This dissertation investigates what the early modern donation system in Sweden reveals about the Crown’s expectations of the social group that served the state, and what these individuals expected from the Crown. The author shows how the Crown used donations of land rents to remunerate and reward individuals in its service. In 1680 the donation system was abolished and the Crown reclaimed everything that had been alienated. It was not until 1723 that the proprietors could address a specially appointed parliamentary commission (which ended in 1748) and challenge the Crown’s repossession. The deeds of donation and ratification, most issued during the period 1604 to 1680, as well as petitions submitted to the commission constitute the sources used in the investigation. A petition from the recipient usually preceded remunerations and the deeds drawn up by the Crown often refer to these letters. Petitioners accordingly referred to arguments used by the administration in Stockholm. This makes it possible, by direct and indirect methods, to study how both parties sought to change and influence the imagined compact between Crown and families in its service. The negotiation between the parties, studied over such a lengthy period, helps identify tendencies in the way the relation between state and its servants was changing. The thesis shows that there was a clear gender aspect to the process through which state formation happened. Even though most recipients were male, the deeds included his wife and children. Service and fidelity to the Crown was expected also from the descendants of the recipient. Accordingly, the Crown had both liabilities and duties to fulfil to the recipients family. We could say that in the eye of the Crown its servants were a family. The author also argues that the Crown used the donations to create and favour an informal fifth estate and how this policy influenced the shared ideas in society on merits versus ancestry. In the end of the period, however, the imagined compact was changing. The emerging state came with new claims to authority and the need to separate the Crown from its subjects at various levels (legal, political). As the compact became less personal family members were no longer included and women could no longer negotiate from their position within the family.

Esse trabalho investiga a importância das duas doações Nelson Rockefeller (1946 e 1950) na formação do acervo histórico do antigo Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo. A pesquisa demonstra como a doação fez parte de uma estratégia mais ampla para aproximar os Estados Unidos e o Brasil no Pós-Guerra por meio de iniciativas no campo das artes. Essa pesquisa traça um panorama do papel de Rockefeller como articulador da política cultural norte-americana e detalha o envolvimento de funcionários do MoMA (René dHarnoncourt) e seus curadores (Alfred Barr, Dorothy Miller e William Lieberman) na realização das doações. O objetivo central do estudo é tentar dar conta da relevância e singularidade de um conjunto de obras, atualmente no acervo do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo, que permanece pouco estudado por especialistas e amplamente desconhecido pelo público. / This research analyzes the role of the Nelson Rockefeller donations (1946 and 1950) in the formation of the first collection of the Museum of Modern Art Sao Paulo. This study demonstrates how the donations were part of a broader strategy to bring United States and Brazil closer together through artistic initiatives during the Post-war period. This research gives a brief overview of the role of Nelson Rockefeller as articulator of the American cultural policy and details the involvement do MoMA employees (René dHarnoncourt) and curators (Alfred Barr, Dorothy Miller and William Lieberman) in the donations. The main purpose of this work is to shed to light over a unique collection, currently part of Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of Sao Paulo that has remained ignored by specialists and unknown by the public.

La libéralité à caractère collectif est destinée à la collectivité ou à un groupe de personnes. Elle est au service d’une oeuvre, d’une cause. Profitant à des personnes physiques indéterminées et non individualisées, elle ne peut être réalisée directement. Pour atteindre son but, elle fait intervenir une personne juridique, le plus souvent une personne morale de droit public ou de droit privé à but non lucratif. Par le truchement de la personne morale, la libéralité profite aux bénéficiaires de l’oeuvre du groupement : du cercle de ses membres à un groupe de personnes, voire à la collectivité tout entière.Les mécanismes permettant de réaliser une libéralité à caractère collectif sont divers et pour certains la qualification libérale leur est refusée. Ils peuvent être regroupés en deux catégories selon le rôle joué par le bienfaiteur : une fondation, si l’oeuvre est initiée par lui ; une libéralité-participation, si le bienfaiteur vient soutenir une oeuvre déjà existante. À l’image des mécanismes, les techniques employées sont variées que l’acte repose sur une simple libéralité avec charge ou de façon plus originale sur une fiducie aux fins de libéralité ou un engagement unilatéral de volonté. Malgré cette diversité, des caractères communs transcendent la catégorie des libéralités à caractère collectif : elles sont affectées et intéressées. La notion de libéralité à caractère collectif délimitée, il est alors possible de mettre un peu d’ordre dans les règles qui s’y appliquent. À l’heure actuelle, celles-ci sont tout à la fois éparpillées, lacunaires et inopportunes. Le régime des libéralités à caractère collectif doit donc être repensé en tenant compte de leurs spécificités. / A liberality of a collective nature is aimed at the community, or at a group of people. It is to benefit a cause. Because it benefits undetermined and not individualized natural persons, this kind of liberality cannot be carried out directly. In order to reach its goal, it includes a juridical person, most often a notforprofit legal person of public law or private law.Through the legal person, the liberality benefits the beneficiaries of the grouping’s cause: these beneficiaries may be the members of grouping, to another group of people, or even to the wholecommunity. The ways to carry out a liberality of a collective nature are numerous and some of themare denied the designation of “liberality”. Two sorts of ways may be distinguished, according to the role played by the benefactor: either a Foundation, if the cause it initiated by the benefactor; or a liberality-participation, if the benefactor contributes to an existing cause. The techniques are varied:the operation may be based on a liberality with a charge, or more originally on a fiducia aimed at a liberality, or on a commitment by unilateral will. In spite of this diversity, liberalities of a collective nature have common features: they are earmarked and for-profit. Once the notion of liberality is mapped out, it becomes possible to sort out the rules that apply to it. Currently, these rules are scattered, insufficient and improper. The rules governing the liberalities of a collective nature must be redesigned by taking into consideration their specific nature.

Esse trabalho investiga a importância das duas doações Nelson Rockefeller (1946 e 1950) na formação do acervo histórico do antigo Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo. A pesquisa demonstra como a doação fez parte de uma estratégia mais ampla para aproximar os Estados Unidos e o Brasil no Pós-Guerra por meio de iniciativas no campo das artes. Essa pesquisa traça um panorama do papel de Rockefeller como articulador da política cultural norte-americana e detalha o envolvimento de funcionários do MoMA (René dHarnoncourt) e seus curadores (Alfred Barr, Dorothy Miller e William Lieberman) na realização das doações. O objetivo central do estudo é tentar dar conta da relevância e singularidade de um conjunto de obras, atualmente no acervo do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo, que permanece pouco estudado por especialistas e amplamente desconhecido pelo público. / This research analyzes the role of the Nelson Rockefeller donations (1946 and 1950) in the formation of the first collection of the Museum of Modern Art Sao Paulo. This study demonstrates how the donations were part of a broader strategy to bring United States and Brazil closer together through artistic initiatives during the Post-war period. This research gives a brief overview of the role of Nelson Rockefeller as articulator of the American cultural policy and details the involvement do MoMA employees (René dHarnoncourt) and curators (Alfred Barr, Dorothy Miller and William Lieberman) in the donations. The main purpose of this work is to shed to light over a unique collection, currently part of Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of Sao Paulo that has remained ignored by specialists and unknown by the public.

La tesi si focalizza sui donatori di sangue.Obiettivo del lavoro è quindi la trattazione del fenomeno donazione di sangue al fine di cogliere, nella complessità plurale delle variabili che incidono su questo gesto, la rilevanza degli elementi personali, familiari ed organizzativi connessi all’azione donativa. L’impianto di ricerca è stato costruito procedendo in particolare da un’intuizione di Ferguson (2005): la donazione di sangue dev’essere studiata come un processo di stadi sequenziali. Questo approccio deriva dalla revisione del Transtheoretical Model di Prochaska e collaboratori (1982) sulla donazione di sangue (Ferguson, 1996; Ferguson e Chandler, 2005)e dal Volunteer Process Model di Omoto e Snyder (1995, 2000). L’azione donativa è quindi studiabile come un processo che, dall’avvicinamento iniziale, può portare alla nascita dell’Identità di Ruolo di donatore (Piliavin et al., 1999), alla ripetitività cadenzata del gesto e, quindi, alla fidelizzazione. Alla luce dell’obiettivo generale e della scelta di questi approcci, la popolazione di interesse del lavoro è ampia e varia: i primi studi si incentrano, infatti, su neodonatori; il terzo studio confronta neodonatori e donatori fidelizzati; il quarto studio, incentrato su donatori fidelizzati. La logica sequenziale “a scatole cinesi” con cui gli studi sono costruiti ha seguito anche l’altro elemento rilevante dell’obiettivo generale di questo lavoro: l’affondo sulle variabili personali, familiari ed organizzative connesse alla donazione di sangue.Il 1 studio, il cui obiettivo era Identificare tipologie specifiche di persone alla luce delle variabili della Scala Stadi di Cambiamento, mostra come coloro che si avvicinano a donare non possano essere considerati un gruppo omogeneo rispetto alla loro “prontezza” a donare. Evidente, allora, la necessità di costruire strategie di accoglienza differenziate.Il 2 studio, il cui obiettivo era Testare un modello Predittivo dell’Intenzione a Donare sangue con neodonatori, ha la peculiarità di contribuire a comprendere quali variabili intervengono nell’Intenzione a donare per i NEODONATORI.Il 3 studio conferma l’influenza della famiglia di impegnarsi in questo gesto, ed approfondisce le costellazioni motivazionali che avvicinano e che sostengono questo gesto nel tempo.Il 4 studio evidenzia, forse per la prima volta in modo chiaro, il ruolo delle variabili organizzative nell’influenzare non solo l’integrazione in associazione, ma anche la soddisfazione percepita per l’atto della donazione.La donazione di sangue, pur essendo un atto personalmente scelto, quindi, deriva da una costellazione di variabili personali, familiari ed organizzative complementari e mutualmente intersecantisi, che necessitano di essere approfondite e studiate nella loro globalità al fine di arrivare alla creazione di strategie di reclutamento e di fidelizzazione che portino alla soddisfazione totale del bisogno di scorte di sangue. / This work is focused on blood donors. This research’s purpose is the discussion of the blood donation’s phenomenon in order to grasp the complexity of plural variables affecting this gesture, the significance of personal, family and organizational action related gifts. The research starts by the revision of the Transtheoretical Model by Prochaska and colleagues (1982) on blood donation (Ferguson, 1996, Ferguson and Chandler, 2005) and the Volunteer Process Model by Omoto and Snyder (1995; 2000). The donation action has been studied as a process: by the approach, the birth of Role Identity of donor (Piliavin et al., 1999), the rhythmic repetition of the gesture, and therefore loyalty. Participants are wide and varied: the first studies focus, in fact, on neodonors; the third study compares neodonors and retained donors, the fourth study, is focused on Retained donors. The thesis is composed by four research studies. The first study’s aim is to identify genders of people on the basis of the variables of the Stages of Change Scale. It shows how the subjects who donate cannot be considered as a homogeneous group considering their "readiness" to donate. It is evident, then, the need of building strategies for different reception. The second study develops a model of the explanatory factors determining the predisposition to donate blood in neodonors will. The third study confirms the influence of the family to engage in this act, and explores the motivations that substained this act. The fourth study shows clearly, maybe for the first time, the role of organizational variables in influencing not only the integration in Avis, but also the perceived satisfaction for the act of donation. The blood donation, in spite of being a personal choice action, derives from a constellation of personal variables, complementary and mutually intersecting. this complex systems here studied in its entirety in order to create more proper recruitment and maintaining strategies that can lead to the total satisfaction of blood supply needs.

The three chapters of this thesis investigate the decision-making processes behind financial and donation behaviour of individuals. Chapter One studies the impact of prior learning and competition on the presence of the disposition effect in a venture capital setting. It reveals that prior learning leads to better venture choices and confirms competition as the most efficient form of resource allocation and management. Chapter Two addresses the empirical finding of a negative relationship between income and charitable giving as a proportion of that income. As the first study to replicate this downward relationship in an experiment, it exposes income rank information as one of the factors causing the relationship. Using a unique dataset from a natural experiment in Chapter Three, I explore the effect of increased publicity via additional visibility and information on the household donation behaviour. The results show that donations increase with public announcements and the announcement order. / Los tres capítulos de esta tesis investigar los procesos de toma de decisiones que describen la conducta financiera y la donación de los individuos. Capítulo I estudia el impacto de la formación previa y la competencia en la presencia del efecto de la disposición en un entorno de capital de riesgo. El estudio confirma que la formación previa favorece el proceso de selección y que la competencia permite la asignación más eficaz de recursos y gestión. Capítulo II investiga la presencia de una relación negativa entre los ingresos y las donaciones (representados en proporción de esos ingresos). El capitulo presenta los resultados del primer estudio que examina esta relación con un experimento y propone que entre los factores que explican esta relación es la información sobre los ingresos personales comparado con los de sus compañeros. Capítulo III utiliza una base de datos única que contiene los resultados de un experimento natural y presenta resultados empíricos sobre el efecto de una mayor publicidad a través de la visibilidad e información adicional sobre el comportamiento de la donación de los hogares. Los resultados muestran que las donaciones aumentan con los anuncios públicos y el orden de estos anuncios.

Submitted by claudiney silvestre (silvestre_int@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-01-30T17:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 (VERSÃO BIBLIOTECA)- DIA DA CRIANÇA - MISSÃO INSTITUCIONAL do EB (fgv).pdf: 791217 bytes, checksum: 654b3cd05b4521a98999599e635866f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2014-02-04T13:34:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 (VERSÃO BIBLIOTECA)- DIA DA CRIANÇA - MISSÃO INSTITUCIONAL do EB (fgv).pdf: 791217 bytes, checksum: 654b3cd05b4521a98999599e635866f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-02-11T12:06:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 (VERSÃO BIBLIOTECA)- DIA DA CRIANÇA - MISSÃO INSTITUCIONAL do EB (fgv).pdf: 791217 bytes, checksum: 654b3cd05b4521a98999599e635866f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-11T12:06:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 (VERSÃO BIBLIOTECA)- DIA DA CRIANÇA - MISSÃO INSTITUCIONAL do EB (fgv).pdf: 791217 bytes, checksum: 654b3cd05b4521a98999599e635866f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / This case study deals with the realization of an event of social nature within the premises of a military unit of the Army. The event is related to the child's day celebrations that have occurred stubborn. In this sense it is discussed an issue related to the legitimacy of performing this kind of activity before the dilemma: Actions sociocultural x National Security. Unfolds further discussion about the possibility of the particular make donations directly to the barracks and due process should be encouraged regarding the payment of the funds received to the public coffers. This case can be working in main area: Budget and Financial Management / O presente Estudo de Caso trata da realização de um evento de cunho social dentro das instalações de uma unidade militar do Exército. O Evento é referente às comemorações ao dia da criança que tem ocorrência contumaz. Neste sentido discute-se uma problemática relacionada à legitimidade de realização deste tipo de atividade ante o dilema: Ações socioculturais x Segurança Nacional. Desdobra-se ainda, a discussão sobre a possibilidade de o particular realizar doações diretamente ao quartel bem como o devido processo que se deve promover quanto ao recolhimento dos recursos recebidos aos cofres públicos. O presente caso pode ser trabalho dentro do seguinte tema: Gestão Orçamentário-Financeira.

No description available.

The aim of the thesis was to explore the stakeholders’ opinions on and experiences with donation of used assistive devices from high-income countries to developing countries. Which was done by investigating the opinions and experiences of the different stakeholders, with donation of used assistive devices, and by exploring what used assistive devices are appropriate to donate.   The study included eight participating stakeholders, requited through purposive and snowball sampling. Of the eight participants, five participants were sending stakeholders from Scandinavia and three participants were receiving stakeholders from lower-middle-income countries in Africa and an upper-middle-income country in Europe. The interviews were conducted using semi-structured questions to explore the participants’ own opinions and experiences with donations. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the transcribed interviews inductively and with manifest content.  The results consisted of 4 main categories: Practical issues, Stakeholders opinions and cooperation, Donations are needed, and Considerations when donating. The main findings of the study were; the importance of quality control to ensure waste is not sent, the importance of communication between sender and receiver about needs, the importance of knowledge of the prerequisites and context of the receiver, and lastly, the importance of considering the responsibility of waste when the donations are worn out. In conclusion, the included stakeholders have a positive attitude towards donations and expressed a need for more knowledge. / Målet med dette studie var at undersøge interessenternes holdninger til og oplevelser med donation af brugte hjælpemidler fra lande med høj indkomst til udviklingslande. Dette vil blive gjort ved at undersøge holdningerne og oplevelserne fra de forskellige interessenter, om donation af brugte hjælpemidler, og ved at udforske hvilke brugte hjælpemidler der er passende at donere.  Studiet inkluderede otte deltagende interessenter, som blev rekrutteret gennem formålsrettet og snowball sampling. Ud af de otte deltagere var fem deltagere afsender interessenter fra Skandinavien og tre deltagere var modtager interessenter fra lande med middellav indkomst i Afrika og et land i Europa med middelhøj indkomst. Interviewerne var udført ved at bruge semistrukturerede spørgsmål for at udforske deltagernes egne meninger og oplevelser omkring donation. Kvalitativ indholdsanalyse var brugt til at analysere de transskriberede interviews induktivt og med manifest indholdsforståelse. Resultaterne beståede af fire hovedkategorier: Praktiske problemer, Interessenters meninger og samarbejde, Der er behov for donationer og Overvejelser ved at donere. Hovedresultaterne af studies var; vigtigheden af kvalitetskontrol for at sikre at der ikke bliver sendt skrald, vigtigheden af kommunikation mellem afsender og modtager angående behov, vigtigheden af viden omkring modtagerens forudsætninger og kontekst, og sidst, vigtigheden af at overveje ansvaret for affald, når donationerne er udtjente. Som konklusion har de inkluderede interessenter haft en positiv attitude omkring donation og udtrykt et behov for mere viden.

Omvärldens krav och påtryckningar för förändring kan vara en svår utmaning för företag. Företagen måste frekvent reagera på politiska signaler, kritik och ny information. I vissa fall när omvärldens krav strider mot företagens interna effektivitetsbehov kan företagen påstå att de anpassar sig, fastän de inte gör det. Detta för att tillfredsställa sin omgivning och vinna legitimitet, men i själva verket frikoppla sig från omvärldens struktur för att bibehålla sin interna effektivitet. I de fall som företag använder frikoppling så är det ofta ett avsiktligt beslut som fattats av företagsledningen. Vidare menar forskare att en mer könsdiversifierad styrelse kan påverka företagens styrning på ett betydande sätt. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och analysera i vilken mån kvinnliga respektive manliga styrelseledamöter kan bidra till företags symboliska och substantiva handlingar. Frikoppling härstammar från institutionell teori som har legat som grund till vår studie. Studiens två beroende variabler, symboliska och substantiva handlingar, mättes med hjälp av upprättade policys och donationer. Studiens oberoende variabler, andelen kvinnor respektive andelen män i styrelsen, speglade hur stor andel av styrelsen som är kvinnor respektive män sett till det senaste räkenskapsåret. Studien tog även hänsyn till tre kontrollvariabler, företagens storlek, lönsamhet samt geografisk position. Vi använde en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. Studiens urval baserades på 2185 av de största företagen i världen som arbetar med policys och/eller donationer. Resultatet visar att samtliga fyra hypoteser förkastas, trots två signifikanta samband mellan variablerna eftersom riktningarna visade sig vara andra än förväntat. Det ena signifikanta sambandet var att en högre andel kvinnor i styrelsen leder till färre substantiva handlingar. Det andra signifikanta sambandet var att en högre andel män i styrelsen leder till fler substantiva handlingar. Studien fann ingen signifikant koppling mellan styrelsens sammansättning och symboliska handlingar. / The external demands and pressures for change can create difficult challenges for companies. Companies must respond frequently to political signals, criticism, and new information. In some cases when the outside world demands are in conflict with the companies' internal efficiency needs, companies can claim that they adapt, even if they do not. This is not only to satisfy one's surroundings and gain legitimacy, but also disengage from the structure of the outside world in order to maintain its internal efficiency. When companies use decoupling, it is often a deliberate decision made by company management. Researchers also believe that a higher proportion of women on the board can have a significant impact on corporate governance. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the extent to which female and male board members can contribute to companies' symbolic and substantive actions. Decoupling stems from institutional theory that has formed the basis of our study. The study's two dependent variables, symbolic and substantive actions, were measured with the help of established policies and donations. The study's independent variables, the proportion of women and the proportion of men on the board, reflected the proportion of women on the board who are women and men in the most recent financial year. The study also considered three control variables, the size of the companies, profitability and geographical position. We chose a quantitative method with a deductive approach. The study selection was based on 2185 of the largest companies in the world working with policies and / or donations. The results show that all four hypotheses are rejected, despite two significant relationships between the variables because these were in the opposite direction based on our hypotheses. One significant connection was that a higher proportion of women on the board leads to fewer substantive actions. The other significant connection was that a higher proportion of men on the board leads to more substantive actions. The study found no significant link between the composition of the board and symbolic actions.