Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 1997. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Appendix #3 removed as requested by the author because of confidentiality requirements. Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-211). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1988. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-206).

This essay is aiming to examine distribution of the unpaid domestic work from a male perspective. Qualitative interviews with three men from three different generations has been implemented to get a subjective image of what these men belives are the factors behind the division of domestic work in there homes. The study shows that changes have taken place, men take a bigger responsibility in domestic work and children care today compared to 50 years ago. A reason for this is for instance womens increasing degree of gainful employment. Despite the changes- or because of them, the discussion of division of domestic work is most current, though differences still remains.

The social brain hypothesis predicts that larger group size and greater social complexity select for increased brain size. In ants, social complexity is associated with large colony size, emergent collective action, and division of labor among workers. The great diversity of social organization in ants offers numerous systems to test social brain theory and examine the neurobiology of social behavior. My studies focused on the Australasian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, a polymorphic species, as a model of advanced social organization. I critically analyzed how biogenic amines modulate social behavior in ants and examined their role in worker subcaste-related territorial aggression. Major workers that naturally engage in territorial defense showed higher levels of brain octopamine in comparison to more docile, smaller minor workers, whose social role is nursing. Through pharmacological manipulations of octopaminergic action in both subcastes, octopamine was found to be both necessary and sufficient for aggression, suggesting subcaste-related task specialization results from neuromodulation. Additionally, I tested social brain theory by contrasting the neurobiological correlates of social organization in a phylogenetically closely related ant species, Formica subsericea, which is more basic in social structure. Specifically, I compared brain neuroanatomy and neurometabolism in respect to the neuroecology and degree of social complexity of O. smaragdina major and minor workers and F. subsericea monomorphic workers. Increased brain production costs were found in both O. smaragdina subcastes, and the collective action of O. smaragdina majors appeared to compensate for these elevated costs through decreased ATP usage, measured from cytochrome oxidase activity, an endogenous marker of neurometabolism. Macroscopic and cellular neuroanatomical analyses of brain development showed that higher-order sensory processing regions in workers of O. smaragdina, but not F. subsericea, had age-related synaptic reorganization and increased volume. Supporting the social brain hypothesis, ecological and social challenges associated with large colony size were found to contribute to increased brain size. I conclude that division of labor and collective action, among other components of social complexity, may drive the evolution of brain structure and function in compensatory ways by generating anatomically and metabolically plastic mosaic brains that adaptively reflect cognitive demands of worker task specialization and colony-level social organization.

abstract: A notable feature of advanced eusocial insect groups is a division of labor within the sterile worker caste. However, the physiological aspects underlying the differentiation of behavioral phenotypes are poorly understood in one of the most successful social taxa, the ants. By starting to understand the foundations on which social behaviors are built, it also becomes possible to better evaluate hypothetical explanations regarding the mechanisms behind the evolution of insect eusociality, such as the argument that the reproductive regulatory infrastructure of solitary ancestors was co-opted and modified to produce distinct castes. This dissertation provides new information regarding the internal factors that could underlie the division of labor observed in both founding queens and workers of Pogonomyrmex californicus ants, and shows that changes in task performance are correlated with differences in reproductive physiology in both castes. In queens and workers, foraging behavior is linked to elevated levels of the reproductively-associated juvenile hormone (JH), and, in workers, this behavioral change is accompanied by depressed levels of ecdysteroid hormones. In both castes, the transition to foraging is also associated with reduced ovarian activity. Further investigation shows that queens remain behaviorally plastic, even after worker emergence, but the association between JH and behavioral bias remains the same, suggesting that this hormone is an important component of behavioral development in these ants. In addition to these reproductive factors, treatment with an inhibitor of the nutrient-sensing pathway Target of Rapamycin (TOR) also causes queens to become biased towards foraging, suggesting an additional sensory component that could play an important role in division of labor. Overall, this work provides novel identification of the possible regulators behind ant division of labor, and suggests how reproductive physiology could play an important role in the evolution and regulation of non-reproductive social behaviors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biology 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4995_.pdf: 1046089 bytes, checksum: c8a84ec6ac6200eba2aa975e0c72f91a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / A discussão sobre o tema competências tem ensejado diversas pesquisas no mundo acadêmico e também no meio empresarial. Na prática organizacional esse sistema de gestão é utilizado sistematicamente, sendo considerado um modelo eficaz na gestão de pessoas para ganho de lucratividade (DUTRA, 2004). As pesquisas no Brasil apontam para uma gama diversificada de debates da noção de competências e sua relação com algumas variáveis, como por exemplo, a aprendizagem organizacional e a remuneração, que carecem de debates teóricos e averiguações empíricas (RUAS et al., 2010; DIAS et al., 2010). No entanto, é perceptível a (in) existência de trabalhos acerca do dimensionamento dos reflexos da noção de competências nas relações de trabalho. Motivo pelo qual se evidencia a continuidade da pesquisa acadêmica acerca dessa realidade, possibilitando elucidar as transformações que estão ocorrendo no mundo do trabalho e compreender as novas tecnologias de gestão e seus impactos no trabalho. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo, analisar a lógica de competências em modelos de gestão de pessoas e do trabalho, tendo em vista os reflexos nas relações de trabalho, por meio de estudo de caso. Para isto pretende-se discutir a categoria trabalho como fundante da práxis social, bem como, sua posição no sistema capitalista de produção em razão da divisão manufatureira do trabalho (MARX, 1989; BRAVERMAN, 1987; ANTUNES, 2000, 2005; LUCKÁCS, 2010) e sua relação com a lógica de competências (ZARIFIAN, 2001, 2003; LE BOTERF, 2003; SCHWARTZ, 2004), contribuindo para a constituição de elementos teóricos que permitam a compreensão da complexidade do tema competências, sua materialidade e aplicabilidade em modelos de gestão nas organizações contemporâneas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho se dá principalmente em evidenciar a necessidade de discutir questões que implicam as relações de trabalho e problematizar os conflitos existentes elucidando os impactos da noção de competências e de que forma a gestão compreende essas mudanças. E isto mediado por autores pouco utilizados na administração, que têm como proposta teórica a discussão do trabalho na formação da práxis social. A pesquisa será realizada por meio de estudo de caso único em uma empresa alimentícia local. / In organizational practice management system for competence is used systematically, and is considered an effective model in the management of people to gain productivity (DUTRA, 2004). Research in Brazil point to a diverse range of discussions of the concept of competence and its relationship with some variables, such as organizational learning and reward, which lack theoretical debates and empirical investigation (RUAS et al., 2010; DIAS et al., 2010). However, it is noticeable shortage of studies on the dimensioning of the reflections of the concept of skills in labor relations, which shows the continuity of academic research on this reality. This thesis aims to analyze the application of the concept of competence in models of personnel management and labor in order to elucidate the changes that occur in hierarchical of work, through a qualitative research, a case study organization. We investigated the productive reality of a food industry through semistructured interviews. We discussed the work category as the founder of social practice, as well as its position in the contemporary system of production because the manufacturing division of labor (MARX, 1989; BRAVERMAN, 1987; ANTUNES, 2000, 2005; LUCKÁCS, 2010), and its interrelation with the notion of competence (ZARIFIAN, 2001, 2003; LE BOTERF, 2003), contributing to the formation of theoretical elements that allow the understanding of the complexity of the subject expertise, their materiality and applicability of management systems in organizations contributing to the formation of theoretical elements that allow the understanding of the complexity of the subject expertise, their materiality and applicability of management systems in contemporary organizations. Before this analytical context, made the following questions: To what extent the notion of skills included in the strategies people management determines the Chocolates Garoto the configuration of the hierarchical relationships work? The direction taken by this configuration makes it possible to bring back work to the worker (highlighting their knowledge) or characterized as just another strategy for mobilizing people to meet business objectives? Thus, after analyzing the reality, can say that on the screen has the connotation of bringing back the work to the worker. And while pointing or some changes in reporting relationships work, can not be said come from the integration of skills, first because they are tied to a performance assessment tool that focuses on results. Second, besides being very recent, the company undergoes other changes arising from the multinational company that bought it. Thus, it contributes to the discussion of the contradictions between theory and practice of the concept of skills and points to future research on the construction of its application in organizations become truly flexible, approaching, in fact, implementation of their design work, emptying the abstract work, emptying the abstract work and reproducing its ontological aspect. KEY- WORDS: Work, Skills, labor relations, Division of Labor; Management.

A pesquisa aferiu junto as operárias da empresa metalúrgica FAET sua percepção do significado do trabalho e da sobrecarga doméstica em suas vidas. A partir de uma fundamentação da centralidade do trabalho na sociedade capitalista, da importância do trabalho para a formação do ser social e da influência da divisão social do trabalho na manutenção das desigualdades no âmbito do trabalho e da família. / The research verified, among women workers in the metallurgic company FAET, their perception of the meaning of their work and of the domestic surcharge they carry in their lives. This research was built based on some fundaments: the centrality of work in capitalist society, the importance of work to build the social being, and the influence of the division of work to maintain the prevailing inequalities in work and in family

La division du travail est une caractéristique clé chez les insectes sociaux et contribue à leur succès écologique. En ce qui concerne les tâches sanitaires, la division du travail au sein d’une colonie peut permettre de réduire la transmission des maladies, de libérer certaines ouvrières pour d’autres tâches, permettant de diminuer les couts associés à l’exécution des tâches sanitaires (sur le plan comportementale et physiologique). Les facteurs externes et internes aux individus déterminant leur participation aux tâches sanitaires ne sont pas bien connus. La plupart des études portent sur l’importance des différences génétiques entre ouvrières. Dans les deux premières études, j’ai examiné le rôle de l’expérience des individus (par exposition répétée à des déchets sanitaires ou à l’exécution d’une tâche) sur la mise en place de différences interindividuelles dans l’exécution d’une tâche sanitaire comportementale. L’exposition à un parasite est une menace fréquente au sein de colonies d’insectes sociaux. En utilisant la fourmi clonale Platythyrea punctata, j’ai voulu savoir si une exposition répétée des individus à des larves portant une faible quantité de conidiospores du champignon Metarhizium robertsii affectait la performance des soins sanitaires portés au couvain. J’ai trouvé que la durée de nettoyage des larves était plus élevée chez des fourmis entrainées, aux larves exposées ou non exposées au champignon, que chez des fourmis inexpérimentées. Un temps de nettoyage plus élevé améliorait l’élimination des conidiospores. Ainsi les fourmis entrainées pourraient être plus efficaces pour éliminer les conidiospores lors d’une attaque parasitaire de la colonie. La décomposition des cadavres représente un risque sanitaire dans les colonies d’insectes sociaux, nécessitant une gestion de cadavres. Dans la deuxième étude, j’ai étudié la possibilité d’une division du travail dans la gestion des cadavres (c'est-à-dire le nettoyage et le transport) chez les ouvrières de la fourmi polygyne et polymorphe Cataglyphis velox. J’ai plus spécifiquement testé si la propensité d’accomplir ces tâches était en rapport avec une récente expérience individuelle ou avec la taille des ouvrières. Nos observations ont montré que la majorité des individus de la colonie n’effectuait que rarement des tâches de gestion de cadavres même si quelques individus pouvaient être impliqués plus fréquemment, au moins sur un laps de temps cours, dans l’exécution de ces tâches. Les résultats suggèrent une faible division du travail dans le nettoyage et le transport des cadavres et une faible modulation de ces tâches par l’exposition répétée des ouvrières à des cadavres. / Division of labor is a key characteristic of social insects and contributes to their ecological success. Especially in disease defense, the intra-colony partitioning of sanitary work can reduce disease transmission, keep nestmates available for other tasks and reduce costs associated with sanitary task performance (i.e. at the behavioral and physiological level). Factors internal and external to the individual affecting sanitary task allocation are not well known and most studies investigated genetic differences between workers performing behavioral sanitary work. In the first two studies I addressed whether individual experience (through repeated exposure to a sanitary hazard or performance of the task) can generate interindividual differences in the performance of behavioral sanitary tasks. Repeated parasite exposure is a common threat in colonies of social insects, posing selection pressures on colony members to respond with improved disease-defense performance. In the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata, I tested whether experience gained by repeated tending of low-level fungus-exposed (Metarhizium robertsii) larvae alters the performance of sanitary brood care. I found that ants trained both with sham- and fungus-treated larvae groomed the brood longer than naive ants. Increased grooming of fungus-treated larvae resulted in more effective fungal removal, thus making trained ants better caretakers under parasite attack of the colony. Decomposing cadavers pose a sanitary risk to social insect colonies, necessitating cadaver management. In the second study I investigated whether cadaver management (i.e. cadaver grooming and transports) is divided among workers and task allocation affected by recent individual experience or worker size in the polymorphic and polygynous ant Cataglyphis velox. Many individuals performed cadaver management infrequently and few individuals dominated task performance. Our results suggested low division of labor for cadaver grooming and transport and a reduced modulation of these behaviors by recurrent exposure to nestmate cadavers.