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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

A Novel Approach to Study Task Organization in Animal Groups

January 2016 (has links)
abstract: A key factor in the success of social animals is their organization of work. Mathematical models have been instrumental in unraveling how simple, individual-based rules can generate collective patterns via self-organization. However, existing models offer limited insights into how these patterns are shaped by behavioral differences within groups, in part because they focus on analyzing specific rules rather than general mechanisms that can explain behavior at the individual-level. My work argues for a more principled approach that focuses on the question of how individuals make decisions in costly environments. In Chapters 2 and 3, I demonstrate how this approach provides novel insights into factors that shape the flexibility and robustness of task organization in harvester ant colonies (Pogonomyrmex barbatus). My results show that the degree to which colonies can respond to work in fluctuating environments depends on how individuals weigh the costs of activity and update their behavior in response to social information. In Chapter 4, I introduce a mathematical framework to study the emergence of collective organization in heterogenous groups. My approach, which is based on the theory of multi-agent systems, focuses on myopic agents whose behavior emerges out of an independent valuation of alternative choices in a given work environment. The product of this dynamic is an equilibrium organization in which agents perform different tasks (or abstain from work) with an analytically defined set of threshold probabilities. The framework is minimally developed, but can be extended to include other factors known to affect task decisions including individual experience and social facilitation. This research contributes a novel approach to developing (and analyzing) models of task organization that can be applied in a broader range of contexts where animals cooperate. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences 2016
112

Impacto das condições de trabalho e das responsabilidades domésticas nas condições de vida das trabalhadoras da FAET / Impacte of labor conditions and domestic responsabilities on the FAET workers life conditions

Ana Maria Santos Rocha 29 June 2009 (has links)
A pesquisa aferiu junto as operárias da empresa metalúrgica FAET sua percepção do significado do trabalho e da sobrecarga doméstica em suas vidas. A partir de uma fundamentação da centralidade do trabalho na sociedade capitalista, da importância do trabalho para a formação do ser social e da influência da divisão social do trabalho na manutenção das desigualdades no âmbito do trabalho e da família. / The research verified, among women workers in the metallurgic company FAET, their perception of the meaning of their work and of the domestic surcharge they carry in their lives. This research was built based on some fundaments: the centrality of work in capitalist society, the importance of work to build the social being, and the influence of the division of work to maintain the prevailing inequalities in work and in family
113

Modelo arquitetônico de ninhos, biologia e divisão de trabalho de Pachycondyla striata Fr. Smith, 1858 (Hymenoptera : Formicidae : Ponerinae)

Silva-Melo, Adolfo da [UNESP] 09 May 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvamelo_a_me_rcla.pdf: 1461706 bytes, checksum: 6d2b178e0a49ad6fe5fb7d3bdbb7387a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / o presente trabalho procura contribuir para o conhecimento da arquitetura dos ninhos, divisão de trabalho, polietismo temporal e tabela de vida da espécie Pacchycondyla striata. Os esquemas dos ninhos foram confeccionados aproximando-se do natural no campo, sugerindo uma arquitetura pouco elaborada, com as câmaras e túneis distribuídos superficialmente no subsolo, sendo similar ao padrão de outras espécies da subfamília Ponerinae. Os dados comportamentais foram obtidos usando o método scanning sample e etograma comparativo. 0 repertório comportamental de Pachycondyla striata apresentou 46 atos, exibindo diferenças significativas de comportamento entre rainhas e operárias. A postura de ovos na posição C das rainhas e operárias é considerado primitivo por assemelhar-se ao de vespas do gênero Eustenogaster. 0 comportamento de dominância registrado para esta espécie pode estar relacionado ao de recrutamento e reprodução. O repertório comportamental desta espécie monomórfica sugere que as tarefas realizadas estão fundamentadas na idade dos indivíduos. A tabela de vida das operárias foi calculada segundo o método de CAREY, (1993). Pachycondyla striata atinge uma longevidade média de 74,48 ± 48,31 dias (l - 463, N = 798), cujo valor é semelhante à expectativa de vida no primeiro dia de idade (ex = 73,32). Esta espécie apresentou alto índice de mortalidade dos indivíduos jovens. O valor da entropia em operárias de Pachycondyla striata é de H = 0,611. O número de operárias desta espécie na arena de forrageamento aumenta de acordo com a carência nutritiva da colônia. / This work seeks to contribute to the knowledge on nest architecture, division of labor, temporal polyethism and life table of the species Pacchycondyla striata. The nest designs were made in the field, indicating a poorly-elaborated architecture, with their chambers and tunnels distributed close to the horizontal surface of the ground, similar to the pattern of other species of the subfamily Ponerinae. The behavioral data were obtained using the scanning sample method and comparative ethogram. The behavioral repertoire of Pachycondyla striata showed 46 actions, with significant behavior differences between queens and workers. Laying eggs at the position c of the queens and workers is considered primitive, once it resembles those of the wasps of the genus Eustenogaster. The dominance behavior observed in this species may be related to the recruiting and reproduction behaviors. The behavioral repertoire of this monomorphic species suggests that tasks performed are based on the age of the individuals. The life table of the workers was calculated according to CAREY, (1993). Pachycondyla striata reaches an average longevity of 74.48 ± 48.31 days (l - 463, N = 798), whose value is similar to the life expectation on the first day of life (ex = 73.32). This species showed a high mortality rate among young individuals. The value of the entropy for the workers of Pachycondyla striata is H = 0.611. The number of workers of this species in the foraging arena increases with to the nutrition needs of the colony.
114

Understanding the Emerging Behaviors and Demands for the Colony Success of Social Insects: A Mathematical Approach

January 2018 (has links)
abstract: The most advanced social insects, the eusocial insects, form often large societies in which there is reproductive division of labor, queens and workers, have overlapping generations, and cooperative brood care where daughter workers remain in the nest with their queen mother and care for their siblings. The eusocial insects are composed of representative species of bees and wasps, and all species of ants and termites. Much is known about their organizational structure, but remains to be discovered. The success of social insects is dependent upon cooperative behavior and adaptive strategies shaped by natural selection that respond to internal or external conditions. The objective of my research was to investigate specific mechanisms that have helped shaped the structure of division of labor observed in social insect colonies, including age polyethism and nutrition, and phenomena known to increase colony survival such as egg cannibalism. I developed various Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) models in which I applied dynamical, bifurcation, and sensitivity analysis to carefully study and visualize biological outcomes in social organisms to answer questions regarding the conditions under which a colony can survive. First, I investigated how the population and evolutionary dynamics of egg cannibalism and division of labor can promote colony survival. I then introduced a model of social conflict behavior to study the inclusion of different response functions that explore the benefits of cannibalistic behavior and how it contributes to age polyethism, the change in behavior of workers as they age, and its biological relevance. Finally, I introduced a model to investigate the importance of pollen nutritional status in a honeybee colony, how it affects population growth and influences division of labor within the worker caste. My results first reveal that both cannibalism and division of labor are adaptive strategies that increase the size of the worker population, and therefore, the persistence of the colony. I show the importance of food collection, consumption, and processing rates to promote good colony nutrition leading to the coexistence of brood and adult workers. Lastly, I show how taking into account seasonality for pollen collection improves the prediction of long term consequences. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2018
115

"Poliginia e monoginia em Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): do coletivo para o individual" / "Polygyny and Mongyny in Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini):from colective to individual"

Olga Ines Cepeda Aponte 25 November 2003 (has links)
Cap. 2 Com a finalidade de detectar possíveis diferenças na eficiência do processo de aprovisionamento e postura nas células de cria (POP), comparamos uma colônia monogínica e uma políginica em Melipona bicolor. Ao início das observações na colônia políginica, esta tinha três rainhas das quais uma deixou de ovipositar na metade do período de observações. Por isso separamos em duas partes a base de dados da colônia poligínica de acordo com o número de rainhas poedeiras, três ou duas. Observamos grandes diferenças entre as duas condições das colônias, a monogínica e a poligínica. Nosso estudo permitiu perceber como é a competição entre as rainhas em uma colônia poligínica. Neste tipo de colônia, as rainhas se “precipitavam” por ovipositar e como conseqüência os POPs eram muito mais curtos, diminuindo a postura de ovos tróficos. A rainha da colônia monogínica consumiu mais ovos tróficos e para conseguí-los, aumentava a duração do POP, especificamente a duração do processo de pós-aprovisionamento. O número de operárias em colônias poligínicas que participam do POP, tanto operculadoras quanto aprovisionadoras, também é maior. Isto pode refletir na eficiência do POP em colônias poligínicas: atrai um número maior de operárias que conseguem terminar o processo em menor tempo. Mas também reflete a competição entre as rainhas da colônia poligínica. Nesta, as rainhas estimulavam o POP em células que ainda não estavam com o colar pronto, dificultando seu fechamento pelas operárias. Como resultado da combinação de todos estes fatores, a produção total de ovos é maior na colônia políginica, embora cada rainha individualmente bote menos ovos na colônia poligínica do que a da colônia monogínica. Também detectamos um tipo de dominância, que se refletia no tempo que as rainhas demoravam em colocar seus ovos. Cap. 3 Para entender a poliginia, perguntou-se quais seriam as condições necessárias que levariam a uma associação estável de rainhas. A hipótese sobre “incentivos para permanecer” para as rainhas subordinadas, pode ser relevante para discutir o processo inverso testemunhado em uma colônia poligínica de Melipona bicolor que retornou à condição monogínica. Em nossa colônia poligínica, as três rainhas eram similares em vários aspectos. Não foram encontradas diferenças na competitividade na hora de ovipositar ou consumir ovos tróficos, nem discriminações por parte das operárias. Assim, cada rainha tinha igual oportunidade para pôr ovos ou se alimentar. As rainhas tinham idades semelhantes, e poder-se-ía esperar que o seu desempenho na produção de ovos fosse semelhante. Contudo, elas apresentaram uma clara desigualdade reprodutiva. Também ficou claro que a duração do processo de aprovisionamento e postura (POP) “per se”, revelou diferenças como um “marca-passo” das rainhas, especialmente quando estavam sozinhas nas células de cria. A presente investigação descreve possíveis relações entre a taxa de postura das rainhas e fatores nutricionais. Discute-se sobre a provável existência de um feromônio que regularia, nas operárias, o comportamento de fechamento das células. Também se acredita que as operárias possam ter um papel importante no contexto reprodutivo entre múltiplas rainhas. Estes fatores combinados, teriam incrementado as diferenças entre as rainhas, o que levou à interrupção de postura e ao desaparecimento do favo, de duas das rainhas. Cap. 4 Ao acompanhar individualmente as operárias da Melipona bicolor, em colônias monogínica e poligínica, encontramos que existem grandes variações no comportamento de cada uma, sendo que aqueles indivíduos que tinham colocado algum tipo de ovo apareciam como os mais interessados no processo de aprovisionamento e postura (POP). Ao dividir a população de operárias em poedeiras e não poedeiras, constatamos que aquelas que colocaram ovo trófico contribuem efetivamente ao POP, mas que as operárias reprodutivas, apesar de seu pequeno número, conseguem níveis de atividade tão altos que aparentemente excluem as não poedeiras do POP. Também encontramos indivíduos “especiais” por sua extraordinária participação em um ou mais dos comportamentos básicos que compõem o POP, mas estes também parecem movidos principalmente pelo drive de colocar algum tipo de ovo. Entretanto, também encontramos diferenças entre as colônias monogínica e poligínica, mas estas foram difíceis de analisar devido ao momento em que cada colônia começou a ser filmada. Os padrões gerais encontrados tanto para a colônia monogínica, como para a poligínica são muito importantes, pois demonstram que o fato de botar ou não ovos, provoca diferenças quantitativas de comportamento, produzindo desde indivíduos “preguiçosos” até aqueles “hiperativos”. Acreditamos que o desenvolvimento ovariano é a causa interna proximal que produz os diversos limiares de resposta individuais. Estes limiares produzem um efeito-cascata, já que a repetição da tarefa é reforçada no próprio indivíduo, e ao mesmo tempo, a atuação deste indivíduo afeta o repertório das outras operárias. A observação das diferenças apresentadas entre operárias poedeiras e não poedeiras, apresenta uma base muito firme para continuar na busca das causas proximais para tal diferenciação. Cap. 5 Os estudos da divisão do trabalho em insetos sociais demonstraram que embora a diferenciação de tarefas baseada na idade seria um fator importante, este mecanismo sozinho imporia uma rigidez nas sociedades que as conduziriam provavelmente à extinção. A plasticidade então é reconhecida como essencial, e a diferenciação entre indivíduos geneticamente similares deve existir. Contudo, a especialização nas tarefas de alguns indivíduos conduz a um melhor desempenho na colônia. Neste capítulo fornecemos evidências de que ocorre especialização no processo de aprovisionamento e postura (POP): poucos indivíduos “especiais” que apresentaram um repertório comportamental específico, e realizam a primeira regurgitação de alimento em Melipona bicolor. Cap. 6 A determinação de castas é um tema amplamente estudado, mas que continua deixando muitas questões a serem solucionadas. Contudo, compreendemos alguns fatos. Reconhece-se a influência de fatores externos como a quantidade e/ou a qualidade do alimento, atuando com hormônios e genes. Já que são as operárias as responsáveis pela administração da quantidade ou da qualidade do alimento, a determinação de castas é socialmente controlada e talvez, entre as aprovisionadoras, existam indivíduos que prefiram criar irmãs rainhas ao invés de irmãs operárias. Para esclarecer esta pergunta, há necessidade de estabelecer a presença ou ausência de secreções glandulares nutritivas no alimento larval, além de técnicas para examinar e acompanhar as operárias aprovisionadoras de alimento larval. Cap. 7 Nos insetos sociais, demonstrou-se que o grau de desenvolvimento dos ovários está correlacionado com relações de dominância, níveis de atividade e com a produção de hormônio juvenil. No epitélio folicular dos ovários, o hormônio juvenil estimula a absorção de nutrientes, mas ao mesmo tempo sabemos que a oogênese é um processo limitado pela disponibilidade de nutrientes. Estas são as causas e efeitos inter-relacionados na reprodução de um indivíduo. Uma das diferenças maiores entre as abelhas do gênero Apis e os meliponíneos, é que as abelhas sem ferrão conseguem desenvolver os ovários e reter a capacidade de botar ovos (embora comumente de natureza trófica) em colônias com rainha. As operárias jovens normalmente desenvolvem seus ovários, principalmente aquelas atendendo ao processo de aprovisionamento e postura (POP). As diversas tarefas relacionadas ao processo são realizadas com diferentes níveis de intensidade por cada indivíduo participando dele. Como demonstramos no capítulo quatro, as operárias que colocam ovos são os indivíduos mais envolvidos no POP contribuindo eficientemente ao processo. Quando em uma colônia monogínica de Melipona bicolor dissecamos as participantes do POP, revelamos que há uma correlação significativa entre a área dos ovários de cada indivíduo com o grau de atividade por ele apresentada. Já que os fatores nutricionais tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento dos ovários, nosso método de correlacionar o peso final com a atividade das abelhas, demonstrou ser adequado para testar indiretamente a influência do alimento na oogênesis. Neste capítulo discutimos o significado evolutivo de manter a capacidade de produzir ovos, em relação com a divisão de trabalho em insetos eussociais. / Cap. 2 In order to detect possible differences in the efficiency of the Provisioning and Oviposition Process (POP), we compared a monogynous from a polygynous colony of Melipona bicolor. At the beginning of observations, the polygynous colony had three laying queens, but one of these ceased to lay when observations where just at the middle. We then decided to split in two the database of the polygynous colony depending on the number of queens laying, being these three or two. ¶ We observed great differences between monogynous and polygynous conditions. In the polygynous colony, our investigation permitted us to perceive the strong competition between queens for laying. In this type of colony, queens were in a “rush” for laying their eggs. As a consequence, POP were very short and this diminished the number of trophic eggs laid. The queen of the monogynous colony consumed many more trophic eggs and in order to achieve this, she would increase the duration of the POP, specifically, the post-provisioning phase. In the polygynous colony, the number of workers, both dischargers and sealers were also greater than in the monogynous colony. This fact could be reflecting a more efficient process in polygynous conditions: more workers are attracted and complete the process in less time. However, again we may perceive the competition between the queens of this colony. The queens stimulated POP in cells that were still not ready, increasing the difficulty for its sealing by the workers. The total outcome of the combination of all these facts is that there is significant major production of queen eggs in the polygynous colony, although the number of eggs laid by each queen is smaller. We also detected a type of dominance reflected on the time queens spent laying their eggs. Cap. 3 There are hypotheses on which could be the necessary conditions that lead to stable multiple queen associations. Some hypothesis state mechanisms such as “staying incentives” for subordinated queens, and may be relevant for discussing the reversal process witnessed in a polygynous colony of Melipona bicolor that shifted to a monogynous condition. In a polygynous colony, three queens were similar in various aspects. Egg laying or consumption of trophic eggs, presented no differences or discriminations and each queen had an equal chance to lay or eat. The queens were of the same age, so it could be expected that they would have a similar performance in egg laying. However, a clear reproductive skew developed. It was also clear that the duration of the provisioning and oviposition process (POP), revealed differences in the pace-marking for the queens principally when alone. ¶ The present paper describes the possible relations between egg laying rate and nutritional factors. We discuss the possible existence of a queen pheromone, regulating the sealing behavior of the workers. Furthermore, workers might play a role in the contest for reproduction among multiple queens. In combination, these factors give rise to increasing differences among the queens resulting in egg laying cessation and disappearance of two of the queens from the comb. Cap. 4 When we followed individual workers of Melipona bicolor in monogynic and polygynic colonies, we found that there are great variations between the behaviors of each bee. Individuals that had laid some type of egg seemed to be the most interested in the provisioning and oviposition process (POP). Therefore, we then analyzed the population dividing them into layers and non layers. We proved that workers that lay trophic eggs contribute effectively to the POP, but reproductive workers, in spite of being so few, achieve such high levels of activity that it seems they exclude the non-laying bees from the process. We also found “special” individuals with an extraordinary participation in one or more of the basic behaviors of the POP, but these also seem to be motivated by the same drive of laying some type of egg. However, we also found differences between the monogynous and polygynous colonies, but these differences were difficult to analyze due to the filming moments for each colony. The general patterns found for both monogynous and polygynous colonies are very important because they demonstrate that the fact of laying an egg provokes quantitative differences in the behaviors, producing from “lazy” individuals up to those “hyperactive”. Ovary development is then thought to be the internal proximal cause producing the diverse response thresholds that in a cascade effect, produces an auto-reinforcement when repeatedly performed the task, that at the same time affects the performance of others. The observation on the differences presented by layers and non layers, represents a strudy base to continue exploring the proximal causes for behavioral differentiation. Cap.5 Studies on division of labor have demonstrated that despite being an important factor, etharism alone would impose rigidity to societies and thus, would make them less efficient probably leading them to extinction. Plasticity of behavior is then recognized as essential being expressed as individual differentiation among genetically similar sisters. Furthermore, task specialization of some individuals leads to a better performance of the colony as a whole. In this chapter we give evidence for specialization in the provisioning and oviposition process: a task such as the first discharge of food in Melipona bicolor, is carried out mainly by few, specialized individuals that exhibit a particular behavioral repertory. Cap. 6 Caste determination is a complex topic that has received much attention but remains elusive, leaving many questions to be solved. However, there are some facts that have been comprehended. It is recognized the influence of external factors such as the amount and/or the quality of the food ingested by the larvae, interacting with hormones and genes. Since the workers administrate the larval food, caste determination is socially controlled. Could it happen that among the nurse bees there are individuals that would prefer to raise sister queens than sister workers? To answer this question, it would be necessary to establish the presence or absence of glandular secretions of high nutritional value in the larval food, together with techniques to follow and assess the food dischargers. Through video recordings made on the Provisioning and Oviposition Process (POP) in Melipona bicolor, we recognized two types of food discharges: the first fluid and shiny and another discharge dense and opaque. From each cell filmed we compiled its historical plus the caste in formation. We did not find any relation between the resulting caste and the number of solid or liquid discharges it had received. We discuss why our method may not be an accurate technique to study this difficult and complex topic, but may support future investigations. Cap. 7 Ovary development in social insects has been found to be correlated with dominance relationships, levels of activity and production of juvenile hormone. In the follicular epithelium of ovaries, juvenile hormone stimulates the absorption of nutrients; however, oogenesis is a nutrient limited process. The above roughly summarizes the interrelated causes and effects involved in the reproduction of an individual. One of the biggest differences between Apis bees and stingless bees, is that in queenright conditions, stingless bee workers develop their ovaries retaining their capacity to lay eggs (although most are of a trophic nature). Ovary development is common among young bees attending the provisioning and oviposition process (POP). The several tasks that are involved in the POP are carried on with different levels of intensity by the individuals participating in the process. As we demonstrated in the previous chapter, the individuals that are egg layers are most involved in the POP contributing efficiently to the process. Dissections revealed that there is a significant correlation between the area of the ovaries and the levels of activity presented by the workers of a monogynouos colony of Melipona bicolor. Since nutritional factors also play an important role, our method of correlating the final weight of the bees with activity, proved to be adequate to indirectly test the influence of food in oogenesis. In this chapter we discuss the meaning of retaining the capacity to produce eggs in an evolutionary scenario related to division of labor in eusocial insects.
116

Capitalismo e desigualdade / Capitalism and inequality

Antunes, Daví José Nardy, 1974- 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Waldir José de Quadros / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_DaviJoseNardy_D.pdf: 2998104 bytes, checksum: 37e4668fbd6a8df1f41e4158dad1b730 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta tese procura discutir as relações entre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e a desigualdade social ao longo do tempo, tendo como base a Inglaterra durante o século XIX e os EUA desde o início do século XX. É então analisado o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e o impacto sobre as estruturas de emprego, decisivas para o entendimento da desigualdade social. Apresentam-se os avanços proporcionados pela Revolução Industrial, que possibilitou a mecanização da produção rural e industrial e a urbanização. Como esta vida citadina também reclamou muitos serviços, o número de habitantes precisou crescer ainda mais para dar cabo de todas as necessidades da vida urbana. Se antes a baixa produtividade e a lentidão do trabalho mantinham qualquer tipo de bem escasso, a produção industrial permitiu a superação da escassez e substituição do trabalhador por máquinas. Dessa forma, vê-se a força das transformações da economia e seu impacto sobre a vida e o emprego das pessoas, mas também é preciso considerar o peso do Estado para a conformação desta nova sociedade, ao reduzir as desigualdades de renda via impostos e serviços públicos - fonte importantíssima de empregos, decisiva para a melhora do mercado de trabalho no pós-guerra. Com a crise dos anos 1970, a ascensão do neoliberalismo e a III Revolução Industrial, houve alteração importante nos rumos da estruturação social. Com a crise, o liberalismo volta a ser dominante, o que restringe a atuação do Estado e leva a grande regressão social. Concomitantemente, a III Revolução Industrial reduziu radicalmente a necessidade de trabalhadores, graças à introdução do computador. Ou seja, num mundo em que os trabalhos da agricultura, da indústria e dos serviços produtivos eram reduzidos, também o Estado diminuía as oportunidades de emprego. Portanto, os trabalhadores foram deslocados para a provisão de serviços pessoais, o que foi facilitado pela expansão da renda urbana e pela desigualdade social em grande expansão. Após isto, a ênfase passa para as interpretações conservadoras. A discussão da tese então se centra na idéia de Sociedade Industrial e de Sociedade da Informação. A partir da crise dos setenta, o foco da crítica foi alterado para o ataque ao Estado interventor e às benesses estatais, vistas como nefastas. Para finalizar, é feita a crítica de tais teses: primeiro, mostra-se a dificuldade destas interpretações em lidar com o que efetivamente ocorreu. Depois, o problema da concorrência individual: a defesa neoliberal da concorrência livre supõe a justeza da mesma, o que é contradito pelos fatos e por uma interpretação mais adequada da competição individual, que possui dinâmica movida pela permanente criação e destruição de monopólios econômicos e sociais. Isto dentro dos marcos de um desenvolvimento capitalista em que a mecanização da produção restringe as necessidades de trabalho e o Estado condiciona estes movimentos - o que, no caso dos EUA de hoje, leva a uma ampliação da desigualdade e dos serviços pessoais. Deste modo, após a discussão desta tese, as relações entre o desenvolvimento capitalista e a desigualdade social podem se tornam mais claras / Abstract: This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between the development of capitalism and inequality throughout history, observing England during the 19th century and the USA from the early 20th century on. With this purpose, the development of capitalism is analyzed together with its impact over the employment structure, a key element to the understanding of inequality. Subsequently, the progress originated from the Industrial Revolution, for instance: mechanization of industrial and agricultural production and urbanization are further discussed. Since the urban life required the provision of many services, the number of city dwellers had to increase as well so all urban necessities could be met. In the past, low productivity made all goods scarce; but industrialization speeded up the production process, ending scarcity by replacing workers with machines. Through this processes we can see the economic transformation's weight and its impact over people's lives and jobs. However, it is necessary that we recognize the importance of the State in the formation of this new society, reducing income inequalities through progressive taxes and through the supply of public services - which allowed the creation of millions of jobs after World War II and were therefore fundamental to the labor market. Shortly after, with the seventies crisis, the ascendance of neoliberalism and the Third Industrial Revolution allowed an important change in the social structure to take place. The liberal ideology prevailed and the State intervention was again frowned upon. Simultaneously, the Third Industrial Revolution brought about a very important decrease of the labor requirements due to the spreading of computerized technology. In other words, two of the major sources of job creation - the State and office positions in general, replaced many workers with computers, which has deeply impacted a world where agriculture and industrial jobs were already being greatly reduced. As a consequence, great part of the workers was pushed into the provision of personal services - a phenomenon created by growing urban income and rising social inequality. Following this discussion, the focus of this work is placed on conservative visions about these processes. The emphasis then becomes the idea of Industrial and Information Society. After the seventies, the crisis opened elbow room for critiques of the Welfare State. The State intervention in these views was seen as pernicious to society through the dissemination of laziness and hedonistic values. At the end of this dissertation, two criticisms are made: first, we show how the conservative views are contradictory to actual facts. Secondly, we attempt to demonstrate how the idea of fair individual competition is misplaced. A correct interpretation of reality must acknowledge how economic monopolies and social closures play a crucial role in the competition process, and the impossibility of equalizing individual's starting point in a society marked by division of labor. All these processes happened amidst a capitalist development that progressively reduced the need for labor. In the case of the United States today, all this translates into increasing inequality and more personal services for the rich. By the end of this discussion, it is hoped that the relations between capitalist development and social inequality become more understandable and clearer / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas
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Orientação vocacional/profissional, psicodrama e divisão de trabalho : um olhar no passado, a possibilidade no futuro

Dias, Jose Carlos 29 August 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Valerio Jose Arantes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_JoseCarlos_M.pdf: 15846418 bytes, checksum: db59047da04a308ab4ac2a0710d005ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Psicologia, Desenvolvimento Humano e Educação / Mestre em Educação
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Selfaanvaarding, rolkonflik en huweliksintegrasie in tradisionele en dubbelloopbaanhuwelike

Cloete, Johann Ockert 24 April 2014 (has links)
M.A. (Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract
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Prejudice Asymmetry: The Cultural Acceptance of Sexism

Kuchynka, Sophie 03 July 2019 (has links)
Sexism tends to be a culturally accepted form of prejudice. I propose the relatively strong trivialization of societal sexism stems from the unique benefits that men receive from the gender status hierarchy, compared to other types of group-based hierarchies. Three studies examined why people, men in particular, trivialize or justify gender bias in relation to other types of group-based biases. Study 1 was a correlational study that examined whether participants downplay the existence and social harm of gender bias in relation to racial, religious, and sexual orientation bias, moderated by participant gender. Participants reported stronger trivialization and denial of gender bias, compared to other three types of bias. Study 2 experimentally tested whether White men’s justifications for gender bias, in relation to racial bias, stems from the dyadic benefits men receive in interpersonal relationships with women. White men high in proximal benefits reported stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the racial bias condition. Study 3 examined whether heterosexual men, compared to heterosexual women and gay men, endorse stronger justifications for gender bias, compared to sexual orientation bias. Heterosexual men endorsed stronger essentialist justifications in the gender bias, compared to the sexual orientation bias condition. Implications of these findings are discussed.
120

Role of gender in parent-adolescent communication about sex and sexual health in a rural tribal community in Maharashtra, India

Sharma, Shilpi January 2020 (has links)
A growing body of research conducted globally has shown that parents may have a positive influence on sexual decision making and safe-sex practices of their children. The gendered nature of these conversations may be especially important, but attention to this dimension of parent-child communication remains limited. Using the qualitative data from the Linking Lives India study, this dissertation attempts to fill the gap in the current literature on role of gender in communication about sexual health between parents and their same sex adolescents in a rural tribal area in Maharashtra. It also attempts to look at the gender differences in experiences of intimacy among adolescents in the study site. Using the Theory of gender and power the study shows that gender disparities that arise from the three structures- sexual division of power (psycho-social factors), sexual division of labor (economic factors) and cathexis (social norms) generate different risks factors that affect women and girls negatively more than men and boys; specifically, in the context of sexual communication. The data elucidates that these exposures and risk factors affect mothers’ access to knowledge / information and ability to communicate with their daughters about sexual health. It also negatively affects girls’ ability to access information and communicate about sexual health with their mothers in comparison to their male counterpart.

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