeurs professionnels européens. / The following is a case-study about final-offer arbitration. The first objective is to describe the uniqueness of this mechanism in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. The second is to promote the utility of this process, in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. For instance, it advocates for its use to determine appropriate fees to be paid for professional european soccer players transfers.

La thèse étudie sous leurs aspects, historiques, juridiques, la convergence des jurisprudences du Conseil d’Etat et de la Cour de cassation en droit du travail. D’autres juridictions,nationales (Tribunal des conflits et Conseil constitutionnel), européennes (Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme et Cour de justice de l’Union européenne) concourent à ce rapprochement. La thèse aborde la convergence des objectifs sous deux angles ; l’un né d’une attraction réciproque, l’autre, d’une attraction amplifiée. La convergence jurisprudentielle est successivement qualifiée de « recherchée » et de « nuancée ». Le « juge répartiteur » exerce une influence indirecte, à laquelle s’ajoute celle, directe, des « juges prescripteurs ». A la convergence des objectifs s’ajoute une convergence de la méthode, perceptible à travers les modes d’articulation des sources et les techniques de construction jurisprudentielle. La thèse démontre que le droit du travail, qui s’est construit en réunissant les enseignements du droit civil – la force obligatoire du contrat – et les leçons du droit public – l’importance de l’intérêt général – se révèle être le domaine d’élection d’un échange technique inédit entre les deux ordres juridictionnels. Cette étude signale le passage d’une période d’indifférence mutuelle à celle d’une attention devenue traditionnelle. A l’instar du dialogue qui existe entre le juge et le législateur en matière sociale, se noue un « dialogue des juges » des deux Hautes Juridictions, pour prévenir des discordances majeures. / This dissertation aims at describing how the two Supreme Institutions — the Board of State and the Court of Cassation —, despite their respective traditions and status were able to make their Jurisprudences convergent. Beginning with an historical Introduction, the study goes in details into the reciprocal attraction of the the Board of State and of the Court of Cassation based on shared goals (Part I). This convergent movement is discussed according to both Jurisprudences (Title 1), then in relation with the Jurisprudences of the Disputes Tribunal of the Constitutional Council and of the European Courts (Title 2). Part II offers a methodological approach explaining how the sources of these Jurisprudences are selected in order to solve normative conflicts (Title 1). A cross-movement consisting in loans and exchanges of technics between both Institutions occurs for the sake of Law unity and in defense of the public and individual Rights (Title 2).

La thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’ordre administratif : vers une réforme du système judiciaire en RDP Lao à travers l’étude d’identification des règles de droit administratif parmi les textes législatifs existants. La thèse est divisée en deux parties : Première partie : La création d’un droit administratif laotien. L’existence d’un droit administratif laotien est une hypothèse départ qui a permis d’évoquer le développement d’un droit autonome. Puis, les procédures actuelles de résolutions des litiges administratifs ont été étudiées sur la base du questionnaire qui avait été élaboré pour cette étude. Deuxième partie : Pour l’autonomie du droit administratif laotien par la mise en place d’une justice administrative. Il s’agit d’analyser les expériences des pays étrangers : France, Thaïlande et Vietnam sur la création de juridictions administratives. Le but est de connaître comment les juridictions administratives ont vu le jour dans ces pays d’une part et d’autre part d’examiner les caractéristiques celles-ci en tirant les bonnes leçons et expériences afin de proposer le modèle le plus adapté pour le Laos. / This thesis aims at researching the system of administrative justice towards the reform of judicial system in Lao PDR through a study of administrative rules among the existing legislative texts. This thesis consists of two parts: Part I: The creation of Lao administrative law. The existence of Lao administrative law is considered as the beginning hypothesis which was allowed us to identify the development of an autonomy law. Then the current administrative procedures of administrative dispute settlement were studied basing on the data bases gained from the questionnaire which had been prepared for this study. Part II: To ensure the autonomy of Lao administrative law by creating of the administrative court. It was to study and analyze the experiences of foreign countries: France, Thailand and Vietnam on the establishment of administrative courts. Its aim was to know, on the one hand, how the administrative courts have been establishing in these countries, and on the other hand, to identify the characteristics of these courts by gaining good lessons and experiences in order to propose the most suitable model for Laos.

“21世紀海上絲綢之路”倡議與絲綢之路經濟帶的傳輸紐帶關係，發展成為“一帶一路”倡議，為中共在2013年所提出的戰略構想。 就美國而言，由於其經濟實力受金融危機影響減弱，透過積極干涉南海爭端，可協助其順利推進亞太戰略轉向，強化本國在東亞地區的權力基礎，並制約中國勢力擴張。相對於中共來說，應有效應對美國實施重返亞太戰略可能產生的各種不利影響。 本文探討對於共同建設的“21世紀海上絲綢之路”倡議，需要沿線各國與經濟體共同努力，願景需要由政治互信不斷增強，未來發展建置議程，共同促進聯合行動方案的互聯互通。 / The initiative of “One belt, one Road” means the economic belt of Land route of Silk Road connecting Mainland China with the countries of Central Asia and the transport ties of the Maritime Silk Road connecting Mainland China with the countries of ASEAN, which has been making a strategic formulation put forward by the People's Republic of China since 2013. The impact of islands disputes between China and Philippines on the security of South China Sea, as far as the United States is concerned, with its economic strength weakened by the financial crisis, by proactively interfering with that, it helps successfully reorient its regional strategy, strengthen the U.S. power base in East Asia, and prevent China from expanding further. On the other side, to the PRC., effective strategies should be put forward to all kinds of disadvantageous influences of America's returning to the Asia-Pacific region. This article argues that jointly building the initiative of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is required all parties to work together, the vision needs to be built for future development by increasing political mutual trust as well as development agenda so as to jointly promote inter connectivity.

Selon une présentation classique, le droit du contentieux international est apprécié à travers les concepts de pouvoir de juger, de compétence et de recevabilité. Force est toutefois de constater qu’il est aujourd’hui souvent fait référence, dans les décisions des juridictions internationales comme dans la doctrine, à la faculté procédurale, notamment des personnes privées. Cet intérêt pour la situation du requérant et sa faculté d’obtenir une décision sur le fond de son différend interroge quant à une possible évolution des concepts juridiques régissant la matière. L’étude de ce « droit » d’action dans le cadre du contentieux des investissements permet de se rendre compte de l’utilité de la notion pour le droit du contentieux international. D’une part, une fois déployé, le concept réalise un ordonnancement efficace des règles déterminant la possibilité d’une décision sur le fond. La pratique arbitrale fait preuve à cet égard d’une certaine confusion entre ces règles et celles encadrant l’existence de l’obligation alléguée que l’étude permet de dissiper. D’autre part, le droit d’agir en justice permet plus généralement d’appréhender les effets juridiques du consentement de l’Etat à la juridiction. L’étude démontre en effet que la faculté procédurale procède de l’invocabilité de ce consentement : celui-ci reconnaît à l’entité visée par l’engagement le droit d’agir en justice. Or cet effet juridique ne peut être valablement saisi par le concept de pouvoir de juger, lequel procède de la réunion des consentements. Puisque le contentieux des investissements s’intéresse à plusieurs égards à cette invocabilité, soit pour la préserver soit pour la remettre en cause, on comprend que le droit d’agir soit devenu un concept incontournable en la matière. Mais la nécessité d’y recourir peut s’exporter au-delà du contentieux des investissements, n’importe quelle branche du contentieux international pouvant être intéressée à régir les effets juridiques du consentement du seul Etat défendeur. / The settlement of international disputes is classically studied thought the concepts of judicial power, jurisdiction and admissibility. However it is now common to find references to the notion of « right of action » or « right of claim » in decisions of international tribunals especially when individuals are involved. One might wonder whether this observation reveals an evolution in the concepts governing disputes settlement in international law. The study of the right of action in international investment law demonstrates the usefulness of the concept in explaining the applicable rules. First, as a key concept, it can be used to identify the rules that determine the possibility to obtain a decision of the tribunal as opposed to the rules governing the State’s responsibility. In practice, it appears that the tribunals do not always respect this distinction. Secondly, the right of action allows taking into account the legal consequences of the State’s consent to arbitration. In this case, the concept of judicial power is partly irrelevant as it is usually based on a consent agreement between the parties. It follows that the concept of right of action is relevant when the applicable rules deal with the possibility to invoke and to rely on the consent to jurisdiction expressed by the respondent State. The fact that it is the case in the settlement of disputes between a State and an investor does not mean that it can not be so in the context of a interstate dispute.

This thesis deals with one of the modern topics of international law - diplomatic protection. It provides for its comprehensive assessment from a wider and deeper perspective on the background of the codification process, which culminated in 2006, when the International Law Commission (ILC) adopted 19 Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection. In the current state of international law, diplomatic protection is based on customary international law. It is an instrument to protect nationals (be it a natural or legal person) by their state of nationality, if they injured by another (host) state in violation of international law. Under the current definition, diplomatic protection means the invocation (through peaceful means) by a state of the responsibility of another state for an injury caused to a national by an internationally wrongful act of that another state. The aim of diplomatic protection is to implement this responsibility. The application and exercise of diplomatic protection is considered to be a sovereign, discretional right of the state, although the thesis points out the some recent developments in international law towards the need to recognize the rights and interests of the individual, as well as the constitutional practice of some states guaranteeing its citizens a (domestic) right to...

/ Résumé / Zusammenfassung Transfer pricing is currently a very relevant topic. Tax administrations are focusing on unveiling and penalizing tax evasion and in author's opinion also on prevention and reduction of tax optimization using intragroup transactions with price designed to minimize taxation. The volume of tax base and tax adjustments by tax administrations multiplied in recent years without significant changes in relevant legislation and that raises a question whether this change is not contrary to the principle of legality use of powers conferred by public law. This thesis analyzes reasons for these changes, which are connected to significant increase in number of group cross border transactions. In European context the increase is partially result of intensive economic integration of member states. Second important aspect leading to the relevance of this topic is the intensity public perception of this issue which to large extent eliminates the difference between tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion. The thesis generally focuses on transfer pricing in European context created by the activities of OECD reflected by EU legislation. The analysis shows that the OECD document on the issue are very beneficial instruments and their use is in many cases unified by the EU, which analyzes the...

A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é apresentar o mecanismo de solução de controvérsias investidor-Estado tipicamente utilizado nos Acordos de Promoção e Proteção de Investimento (APPIs) e já consolidado no Direito Internacional do Investimento a arbitragem de investimento segundo as regras do Centro Internacional para a Resolução de Disputas Relativas a Investimentos (CIRDI) e as alternativas (auto e heterocompositivas) a esse mecanismo, já debatidas internacionalmente. A justificativa fundamental para este estudo é a constatação de que o Brasil ocupa uma posição de destaque no cenário internacional, com um movimento crescente de internacionalização de empresas nacionais, mas sem uma política pública de apoio e proteção a essa internacionalização. Para cumprir este objetivo, a dissertação: (i) contextualiza a temática da proteção do investimento no âmbito do Direito Internacional Econômico, bem como apresenta as principais características dos Acordos de Promoção e Proteção de Investimentos, introduzindo a perspectiva brasileira sobre o assunto; (ii) apresenta a arbitragem de investimento, enquanto espécie de arbitragem distinta da arbitragem comercial e da arbitragem entre Estados; (iii) apresenta o CIRDI, indicando as características que objetivaram tornar a arbitragem realizada sob seus auspícios verdadeiramente internacional, e; (iv) apresenta as alternativas ao mecanismo do CIRDI, com especial enfoque à arbitragem de investimentos regulada por leis nacionais e protegida pela Convenção de Nova Iorque de 1958 sobre o Reconhecimento e Execução de Sentenças Arbitrais Estrangeiras. Em síntese, a dissertação conclui que: (a) A limitação à liberdade regulatória do Estado, em virtude dos compromissos internacionais assumidos visando a proteção e promoção do investimento, é uma decorrência das garantias legais substantivas dos APPIs e não uma decorrência direta do método de resolução de conflitos escolhido. b) O objetivo da cláusula de resolução de controvérsias investidor-Estado é criar um mecanismo neutro de solução de controvérsias, evitando sua susceptibilidade a influências políticas locais. (c) O CIRDI foi a organização internacional criada pelos Estados para administrar procedimentos internacionais de resolução de controvérsias investidor-Estado, que passou a ser criticada em virtude de três fatores: (i) inconsistência das decisões de tribunais arbitrais e comitês de anulação do CIRDI em assuntos sensíveis para os Estados; (ii) falta de transparência na condução dos processos; e (iii) falta de um mecanismos para mediar e resolver conflitos envolvendo os próprios árbitros. (d) Existem alternativas ao CIRDI, já implementadas e utilizadas internacionalmente. A primeira alternativa é o tradicional mecanismo da proteção diplomática. A segunda alternativa são os métodos auto compositivos de solução de controvérsias. A terceira é a arbitragem de investimento realizada fora dos auspícios do CIRDI e sujeita ao controle de cortes nacionais. (e) A proteção conferida pela Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL e a Convenção de Nova Iorque para a arbitragem de investimentos pode ser semelhante à conferida pela Convenção de Washington ao CIRDI, desde que observadas algumas peculiaridades da legislação e judiciário locais. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present the investor-State dispute resolution mechanism typically used in Agreements for the Promotion and Protection of Investments (APPIs) and already consolidated in International Investment Law investment arbitration pursuant to the rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the alternatives to this mechanism that have been discussed internationally. The fundamental reason for this dissertation is the acknowledgement that Brazil occupies an important position in the international scenario, with growing level of internationalization of Brazilian companies, but without a public policy for the support and protection of this internationalization. To fulfill this objective, the dissertation: (i) contextualize the investment protection theme under International Economic Law, as well as presents the main characteristics of the APPIs; (ii) introduces investment arbitration as an species of the gender arbitration, distinct from commercial arbitration and inter-State arbitration; (iii) introduces ICSID, indicating the characteristics that aimed to make arbitration under its rules truly international, and; (iv) introduces the alternatives to ICSID mechanism, with special emphasis to investment arbitration governed by national law and protected by the 1958 New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. In a nutshell, the dissertation concludes that: (a) the limits to regulatory freedom of a State because of the international commitments assumed for the protection and promotion of investment are a consequence of substantive legal guarantees of the APPIs and not of the dispute resolution method chosen; (b) the objective of the investor-State dispute resolution provision is to create a neutral dispute resolution mechanism, avoiding local political influences; (c) ICSID was the international organization created by the States to administer international investor-State dispute resolution procedures now being criticized for three reasons: (i) inconsistencies of decisions by arbitral tribunals and annulment committees in sensitive issues to States; (ii) lack of transparency in the conduct of the proceedings; and (iii) lack of a mechanism to mediate and solve conflicts regarding the arbitrators; (d) there are alternatives to ICSID, some of which have already been implemented and used internationally. The first alternative is the classic method of diplomatic protection. The second alternative are the amicable dispute resolution methods. The third alternative is investment arbitration done outside of ICSIDs rules and subject to the control of national courts, pursuant to national Law; (e) the protection granted to investment arbitration by the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration and the New York Convention are similar to the protection granted to ICSID arbitration by the Washington Convention, as long as some peculiarities of the municipal law and courts are observed.