This study deals with the investigation of characteristics of a flash flood and development of design of flood mitigation facilities occurred in G&uuml / zelyurt in North Cyprus on 18th of January, 2010 and development of design of flood mitigation facilities. Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling of this flood event has been utilized to develop solutions for preventing the region from the flood. Topographical maps and soil properties are used in hydrological modeling. The data are inserted into a geographical information system program (ARC-GIS) where basin properties are obtained. Since there is no any stream flow gauging station along the creeks in the study area, the synthetic unit hydrograph is developed by using Soil Conversation Service Method to obtain design flood hydrographs. In hydraulic modeling, the cross-section data of Fabrika Creek and Bostanci Creek are taken by using global navigation satellite system (GNSS) device and total station. These data are entered into the HEC-RAS program. Flood inundation maps are generated for both creeks. After hydrological and hydraulic modeling, two solutions are proposed. The first one is to build a detention basin for storing water and a lateral channel. for diverting extra flow from Bostanci Creek to Fabrika Creek. The second solution is to build a lateral channel from Bostanci Creek to G&uuml / zelyurt Dam for diverting all water during a flood event. Based on hydrologic, hydraulic, and cost analysis, the first solution is accepted to be the feasible solution. In addition, flow carrying capacities of the creeks are improved.

<p>This bachelor thesis examines how the trade flow of Turkey would change if the country becomes a member in the EU. This is done by analysing the Turkish trade flow with the EU and ROW over the period 1995 – 2005. The main question is if trade creation and trade diversion occurs?</p><p>The model used in this paper is a gravity model influenced by Soloaga and Winters (2000) gravity model. To be able to answer the purpose of this paper we used a crosssectional regression and base our analysis on our results.</p><p>The conclusion of this paper is that Turkey’s trade flow with the EU will increase if full-membership is accomplished. This leads to trade diversion and trade creation towards the other members-states within EU. We see Turkey as the key to the door for Middle Eastern countries and the EU; this implies that if Turkey becomes a member-state in EU, the trade could increase between these two continents.</p> / <p>Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker huruvida Turkiets handelsflöde kan förändras av ett eventuellt Europeiskt medlemskap. Det är gjort genom att analysera Turkiets handelstrend under perioden 1995 – 2005. Huvudfrågan är huruvida handelsfördelning och handelsökning sker?</p><p>Modellen som används i uppsatsen är en gravitations modell influerad av Soloaga och Winters (2000) gravitations modell. För att kunna besvara syftet i uppsatsen har vi använt oss av en tvärsnittsregression och baserat analysen på resultaten.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis ser man att Turkiets handelsflöde med EU ökar av ett eventuellt medlemskap i EU. Detta leder till handelsökning samt handelsfördelning gentemot nuvarande medlemmar. Vi anser även att Turkiet är nyckeln Mellanöstern samt EU, vilket innebär att fullt medlemskap ökar handeln mellan dessa två kontinenter.</p>

The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China have a long history of trading with each other. They are economic partners as well as competitors for many years. In order to push their economic relationship to a higher level, in November 2002, ASEAN and China signed the initial framework agreement, determined on establishing the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) among the eleven countries by 2010 for the ASEAN-6 (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and by 2015 for the transitional economies of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (the CLMV). There are fears that China’s rapid development recently will encourage ASEAN’s exports to flow into its giant domestic market instead of among the members countries. Also the benefits of the Free Trade Agreement are still unclear. The Thesis uses three gravity models and the panel data of 11 countries from 1992 to 2009 to test two hypotheses: trade diversion (that expanded trade with China will reduce intra-trade within ASEAN) and trade creation (that ACFTA will boost up bilateral trade between ASEAN and China).

Freie Univ., Diss.--Berlin, 1999.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Darmstadt.

Ο στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων και των μεταβολικών επιπλοκών της γαστρικής παράκαμψης Roux-en-Y και μιας εκδοχής της χολοπαγκρεατικής εκτροπής σε έναν αποκλειστικά non-superobese πληθυσμό. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της χολοπαγκρεατικής εκτροπής ήταν: γαστρικός θύλακος 15 ± 5 pml, χολοπαγκρεατική έλικα 200 cm, κοινό κανάλι 100 cm και διατροφική έλικα το λοιπό λεπτό έντερο. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της RYGBP ήταν: γαστρικός θύλακος 15 ± 5 ml, χολοπαγκρεατική έλικα 60 cm, Roux έλικα 100 cm και κοινό κανάλι το υπόλοιπο μήκος του λεπτού εντέρου. Από 130 ασθενείς με BMI 35-50 kg/m2, οι 65 υποβλήθηκαν σε RYGBP και οι 65 σε BPD. ΄Ολοι οι ασθενείς ολοκλήρωσαν το δεύτερο μετεγχειρητικό έτος. Η μέση απώλεια υπερβάλλοντος βάρους (excess weight loss, %EWL) ήταν καλύτερη μετά από BPD καθόλη τη διάρκεια του follow-up, ενώ στα 2 χρόνια η EWL ήταν > 50% στο 100% των ασθενών της BPD σε σύγκριση με το 88.7% της RYGBP. Η παθολογική ανοχή γλυκόζης, η υπερχοληστερολαιμία, η υπερτριγλυκεριδαιμία και η υπνική άπνοια παρουσίασαν πλήρη ύφεση και στις δύο ομάδες, αλλά τα μέσα επίπεδα ολικής χοληστερόλης ήταν σημαντικά χαμηλότερα μετά από BPD στα 2 χρόνια. Ο διαβήτης υποχώρησε πλήρως σε όλους τους ασθενείς της BPD και σε 7 στους 10 ασθενείς της RYGBP. Δεν παρατηρήθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές στις πρώιμες και όψιμες μη μεταβολικές επιπλοκές. Υποαλβουμιναιμία παρατηρήθηκε σε 1 ασθενή της RYGBP (1.5%) και σε 6 ασθενείς της BPD (9.2%). Μόνο ένας ασθενής από κάθε ομάδα χρειάστηκε νοσηλεία και ολική παρεντερική διατροφή. Συμπεραίνουμε πως οι μεταβολικές επιπλοκές μετά από BPD δεν ήταν σοβαρές και δεν παρουσίαζαν στατιστικά σημαντική διαφορά ανάμεσα στις δύο ομάδες, οπότε και οι δύο επεμβάσεις είναι ασφαλείς και αποτελεσματικές σε non-superobese πληθυσμούς, αλλά η BPD είναι πιο αποτελεσματική στην απώλεια βάρους και στην επίλυση του διαβήτη και της υπερχοληστερολαιμίας. / The aim of the present study was the comparison of the effectiveness and the metabolic complications of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) versus a variant of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) in an exclusively non-superobese population. The main characteristics of the BPD were: gastric pouch 15 ± 5 ml, biliopancreatic limb 200 cm, common channel 100 cm and alimentary limb the remainder of the small intestine. The main characteristics of the RYGBP were: gastric pouch 15 ± 5 ml, biliopancreatic limb 60 cm, Roux limb 100 cm and common channel the remainder of the small intestine. Of 130 patients with BMI 35-50 kg/m2, 65 underwent RYGBP and 65 underwent BPD. All patients completed their second postoperative year. Mean excess weight loss (EWL) was better after BPD at all time periods, and the %EWL was > 50% in all BPD patients compared to 88.7% of RYGBP patients. Glucose intolerance, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and sleep apnea completely resolved in all patients in both groups, although mean total cholesterol level was significantly lower in BPD patients at second year. Diabetes completely resolved in all BPD patients and in 7 of the 10 RYGBP patients. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in early and late non-metabolic complications. Hypoalbuminemia occured in only 1 patient after RYGBP (1.5%) and in 6 patients after BPD (9.2%). Only 1 patient from each group was hospitalized and received total parenteral nutrition. We conclude that the metabolic complications that occured following this type of BPD were not severe nor significantly different between the two groups, therefore both operations can be considered safe and effective for non-superobese patients, but BPD is more effective in weight loss as well as the resolution of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

Human urine is a   valuable resource which has good potential to be used as a fertilizer all   over the world. In the developing countries sanitation and food security are   both issues that need urgent attention.    A urine separation toilet can be constructed with minimal investment   in the Nicaraguan context, and the usage of the urine as a fertilizer can   help establish higher yields and is a good alternative to chemical   fertilizers. This field experiment is trying this in practice in the context   of rural Nicaragua, to determine the effect of urine on two plants on. For   this study, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the Chaya (Cnidoscolus   aconitifolius) was selected and the results confirm that urine has potential   as a fertilizer in the Nicaragua context. The common bean yield was twice as   large after urine fertilization and the Chaya reacted positively to urine   fertilization. For urine separation purposes, two different separators were   constructed on the site to showcase the benefits with separating the urine   from the faeces, creating lower latrine volume and better sanitation in the   outhouse. The risks associated with human urine are low if the urine is   separated securely to avoid crosscontamination from faeces. If a   safety-barrier system is adopted, the overall risks with using urine as a   fertilizer are negligible. The spreading potential of urine separation and   fertilization in rural Nicaragua is high, but more experiments and   demonstrations are needed to reach adopters of the technology. / La orina humana es un recurso valioso que tiene un   buen potencial para ser utilizado como fertilizante en el mundo entero. En   los países en vías de desarrollo, el saneamiento y la seguridad alimentaria   son dos temas que necesitan atención urgente. Un inodoro de separación de   orina puede ser construido con una inversión mínima en el contexto   Nicaragüense, y el uso de la orina como fertilizante puede ayudar a   establecer mayores rendimientos y es una buena alternativa a los   fertilizantes químicos. Este experimento de campo está probando esto en la   práctica en el contexto de Nicaragua rural, para determinar  la diferencia en  crecimiento entre dos cultivos con y sin   fertilización de orina. Para este estudio se seleccionó el frijol común   (Phaseolus vulgaris) y la Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) El rendimiento de   frijol fue dos veces mayor después de la fertilización de la orina y el Chaya   reaccionó positivamente a la fertilización de la orina. Para fines de   separación de orina, se construyeron dos separadores diferentes en el sitio   para mostrar los beneficios con la separación de la orina de las heces,   creando un menor volumen de letrina y un mejor saneamiento. Los riesgos asociados con la orina humana son bajos   si la orina se separa con seguridad para evitar la contaminación cruzada de   las heces. Si se adopta un sistema de barrera de seguridad, los riesgos   generales con el uso de orina como fertilizante son insignificantes. El   potencial de propagación de la separación de orina y la fertilización en   Nicaragua rural es alto, pero se necesitan más experimentos y demostraciones   para llegar a los usuarios de la tecnología. / <p>2017-06-02</p>

Small on-site sanitation systems for wastewater collection and treatment are prevalent in suburban and rural areas in many countries. However, these systems often underperform, causing potential impact to the receiving waters and increasing the risks to public health, thus hindering the overall sustainability of the systems. Understanding the different sustainability dimensions and trade-offs between assessment indicators can support the planning of sustainable on-site sanitation systems for a specific context. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the sustainability and function of on-site sanitation systems by defining a set of indicators to assess on-site sanitation options and estimating them for different scenarios, and by investigating the treatment efficiency of on-site facilities for domestic wastewater treatment in a field study. Particular attention was given to the removal of phosphorus (P) and indicator bacteria due to their relevance in terms of eutrophication risk and public-health concern. In a multi-criteria approach, twelve indicators were defined to assess nine on-site sanitation systems. A reference group representing stakeholders’ views assigned weights to express the relative importance of each indicator. The reference group assigned the highest weights to the indicators robustness, risk of pathogen discharge and nutrient removal. Assessing the robustness proved to be challenging, as there is a gap between how the sanitation systems are expected to perform based on their design, and how they actually perform in practice, mainly due to incorrect construction, operation and maintenance. The discriminating power of the indicators was calculated using the entropy method, which showed that the indicators energy recovery and capital cost had little impact in the final ranking of the alternatives. A sustainability ranking was obtained by using the method ELECTRE III. A scenario analysis based on different settings of interest based on socio-economic and geographical factors was done to evaluate the changes in the ranking of alternatives. Overall, the greywater–blackwater separation system ranked the highest in the baseline scenario and when nutrient-related indicators were important (Scenario 2), together with the urine diversion system. The sand filter and drain field were the most sustainable options when nutrient removal and recycling was not important (Scenario 1), and (in combination with chemical P-removal) when the indicators related to energy and climate change had the highest weights (Scenario 3). In terms of P-removal, chemical removal outranked the alkaline P-filter. In a field study, the effluent wastewater from twelve on-site wastewater treatment facilities with sand and alkaline P-filters was evaluated in terms of removal and discharge of organic content, total and dissolved phosphorus, and indicator bacteria (E. coli, total coliforms, intestinal enterococci and C.perfringens). The results showed that the investigated sand filters generally had low P-removal capacity and sometimes exceeded the criteria for excellent water quality set by the EU bathing water directive with regard to intestinal enterococci and E. coli. Only one sand filter of eight was confirmed to remove P according to the Swedish guidelines for areas with non-sensitive receiving waters with a tot-P effluent concentration below 3 mg L−1. This indicates that a downstream treatment step is needed to meet the guidelines regarding P discharge concentrations. Alkaline P-filters generally removed P efficiently. Despite high effluent pH, the collected data did not generally confirm a further reduction of the bacterial content of the wastewater in the P-filters, as had been previously hypothesized. However, effluent concentrations of indicator bacteria showed moderate positive correlations with effluent concentrations of P and organic matter, indicating the potential of the P-filters to serve as a polishing step also for bacteria. / Små lokala avloppssystem för insamling och rening av avloppsvatten är vanligt förekommande i omvandlings- och landsbygdsområden i många länder. Dessa system fungerar ofta sämre än förväntat vilket kan leda till effekter på recipienter, ökad risk för folkhälsan och begränsa systemens hållbarhet. En djupare förståelse för hållbarhetsdimensioner och avvägningar mellan olika indikatorer kan stödja planering och implementering av hållbara lokala avloppsystem för specifika sammanhang. Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats var att utvärdera hållbarhet och funktion av enskilda avloppssystem. Detta utfördes genom att först definiera en uppsättning indikatorer för bedömning av ett antal enskilda avloppsalternativ och sedan utvärdera dem för olika scenarier. Vidare var syftet att undersöka några systems prestanda för rening av hushållsavloppsvatten i en fältstudie. Särskilt fokus lades på reduktion av fosfor (P) och indikatorbakterier på grund av deras relevans i relation till övergödningsrisk och folkhälsoperspektiv. I en multikriteriestudie definierades tolv indikatorer för att bedöma nio typer av enskilda avloppssystem. En referensgrupp som representerade olika intressenter viktade indikatorerna för att uttrycka den relativa betydelsen av varje indikator. Referensgruppen gav systemens robusthet, risk för utsläpp av patogener, och näringsreduktion störst vikt. Att bedöma robusthet var en utmaning i studien, eftersom det finns ett gap mellan hur systemen förväntas fungera, och hur de faktiskt fungerar i praktiken, mestadels på grund av felaktig konstruktion, drift och underhåll. Indikatorernas diskriminerande effekt räknades ut med entropimetoden, som visade att indikatorerna energiåtervinning och kapitalkostnad hade liten inverkan på alternativens slutgiltiga rangordning. En scenarioanalys genomfördes baserad på socioekonomiska och geografiska faktorer. En hållbarhetsrankning erhölls genom att använda ELECTRE III-metoden. Överlag rankades system som separerar gråvatten – svartvatten samt urinseparerande system högst i basfallsscenariot och när näringsrelaterade indikatorer var viktiga (scenario 2). Markbäddar och infiltrationsanläggningar var de mest hållbara alternativen när rening och återvinning av näringsämnen inte var viktigt (scenario 1) och (i kombination med kemisk P-rening) när indikatorer relaterade till energi och klimatförändringar viktades högst (scenario 3). När det gäller P-rening, gav system med kemisk rening ett bättre utfall än de med alkaliska P-filter. I en fältstudie utvärderades tolv enskilda avloppsanläggningar med markbaserade system och alkaliska P-filter med avseende på rening och utsläpp av organiskt innehåll, totalt och löst P och indikatorbakterier (E.coli, totala koliformer, intestinala enterokocker och C.perfringens). Resultaten visade att de markbaserade systemen generellt hade låg P-reningskapacitet och ofta överskreds kriterierna för utmärkt vattenkvalitet enligt EUs badvattendirektiv avseende intestinala enterokocker och C. perfringens. Endast ett markbaserat system av åtta uppvisade en P-rening som låg under de svenska riktlinjerna för områden med normal skyddsnivå, med en utsläppskoncentration på under 3 mg L-1 tot-P. Detta indikerade att markbäddar behöver nedströms placerade reningssteg för att uppfylla nuvarande riktlinjer för utsläpp av P. Alkaliska P-filter avskilde generellt P effektivt. Trots högt pH-värde kunde ingen ytterligare minskning av bakterieinnehåll i avloppsvattnet från P-filtren påvisas statistiskt. Utsläppen av indikatorbakterier uppvisade emellertid måttliga positiva korrelationer med utsläpp av P och organiskt material, vilket visar på en viss potential att P-filtren kan fungera som ett ytterligare poleringssteg även för bakterier.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the settlement in criminal proceedings, one of diversions, or also alternatives to typical course and outcome of criminal proceedings. The settlement was incorporated into the Czech Criminal Procedure Code by the amendment n. 152/1995 Sb. with the effect on 1st September 1995. The settlement is an institute of criminal procedure law originating in restorative justice principles and its goal is to restore affected relationship between the defendant and the victim. Then proceedings of the settlement should not serve only to compensate the victim, as is sometimes perceived by the public, but also to clarify causes of the conflict during the active participation of both parties and to assume personal responsibility for the crime committed which may have significant effects in terms of criminal prevention. Despite the fact that the settlement is a form of diversion beneficial to the defendant (it leads to cessation of prosecution), victim (it is faster to obtain the compensation) and society (prevention from committing other crimes, relieving courts in favour of complex and serious crimes), it is rarely used in practice. In the first chapter I generally deal with the concept of diversions in criminal proceedings, their fundamental characteristics and common features...

The decision-making process in highway construction projects identifies and selects the optimal alternative based on the user requirements and evaluation criteria. The current practice of the decision-making process does not consider all construction impacts in an integrated decision-making process. This dissertation developed a multi-criteria evaluation framework to support the decision-making process in highway construction projects. In addition to the construction cost and mobility impacts, reliability, safety, and emission impacts are assessed at different evaluation levels and used as inputs to the decision-making process. Two levels of analysis, referred to as the planning level and operation level, are proposed in this research to provide input to a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) process that considers user prioritization of the assessed criteria. The planning level analysis provides faster and less detailed assessments of the inputs to the MCDM utilizing analytical tools, mainly in a spreadsheet format. The second level of analysis produces more detailed inputs to the MCDM and utilizes a combination of mesoscopic simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment tool, and microscopic simulation tool, combined with other utilities. The outputs generated from the two levels of analysis are used as inputs to a decision-making process based on present worth analysis and the Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Situation) MCDM method and the results are compared.