A circulação de pessoas pelo mundo é facilitada, na contemporaneidade, pelos avanços tecnológicos, porém, ao mesmo tempo, sofre restrições por questões econômicas. Entende-se que a restrição ao ingresso do estrangeiro não mais pode acontecer por decisão totalmente livre do Estado receptor; isso porque as normas internacionais de direitos humanos limitam essa liberdade, ao impedir que ele decida sobre o ingresso de forma desprovida de amarras. Três teorias explicam a relação do Estado com o direito de ingresso. A teoria vitoriana, desenvolvida por Francisco de Vitória, defende que há liberdade total de circulação de pessoas pelo mundo, havendo espaço para restrição tão somente quando a circulação, comprovadamente, causar dano ao Estado receptor do migrante. A teoria do livre arbítrio absoluto do Estado, por sua vez, entende que não existe direito de ingresso e a decisão do Estado não é passível de discussão, pois faz parte do exercício da sua soberania. Atenta às mudanças ocorridas no mundo, inclusive no que tange à soberania, a teoria do controle das decisões estatais, desenvolvida nesta tese, propugna que a decisão tem de ser fundamentada e não pode ignorar os avanços dos direitos humanos e que, portanto, o Estado deve usar a lógica das escolhas trágicas para decidir sobre o ingresso, não havendo mais espaço para uma decisão sem limites. A atuação livre do Estado sofre uma releitura para que suas decisões passem por controle e suas ações sejam interpretadas sob a égide dos direitos humanos. Também experimenta restrições a liberdade dada ao Estado de determinar quem há de se ter por seu nacional, não mais adstrita à sua vontade. São emblemáticos o caso Nottebohm, no qual a Corte Internacional de Justiça impôs limites à concessão de nacionalidade, determinando que ela deve ser contínua, e o caso dos decretos de nacionalidade da Tunísia e do Marrocos, em que a Corte Permanente de Justiça Internacional também se manifestou sobre o tema. Este estudo faz uma análise de como a questão da entrada de estrangeiros é tratada em alguns países do mundo e de como o tema é vislumbrado no Brasil. O trabalho utiliza como fontes de pesquisa a revisão da literatura nacional e estrangeira, a legislação pertinente ao tema, como o Estatuto dos Estrangeiros, a Constituição Federal brasileira, bem como decisões e pareceres consultivos internacionais, além do uso da técnica do direito comparado, exame do direito comparado. / If, on the one hand, technology makes travelling easier, on the other, economic matters restrict peoples movement around the world. This thesis defends that restrictions on foreign entry cannot be let to the States sole discretion anymore. The reason for this is that international Human rights rules limit that discretion, attaching strings to the State action. Three theories explain how the States face the right of entry. First, the Vitorian theory, developed by Francisco de Vitória, defends peoples total freedom of movement around the world, while restrictions to this right would be possible only if enough evidence is shown that the migrant could cause damages to the receiving State. Second, the State Total Discretion theory holds that there is no such thing as a right of entry, and the States decision cannot be questioned, because it is the expression of its sovereignty. Last, responsive to the world changes, including on sovereignty, the theory of the Control of the States Decisions, here developed, argues that the State decision has to be justified on solid grounds, and cannot ignore the development of Human rights. Therefore, the State must use the tragic choices rational in order to decide about ones right of entry, with no room for total discretion. According to this thesis, States decisions have to be controlled and its actions must be interpreted under the Human rights aegis. Moreover, this thesis argues that there cannot be total discretion on States decision of classifying someone as a national or a foreigner. Supporting this idea are the emblematic cases of Nottebohm, on which the International Court of Justice imposed limits to the granting of nationality, upholding that this granting has to be continuous, and the case of nationality decrees of Tunisia and Morocco, on which the Permanent Court of International Justice has spoken on the subject. This study examines how the issue of foreign entry is treated in some Countries, specially in Brazil. To do so, this thesis uses as source the Brazilian and overseas literature contained on books, scientific articles and Law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Ferreira Antunes Duarte.pdf: 940290 bytes, checksum: c777c0a149e368cf869b0b41dc933b15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-10 / This thesis analyzes labor according to a multidimensional view, from an anthropological perspective inserted in humanistic capitalism, in order to position it in Law. It also establishes a rescue of the genesis of the meaning of labor and its legal consecration from the universal acceptance of human rights in all their dimensions, aiming to realize its corresponding goal, the dignity of the human person. This paper argues that it is entitled to Law establish a new vision of human labor, pillar of a humanistic capitalism, which values what men have as innate and external: their workforce, respecting the dignity of the human person by the composition embodied in the dimensions of human rights of freedom, equality and fraternity. The proposal involves the construction of a multidimensional theory of human labor, from the perspective of humanistic capitalism, using the method of normative jus-humanism, which recognizes capitalism as the prevailing and most efficient system known by men, under the aegis and protection of human rights in all their dimensions, interdependent and indissoluble / A presente tese analisa o trabalho segundo uma visão multidimensional, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, inserida no capitalismo humanista, para posicioná-lo no direito. Estabelece, ainda, um resgate, da gênese do significado de trabalho e sua consagração jurídica a partir da aceitação universal dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, visando concretizar seu correspondente objetivo, a dignidade da pessoa humana. Este trabalho sustenta que compete ao direito estabelecer uma nova visão do trabalho humano, pilar de um capitalismo humanista, que valorize o que o homem tem de inato e externo: sua força de trabalho, respeitando a dignidade da pessoa humana pela composição consubstanciada nas dimensões dos direitos humanos da liberdade, igualdade e fraternidade. A proposta visa a construção de uma teoria multidimensional do trabalho humano, sob a perspectiva do capitalismo humanista, utilizando-se do método do jus-humanismo normativo, que reconhece o capitalismo como o sistema vigente e mais eficaz conhecido pelo homem, sob a égide e proteção dos direitos humanos em todas as suas dimensões, interdependentes e indissolúveis

The permissible use of defensive force is a central tenet of the traditional legal and philosophical justification for war and its practice. Just War Theory holds a nation’s right to resist aggressive attack with defensive force as the clearest example of a just cause for war. Just War Theory also stipulates norms for warfare derived from a conception of defensive force asserted to be consistent with the moral reality of war. Recently, these aspects of Just War Theory have been criticized. David Rodin has challenged the status of national defense as an uncontroversial just cause. Jeff McMahan has charged that Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare are inconsistent with the norms of permissive defensive force. In this thesis I defend the status of national defense as a clear case of a just cause. However, my defense may require revision of Just War Theory’s norms that govern warfare.

Prises à la lettre et strictement appliquées par les intégristes musulmans, certaines dispositions du Coran vont à l'encontre de l'égalité entre hommes et femmes. Pour sa part, Mahmoud Mohamed Taha s'est plutôt attaché à promouvoir cette égalité non pas malgré le Coran mais en raison même d'une compréhension renouvelée du Coran. Après avoir esquissé le contexte global des relations entre islam, modernité, et droits de la personne, ce mémoire évoque les grandes lignes du modernisme musulman dans le secteur du droit pour faire ressortir le caractère original et audacieux de l'approche réformiste proposée par Taha. Cette approche sera d'abord étudiée de façon globale dans ses principes de base et ensuite dans son application au cas spécifique de l'égalité entre hommes et femmes. Puis, un parallèle entre la pensée de John Locke et celle de Taha soulignera leur enracinement commun dans le jus naturale et servira de fil conducteur pour dégager, en conclusion, la portée actuelle de l'oeuvre de Taha. / When taken literally and strictly applied by Muslim fundamentalists, sorne Koranic provisions go against gender equality. As for him, Mahmoud Mohamed Taha has endeavoured to promote that equality not in spite of the Koran but rather precisely because of a renewed understanding of it. After outlining the global context of the relations between Islam, modemity, and human rights, this dissertation evokes the main features of Islamic modemism in the field of law in order to bring out the original and bold nature of Taha's reformist approach. This approach is first studied globally in its basic principles and then in its application to the case of gender equality. After that, a parallel between John Locke's and Taha's thought shall underline their common roots withinjus naturale and lead to a conclusion assessing the actual impact of Taha's work. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M)"

Este trabalho trata da normatização internacional relativa às crianças-soldado e aborda, sobretudo, a utilização de defesas baseadas em alegações de violação aos princípios da legalidade e em ocorrência de erro de proibição por réus de processos penais do Tribunal Especial para Serra Leoa e do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Diante disso, investiga se a proibição geral ao envolvimento infantil em conflitos armados e as infrações a essa vedação particularmente as condutas de recrutar, alistar e utilizar crianças como soldados integram o Direito Internacional Costumeiro e, em caso positivo, em que momento teria ocorrido a inserção nesse campo. Analisa, igualmente, se o argumento da boa-fé pode ser um elemento de defesa válido naqueles processos, com fundamento no relativismo cultural. Pretende, com isso, esclarecer o processo de criminalização daquelas condutas, além de identificar a posição hierárquica ocupada pelas normas em questão. Para tanto, recorre à verificação da prática estatal e da opinio juris relativas ao tema. Com isso, conclui que o regramento possui natureza costumeira e pertence ao domínio do jus cogens. / This work deals with the international rules concerning child soldiers, and addresses, in particular, the use of defenses based on allegations of violation of the principles of legality and mistake of law by defendants in criminal proceedings of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and of the International Criminal Court. Moreover, it investigates if the general prohibition to child involvement in armed conflicts and the infractions to this seal particularly the ducts of recruit, enlist and using children as soldiers are part of the customary international law and, if so, since when they have been integrated to this field. It also analyzes if the argument of good faith can be a valid element of defense in those processes, on the basis of cultural relativism. The main purpose its to clarify the process of criminalization of those acts, and identify the hierarchical position occupied by the rules in question. In this regard, the state practice and the opinio juris concerning the theme are investigated. In result, it is concluded that those norms have a customary nature and they already belong to the domain of jus cogens.

This dissertation endeavours to determine whether the concepts nationality and citizenship are interchangeable, or whether they each mean something very specific. In order to ascertain where the “origin” of using the terms nationality and citizenship interchangeably might have occurred, a closer look at antiquity and its practices is necessitated. The question is also addressed whether a person could be in possession of dual nationality and/or dual citizenship. The desirability of any dual status is also discussed and whether such dual status is to be tolerated and if yes, under which, if any, conditions. / Jurisprudence / LLM

Este trabalho trata da normatização internacional relativa às crianças-soldado e aborda, sobretudo, a utilização de defesas baseadas em alegações de violação aos princípios da legalidade e em ocorrência de erro de proibição por réus de processos penais do Tribunal Especial para Serra Leoa e do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Diante disso, investiga se a proibição geral ao envolvimento infantil em conflitos armados e as infrações a essa vedação particularmente as condutas de recrutar, alistar e utilizar crianças como soldados integram o Direito Internacional Costumeiro e, em caso positivo, em que momento teria ocorrido a inserção nesse campo. Analisa, igualmente, se o argumento da boa-fé pode ser um elemento de defesa válido naqueles processos, com fundamento no relativismo cultural. Pretende, com isso, esclarecer o processo de criminalização daquelas condutas, além de identificar a posição hierárquica ocupada pelas normas em questão. Para tanto, recorre à verificação da prática estatal e da opinio juris relativas ao tema. Com isso, conclui que o regramento possui natureza costumeira e pertence ao domínio do jus cogens. / This work deals with the international rules concerning child soldiers, and addresses, in particular, the use of defenses based on allegations of violation of the principles of legality and mistake of law by defendants in criminal proceedings of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and of the International Criminal Court. Moreover, it investigates if the general prohibition to child involvement in armed conflicts and the infractions to this seal particularly the ducts of recruit, enlist and using children as soldiers are part of the customary international law and, if so, since when they have been integrated to this field. It also analyzes if the argument of good faith can be a valid element of defense in those processes, on the basis of cultural relativism. The main purpose its to clarify the process of criminalization of those acts, and identify the hierarchical position occupied by the rules in question. In this regard, the state practice and the opinio juris concerning the theme are investigated. In result, it is concluded that those norms have a customary nature and they already belong to the domain of jus cogens.

Inspirés par des objectifs d'humanité, le droit humanitaire et les droits de l'homme tissent des liens très étroits. Ils convergent à plusieurs égards, et se complètent pour protéger la personne humaine. Une analyse comparative des deux systèmes révèle de nombreuses similarités. Toutefois certaines divergences persistent: il s'agit toujours de deux droits distincts mais très proches. Plusieurs critères sont employés pour les mettre en parallèle. La comparaison entre le droit humanitaire et le droit des droits de l'homme débouche sur l'étude de leurs rapports mutuels. Celle-Ci montre le mouvement actuel existant. C'est qu'ils se rapprochent toujours plus et passent d'une simple complémentarité vers une étape beaucoup plus avancée. S'agit-Il d'une réelle intégration entre les deux systèmes? / The objectives of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law are inspired by principles of humanity. They are tightly linked and share many common elements. The two bodies of laws complement each other to protect further human beings. A comparative analysis in this regard shows many similarities. However there are still some differences between them: they are two separate laws despite being too close. Many criteria are used to study them in parallel. This study reveals their mutual relations, and the existing legal movement. They are getting closer and shifting from a mere complementarity to a more advanced stage. Are they moving towards a real integration between their norms?

A circulação de pessoas pelo mundo é facilitada, na contemporaneidade, pelos avanços tecnológicos, porém, ao mesmo tempo, sofre restrições por questões econômicas. Entende-se que a restrição ao ingresso do estrangeiro não mais pode acontecer por decisão totalmente livre do Estado receptor; isso porque as normas internacionais de direitos humanos limitam essa liberdade, ao impedir que ele decida sobre o ingresso de forma desprovida de amarras. Três teorias explicam a relação do Estado com o direito de ingresso. A teoria vitoriana, desenvolvida por Francisco de Vitória, defende que há liberdade total de circulação de pessoas pelo mundo, havendo espaço para restrição tão somente quando a circulação, comprovadamente, causar dano ao Estado receptor do migrante. A teoria do livre arbítrio absoluto do Estado, por sua vez, entende que não existe direito de ingresso e a decisão do Estado não é passível de discussão, pois faz parte do exercício da sua soberania. Atenta às mudanças ocorridas no mundo, inclusive no que tange à soberania, a teoria do controle das decisões estatais, desenvolvida nesta tese, propugna que a decisão tem de ser fundamentada e não pode ignorar os avanços dos direitos humanos e que, portanto, o Estado deve usar a lógica das escolhas trágicas para decidir sobre o ingresso, não havendo mais espaço para uma decisão sem limites. A atuação livre do Estado sofre uma releitura para que suas decisões passem por controle e suas ações sejam interpretadas sob a égide dos direitos humanos. Também experimenta restrições a liberdade dada ao Estado de determinar quem há de se ter por seu nacional, não mais adstrita à sua vontade. São emblemáticos o caso Nottebohm, no qual a Corte Internacional de Justiça impôs limites à concessão de nacionalidade, determinando que ela deve ser contínua, e o caso dos decretos de nacionalidade da Tunísia e do Marrocos, em que a Corte Permanente de Justiça Internacional também se manifestou sobre o tema. Este estudo faz uma análise de como a questão da entrada de estrangeiros é tratada em alguns países do mundo e de como o tema é vislumbrado no Brasil. O trabalho utiliza como fontes de pesquisa a revisão da literatura nacional e estrangeira, a legislação pertinente ao tema, como o Estatuto dos Estrangeiros, a Constituição Federal brasileira, bem como decisões e pareceres consultivos internacionais, além do uso da técnica do direito comparado, exame do direito comparado. / If, on the one hand, technology makes travelling easier, on the other, economic matters restrict peoples movement around the world. This thesis defends that restrictions on foreign entry cannot be let to the States sole discretion anymore. The reason for this is that international Human rights rules limit that discretion, attaching strings to the State action. Three theories explain how the States face the right of entry. First, the Vitorian theory, developed by Francisco de Vitória, defends peoples total freedom of movement around the world, while restrictions to this right would be possible only if enough evidence is shown that the migrant could cause damages to the receiving State. Second, the State Total Discretion theory holds that there is no such thing as a right of entry, and the States decision cannot be questioned, because it is the expression of its sovereignty. Last, responsive to the world changes, including on sovereignty, the theory of the Control of the States Decisions, here developed, argues that the State decision has to be justified on solid grounds, and cannot ignore the development of Human rights. Therefore, the State must use the tragic choices rational in order to decide about ones right of entry, with no room for total discretion. According to this thesis, States decisions have to be controlled and its actions must be interpreted under the Human rights aegis. Moreover, this thesis argues that there cannot be total discretion on States decision of classifying someone as a national or a foreigner. Supporting this idea are the emblematic cases of Nottebohm, on which the International Court of Justice imposed limits to the granting of nationality, upholding that this granting has to be continuous, and the case of nationality decrees of Tunisia and Morocco, on which the Permanent Court of International Justice has spoken on the subject. This study examines how the issue of foreign entry is treated in some Countries, specially in Brazil. To do so, this thesis uses as source the Brazilian and overseas literature contained on books, scientific articles and Law.

Notre thèse portant sur les « difficultés de mise en œuvre du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles dans les territoires occupés et les territoires non autonomes » est née d’un constat initial selon lequel le droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles dans les territoires occupés et les territoires non autonomes n’est toujours pas respecté par plusieurs acteurs de la scène internationale, dont certains se disant très attachés aux normes du droit international. Deux hypothèses ont été avancées pour expliquer ce dilemme, à savoir soit le principe de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles n’a pas été encore affirmé comme une règle de droit international positif applicable aux territoires occupés et aux territoires non autonomes ; ou bien ce principe est d’ores et déjà enraciné en droit international mais il n’est pas encore effectif en raison du manque de mécanismes de suivi permettant sa mise en œuvre. Concernant la question de savoir si le principe de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles constitue une règle du droit international positif, notre examen a montré que l’enracinement juridique de ce principe a profondément bouleversé le cadre juridique régissant les activités d’exploration et d’exploitation des ressources naturelles menées dans les territoires occupés et les territoires non autonomes. L’examen de l’effectivité du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles devait passer inévitablement par un état des lieux des activités d’exploration et d’exploitation des ressources naturelles dans un échantillon des territoires occupés et des territoires non autonomes. Cet état des lieux a renforcé davantage la présomption de la difficile effectivité du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles. Les actions menées par les organisations internationales en faveur du suivi et de la mise en œuvre du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles dans les territoires occupés et les territoires non autonomes ont montré de nombreuses limites en la matière. L’effectivité du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles est également et manifestement remise en cause par une pénurie de mécanismes juridictionnels capables de remédier efficacement à l’exploitation illégale des ressources naturelles dans les territoires non autonomes et les territoires occupés. Par ailleurs, l’examen du rôle joué par certains ONG et fonds d’investissement dans le suivi et la mise en œuvre du droit de souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles dans les territoires non autonomes et les territoires occupés, a montré que ces acteurs privés peuvent constituer des outils efficaces afin d’inciter les entreprises mises en cause à mettre fin à leurs activités illégales. Toutefois, ce rôle encourageant des acteurs privés est loin de remédier seul à la situation causée par la pénurie de mécanismes mis en place par les acteurs publics (Etats et organisations internationales). / Our thesis on "the difficulties in the implementation of the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in occupied and non-self-governing territories" was developed from the initial observation that the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in occupied and non-self-governing territories is still not respected by several actors on the international scene, some of whom claim to be very committed to the norms of international law. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain this dilemma: either the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources has not yet been affirmed as a positive rule of international law applicable to occupied and non-self-governing territories; or this principle is already rooted in international law but is not yet effective due to the lack of monitoring mechanisms for its implementation. On the question of whether the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is a rule of positive international law, our review has shown that the legal routing of this principle has profoundly changed the legal framework regulating the exploration and exploitation of natural resources in occupied and non-self-governing territories. The examination of the effectiveness of the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources would inevitably require an inventory of natural resource exploration and exploitation activities in a sample of occupied and non-self-governing territories. This inventory has further reinforced the presumption of the difficult effectiveness of the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. The efforts of international organizations to monitor and implement the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in the occupied and non-self-governing territories have shown many limitations in this regard. The effectiveness of the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources is also clearly undermined by a lack of jurisdictional mechanisms capable of effectively remedying the illegal exploitation of natural resources in the non-self-governing and occupied territories. Furthermore, an examination of the role of certain NGOs and investment funds in monitoring and implementing the right of permanent sovereignty over natural resources in the non-self-governing and occupied territories has shown that these private actors can be effective tools in encouraging the implicated companies to put an end to their illegal activities. However, this encouraging role of private actors is far from remedying by itself the situation caused by the lack of mechanisms put in place by public actors (States and international organizations).