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Am Beispiel der UdSSR werden formale und inhaltliche Voraussetzungen eines Beitritts eines (noch) "sozialistischen" Staates mit einer Zentralverwaltungswirtschaft zu den beiden wichtigsten internationalen Finanzinstitutionen, Internationaler Währungsfonds und Weltbank (samt deren "Schwester"-Organisationen), diskutiert.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Правна заштита страних улагања од некомерцијалних ризика заснована је на примени правних стандарда, тј. начела о третману страних улагања која су настала у оквиру међународног права, и која по правилу обавезују стране у међународноправним односима поводом страних улагања. Међу стандардима заштите страних улагања нарочито се истиче стандард поштеног и правичног третмана по свом правном дејству, широком пољу примене и заступљености у међународним изворима инвестиционог права. Све то за последицу има његову честу примену у пракси.<br />Циљ овог истраживања је свеобухватна анализа стандарда поштеног и правичног третмана, која би пружила општи прегледњегових нормативних извора, тумачења и примене у пракси. На тај начин би научна и стручна јавност у Србији и региону могла имати на једном месту детаљан приказ овог стандарда на српском језику са анализом спорних питања и могућим решењима.<br />У складу са том концепцијом, први део рада садржи преглед међународних извора права, који предвиђају поштен и правичан третман страног улагача. У оквиру међународних уговора о заштити страних улагања приказани су релевантни двострани и вишестрани споразуми.<br />Након тога је изложен настанак и развој стандарда поштеног и правичног третманапре ере инвестиционих споразума и инвестиционих арбитража.У овом делу истраживања пажња је посвећена стандарду минималног третмана из међународног обичајног права и нацртимарелевантних међународних инструмената.<br />Наредна фаза истраживања се односи на правну природу стандарда поштеног и правичног третмана. У том смислу је извршена анализа овог стандарда као дела општег међународног права и као самосталног стандарда међународног инвестиционог права.<br />Најзад, у делу који се односи на садржинустандарда поштеног и правичног третмана приказани су и анализирани елементи његове садржине, као својеврсни подстандарди. Према систематици овог рада, то су: поступање са дужном пажњом и пружање заштитеинвестицији, ускраћивање правде, арбитрарно и дискриминаторско поступање, заштита легитимних очекивања инвеститора, заштита од узнемиравања и савесност државе домаћина. Овај део рада је најобимнији, јер је питање садржине стандарда суштинско за његово правилно разумевање и примену у пракси. Сваки елемент је представљен најпре уз приказ теоријских схватања, а затим кроз анализу арбитражних одлука.<br />На крају рада су изложена закључна разматрања у оквиру којих су сумирани резултати истраживања.</p> / <p style="text-align: justify;">Pravna zaštita stranih ulaganja od nekomercijalnih rizika zasnovana je na primeni pravnih standarda, tj. načela o tretmanu stranih ulaganja koja su nastala u okviru međunarodnog prava, i koja po pravilu obavezuju strane u međunarodnopravnim odnosima povodom stranih ulaganja. Među standardima zaštite stranih ulaganja naročito se ističe standard poštenog i pravičnog tretmana po svom pravnom dejstvu, širokom polju primene i zastupljenosti u međunarodnim izvorima investicionog prava. Sve to za posledicu ima njegovu čestu primenu u praksi.<br />Cilj ovog istraživanja je sveobuhvatna analiza standarda poštenog i pravičnog tretmana, koja bi pružila opšti preglednjegovih normativnih izvora, tumačenja i primene u praksi. Na taj način bi naučna i stručna javnost u Srbiji i regionu mogla imati na jednom mestu detaljan prikaz ovog standarda na srpskom jeziku sa analizom spornih pitanja i mogućim rešenjima.<br />U skladu sa tom koncepcijom, prvi deo rada sadrži pregled međunarodnih izvora prava, koji predviđaju pošten i pravičan tretman stranog ulagača. U okviru međunarodnih ugovora o zaštiti stranih ulaganja prikazani su relevantni dvostrani i višestrani sporazumi.<br />Nakon toga je izložen nastanak i razvoj standarda poštenog i pravičnog tretmanapre ere investicionih sporazuma i investicionih arbitraža.U ovom delu istraživanja pažnja je posvećena standardu minimalnog tretmana iz međunarodnog običajnog prava i nacrtimarelevantnih međunarodnih instrumenata.<br />Naredna faza istraživanja se odnosi na pravnu prirodu standarda poštenog i pravičnog tretmana. U tom smislu je izvršena analiza ovog standarda kao dela opšteg međunarodnog prava i kao samostalnog standarda međunarodnog investicionog prava.<br />Najzad, u delu koji se odnosi na sadržinustandarda poštenog i pravičnog tretmana prikazani su i analizirani elementi njegove sadržine, kao svojevrsni podstandardi. Prema sistematici ovog rada, to su: postupanje sa dužnom pažnjom i pružanje zaštiteinvesticiji, uskraćivanje pravde, arbitrarno i diskriminatorsko postupanje, zaštita legitimnih očekivanja investitora, zaštita od uznemiravanja i savesnost države domaćina. Ovaj deo rada je najobimniji, jer je pitanje sadržine standarda suštinsko za njegovo pravilno razumevanje i primenu u praksi. Svaki element je predstavljen najpre uz prikaz teorijskih shvatanja, a zatim kroz analizu arbitražnih odluka.<br />Na kraju rada su izložena zaključna razmatranja u okviru kojih su sumirani rezultati istraživanja.</p> / <p style="text-align: justify;">Legal protection of foreign investments from non-commercial risks is based onthe application of legal standards i.e. principles of treatment of foreign investment originating from international law, which as a rule bind the parties involved in international legal relationships related to foreign investments. Among all foreign investment protection standards, the fair and equitable treatment standard stands out as the most prominent in its legal effect, broad scope and omnipresence in the international sources of investment law. All these features result in the frequent application of this standard in practice.<br />The goal of this research is a comprehensive analysis of the fair and equitable treatment standard, which would offer a deep insight into its normative sources, interpretation and practical applications. The scientific and professional community both in Serbia and the region would thus obtain a unified and detailed survey of the standard in the Serbian language explaining many disputable issues and their possible solutions.<br />In accordance with the outlined concept, the first partof this research contains a survey of sources of international law which provide for fair and equitable treatment of foreign investors. Among international treaties on foreign investment protection, relevant bilateral and multirateral agreements are reviewed.<br />Following the first part, the second part of this research explains the origin and development of the fair and equitable treatment standard prior to the age of investment agreements and investment arbitration. In the second part, the research focus is on the minimum treatment standard under the international customary law and drafts of relevant international instruments.<br />The next research phase refers to the legal character of the fair and equitable treatment standard. In this sense, an analysis of the standard has been performed, both as an integral part of general international law and as an independant standard of international investment law.<br />Finally, in the part referring to the contents of the fair and equitable treatment standard, elements of the standard are displayed and analysed as sort of substandards. According to the systematics applied in this paper, these are: due diligence in the protection of investment, denial of justice, arbitrary and discriminatory treatment, protection of investor legitimate expectations, and protection against harassment and bad faith of the host country. This is the most comprehensive portion of the paper because the issue of the contents of this standard is essential for its proper understanding and practical application. Each element of the contents is first presented from the doctrinal point of view, and then through the analysis of arbitral awards.<br />In the conclusion that follows in the final part of the paper, the research results are summarized.</p>

The purpose of this essay has been to understand the conditions for parents who are victims of domestic violence to deal with legal demands in custody disputes, and thereby understand how authorities risk reproducing vulnerability. Our qualitative research has been conducted by analyzing life stories through autobiographical literature and podcastinterviews. The results of the study show that the perpetrator, social networks and the authorities are important for understanding aggravating and enabling circumstances in custody disputes for victimized parents. Furthermore, the results show that parents who have experienced violence manage paradoxical demands from authorities in custody disputes through both adaptation and resistance. Yet, regardless of the strategy, they still need to adapt to the authorities. This leads to the lack of power for parents trying to protect their children from an abusive parent and authority decisions that put their lives, safety and health at risk. Consequently, authorities risk unintentionally reproducing the vulnerability for parents and children who are victims of domestic violence.

This thesis examines problems concerning international standard-essential patent licensing disputes within the EU from a private international law perspective. Furthermore, it seeks to analyse the jurisdictional rules which are established by the Brussels Ia Regulation when applied to cross-border SEP licensing disputes. The backdrop for the present study is the system of international standardisation and the licensing of those patents which are essential to the implementation of a technical standard. It is primarily concerned with EU law as it relates to technical standardisation in the field of telecommunications, since it plays a significant role in today’s global information society. As a rule, SEP holders make a commitment to license their essential patents according to terms which are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND). In order to fulfil the aim of the thesis, the legal nature of such a FRAND commitment has been examined, finding that it should be characterised as an enforceable contract for the benefit of third parties. Patent rights have traditionally been thought of as territorial in nature, which raises questions regarding the possibilities for cross-border enforcement, as well as how the rules on jurisdiction should be applied by national courts in the EU when faced with international disputes where the subject matter is considered to be, to an extent, territorially bound. One of the fundamental questions that arise out of this is how, in the context of SEP licensing, the legal framework for SEP disputes affects the application of the jurisdictional rules in cross-border cases. As a consequence of the lack of harmonisation as well as legal regulation and guidance relating to SEP licensing, individual courts in Europe have developed their own distinct approaches and methodologies in SEP disputes. There is a risk that this lack of uniformity leads not only to greater legal uncertainty, but also widespread patent litigation. In particular, recent case law from Germany and the United Kingdom has been influential in creating a precedent that national courts are able to set FRAND licensing terms which are global in scope. This has led to certain courts taking a more active approach in international SEP disputes—even if they concern foreign patents—granting injunctions which in some cases seek to limit the jurisdiction of foreign courts. It seems to follow from this that a ‘race to the courthouse’ is to be expected in SEP disputes, which is further facilitated by the ample room for forum shopping that exists in the Brussels Ia Regulation. Lastly, the thesis also deals, in part, with the new unitary patent system, as well as the Unified Patent Court and the question of how the UPC may come to affect the future of SEP disputes within the EU. Appropriate solutions to the identified problems are discussed, favouring either a concentration of SEP litigation to one forum, or the development of guiding principles so as to increase legal certainty.

[pt] A dissertação compreende a colonização das Américas como marco fundamental da política internacional moderna e defende a necessidade de engajamento da disciplina de Relações Internacionais com os povos indígenas, sobretudo ao compreender o caráter global das suas lutas políticas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investiga as dimensões globais e coloniais das ameaças aos territórios indígenas, sobretudo as estratégias de dominação operadas no Território Indígena do Xingu, ameaçado pelas fronteiras econômicas do agronegócio e pela extração de madeira ilegal. Tendo a análise do bandeirantismo como fio condutor da dissertação, o trabalho está estruturado em quatro movimentos. O primeiro movimento apresenta o panorama histórico do Território Indígena do Xingu, por meio da intersecção entre a antropologia histórica crítica, a etnoarqueologia e a perspectiva pós-colonial, a fim de compreender as ameaças e resistências ao bandeirantismo e as consequências contemporâneas da situação colonial na primeira Terra Indígena demarcada no Brasil. O segundo movimento analisa, por um lado, a centralidade do bandeirantismo na colonização brasileira e, por outro, o seu papel na formação do capitalismo global e na subjetivação de um modo de vida imperial, baseado no eurocentrismo e no racismo. Em um terceiro momento, analisa-se estratégias coloniais de dominação para com os povos indígenas e seus territórios em dois momentos históricos distintos, identificando a continuidade, sob novas configurações, da ―guerra de conquista‖ após a independência. Por fim, o quarto movimento analisa as tensões territoriais e as estratégias de dominação que afetam o Território Indígena do Xingu na contemporaneidade, compreendendo como os discursos e práticas da política internacional operam localmente por meio da articulação entre as gramáticas da economia política e as hierarquias coloniais. Dessa forma, a dissertação argumenta que as ameaças aos territórios indígenas são consequências das próprias dinâmicas dos padrões de poder globais, forjadas a partir da colonização das Américas e da consolidação do capitalismo. As invasões aos territórios indígenas durante os séculos XVII e XVIII, orquestradas pelo projeto colonial e realizada pelos bandeirantes, foram fundamentais para o processo de estruturação dos padrões de poder globais, cujas dinâmicas violentas do modo de vida imperial constituem a base da política internacional moderna. Assim, engajar-se com a luta dos povos indígenas pelos seus territórios representa um engajamento com os atores e as disputas centrais da política internacional. / [en] The dissertation understands the colonization of the Americas as a fundamental milestone of modern international politics and defends the need for the discipline of International Relations to engage with indigenous peoples, especially by understanding the global role of their political struggles. In this context, it investigates the global and colonial dimensions of the threats to indigenous territories, especially the domination strategies operated in the Xingu Indigenous Territory, threatened by the economic frontiers of agribusiness and illegal logging. With the analysis of bandeirantismo as the guiding thread of the entire dissertation, the work is structured in three movements. The he first movement presents the historical panorama of the Xingu Indigenous Territory, through the intersection between critical historical anthropology, ethnoarchaeology and the postcolonial perspective, in order to understand the threats and resistances to bandeirantismo and the contemporary consequences of the colonial situation in the first demarcated Indigenous Land in Brazil. The second movement analyses, on the one hand, the centrality of bandeirantismo in Brazilian colonization and, on the other, its role in the formation of global capitalism and in the subjectivation of an imperial way of life, based on Eurocentrism and racism. The third movement analyzes the colonial strategies of domination towards indigenous peoples and their territories in two different historical moments, identifying the continuity of the "war of conquest" after independence. Finally, the fourth movement analyzes the territorial tensions and strategies of domination that affect the Xingu Indigenous Territory in contemporary times, understanding how the discourses and practices of international politics operate locally through the articulation between the grammars of political economy and colonial hierarchies. In this way, the dissertation argues that the threats to indigenous territories are consequences of the dynamics of global power patterns, forged from the colonization of the Americas and the consolidation of capitalism. The invasions of indigenous territories during the 17th and 18th centuries, orchestrated by the colonial project and carried out by the bandeirantes, were cricial to the process of structuring global power patterns, whose violent dynamics of the imperial way of life constitute the basis of modern international politics. Thus, engaging with indigenous peoples struggle for their territories represents an engagement with the central actors and disputes of international politics.

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This thesis examines the relationship between Japan and South Korea and the paradox of its disputes despite the economic interdependence with the relational theory of world politics by Qin (2018b). World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) complaints between the countries between the years 2016 and 2020 have been analyzed to study this. The method utilized is that of a predicate discourse analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches are employed within the analysis as it includes the extraction of the predicates from qualitative complaint documents but additionally, a quantitative table of the predicates is generated to provide information on the frequencies and case locations of the findings. Neither the theory nor the unit of relation has been widely examined by Western international relations (IR) scholars, which allows this study to lead way for future research on the further expansion of knowledge and utilization of the relational theory. Furthermore, it provides insight into the relational object space of disputes in the relationship between the economically interdependent Japan and South Korea. The theoretical concepts of relational identity, actors as relators, hierarchy, and cultural communities in the analysis explain the existence of the paradox of disputes despite interdependence.

CHINA IN GLOBAL AND REGIONAL POLITICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY - GEOPOLITICAL CLASH WITH JAPAN, INDIA, USA, RUSSIA AND EUROPE Mgr. Martin Petrtýl Supervisor: Doc. Dr. Bořivoj Hnízdo, PhD. Institute of Political Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences This dissertation discusses the current and future role of China in the 21st century. I worked with the idea to prepare a systematically detailed analytical study of the country in relation to its surroundings as well as its internal environment for more than 8 years, including many interruptions. I, above all, contemplated about the way how to truly scientifically, i.e. credibly, it means in the maximum possible the limits of verifiability, develop a full work that could hold up to the colleagues from the scientific community and myself. It is logical it was and is my attempt to allow minimal possibility of any criticism of this work for its formal, content, or other deficiencies. First, I decided to analyse in some detail the currently known theoretical approaches and methods of study, not only in political sciences, especially those used by political geographers, but also in other related fields, especially in the field of study of international relations, sociology, political science or general security studies. I did not want to study the issue is the...

This study examines the basis of contractual liability in indigenous law. It concludes that contractual liability arises only from real contracts where one party has performed fully or partially in terms of an agreement. Attention is given to both the nature and concept of indigenous contracts to ascertain the function of contracts in indigenous societies in order to bring a holistic perspective to the topic. It is demonstrated that the settlement of disputes arising out of indigenous contracts is primarily focused on the reconciliation of people and the consequent maintenance of harmony within the community. The foremost concern in indigenous law of contract is with human justice rather than with strict legal justice, and expression is thereby given to prevailing community values. / Indigenous Law / LL.M.