Since 1958, Moderna Museet has housed Sweden’s largest collection of Swedish and international modern and contemporary art. This thesis examines the 21st-century collecting strategies and policy development of Moderna Museet, with a focus on diversity and representation, using intersectional theory and queer studies. Through both quantitative and qualitative methods, including statistics, archival research, discourse analysis, institutional ethnography and interviews with five curators, this study reveals how acquisition policies align with the museum’s aim to diversify its Eurocentric and North American-oriented collection. Fisher’s exact (statistical) test shows differences between the Swedish and international collections, as well as significant gender disparities between donated and purchased artists, indicating a structural unequal pattern regarding donations. Gender and nationality emerge as disciplinary parameters and social constructions for artist registration within the museum database. The findings underscore the slow, systemic change in Moderna Museet, influenced by power structures, external factors, and the museum’s institutional history. In contrast to the 1990s, diversity in the 21st century is continually negotiated and pursued performatively and discursively, rather than implemented through a goal-oriented policy.

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La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est une théorie philosophique et juridique ancienne qui intéresse toutes les matières du droit. Elle est comparée par Gounot à « la pierre angulaire de tout l’édifice juridique ».Notre étude porte sur sur le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, ses effets et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille. Le droit patrimonial de la famille, qui se trouve à l’intersection du droit des contrats, du droit des biens et du droit de la famille, est concerné de près par cette théorie. Si le mouvement actuel du droit tend vers l’octroiement, aux familles et aux individus, de plus de liberté dans la gestion de leurs biens, se pose alors les questions de savoir quelles sont les limites actuelles a cette théorie après les dernières réformes en France, notamment celle du 23 juin 2006 ? Quels sont les composants actuels de l’ordre public familial ? Et que reste-t-il des anciennes limites et prohibitions ?La comparaison, sous l’angle de l’autonomie de la volonté, de deux systèmes juridiques parents mais différents nous offre une vue plus objective des besoins des familles au Liban et en France.Il s’agit à notre sens de ne plus penser et baser les réformes nécessaires dans chacun de ces deux pays sur la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté ou sur celle de l’utile et du juste, mais plutôt de penser et baser les réformes nécessaires sur les vrais besoins des familles et des individus selon chaque société. / Autonomy of the will – French-Lebanese comparative law – Autonomy of the will in the patrimonial family law – Autonomy of the will's reach – French patrimonial family law – Lebanese patrimonial family law – Donations in Lebanese law – Donations in French law – Estate law – French estate law – Lebanese estate law – estate law for the non-Muslims in Lebanon – estate law for Muslims in Lebanon – Matrimonial regimes law – French matrimonial regimes law – Lebanese matrimonial regimes law – Change of matrimonial regimes – Marriage – Marriage in France – PACS – Concubinage – Marriage in Lebanon – Religious marriage in Lebanon – Civil marriage in Lebanon – Lebanese personal status – the limits of the autonomy of the will – French estate public order – French matrimonial public order – Lebanese estate public order – Lebanese matrimonial public order – Inheritance reserved portion in French law – Inheritance reserved portion in Lebanese law – Prohibition of pacts on future succession in French law - Prohibition of pacts on future succession in Lebanese law – Gradual end residual donations – Banking secrecy in Lebanon – TRUST – Disguise – Life-insurance – Matrimonial benefits – Irrevocable mandate in Lebanese law – Posthumous mandate – Civil real estate company.

This study investigates, identifies and provides flowchart summaries of the various forms of taxation in South Africa and to a lesser extent Greece affecting South African residents who own or have financed fixed property in Greece. These residents have to comply with the Income Tax and Estate Duty Acts in South Africa and the relevant taxation laws in Greece. An amnesty gave South Africans an opportunity to voluntarily declare their fixed properties and to regularise their foreign assets and tax affairs without the fear prosecution. The practical application of the various taxation provisions in both countries is extremely complex and often residents are not even aware that certain provisions apply to them. In addition there is the risk of paying nearly double the marginal rate of Income Tax and Estate Duty in South Africa and double taxation on donations. This study also provides suggestions and possible solutions to problems identified. / Taxation / M. Tech. (Taxation)

This study investigates, identifies and provides flowchart summaries of the various forms of taxation in South Africa and to a lesser extent Greece affecting South African residents who own or have financed fixed property in Greece. These residents have to comply with the Income Tax and Estate Duty Acts in South Africa and the relevant taxation laws in Greece. An amnesty gave South Africans an opportunity to voluntarily declare their fixed properties and to regularise their foreign assets and tax affairs without the fear prosecution. The practical application of the various taxation provisions in both countries is extremely complex and often residents are not even aware that certain provisions apply to them. In addition there is the risk of paying nearly double the marginal rate of Income Tax and Estate Duty in South Africa and double taxation on donations. This study also provides suggestions and possible solutions to problems identified. / Taxation / M. Tech. (Taxation)

Following the wake of the AIDS-catastrophe in the beginning of the eighties, homosexual men or 'men who have sex with men' (MSM) have been barred from donating blood throughout the planet. In this thesis I look into the different discourses at play in the context of creating the legal framework for blood donation in Sweden. Genealogically tracing the emergence of the category of MSM and mapping how the category is brought to use in contemporary negotiations on blood safety, I scrutinize how scientific truth is established within blood transfusion practice. I argue that the rationality of risk group exclusion is contingent on economical grounds, and that the foucauldian concept of biopolitics could productively be used to understand this rationality. In particular, the concept of the 'biopolitics of blood' can be employed in order to understand the reluctance from the involved actors to acknowledge the heteronormative consequences of the legal framework of contemporary blood donation. / Sedan HIV-virusets uppkomst i början av åttiotalet har homosexuella män eller 'män som har sex med män' (MSM) uteslutits från blodgivning. I den här uppsatsen tittar jag på de sexualitetsdiskurser som cirkulerar i de sammanhang där dessa regler utvecklas. Genom att genealogiskt spåra uppkomsten av kategorin MSM och sedan följa hur den används i samtida förhandlingar om blodsäkerhet undersöker jag hur vetenskaplig sanning etableras inom svensk blodtransfusion. Jag menar att riskgruppslogiken till viss del vilar på ekonomiska grunder, samt att begreppet 'blodets biopolitik' produktivt kan användas för att förstå den motvilja som de inblandade aktörerna visar mot att erkänna de heteronormativa konsekvenser som dagens lagstiftning kring blodgivning har.

Le Cabinet des médailles et antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale conserve les « bijoux savants » aux origines du collectionnisme occidental avec son médaillier universel, des pierres gravées et des collections d’antiques d’une diversité étonnante. Si celles-ci proviennent pour les parties les plus anciennes, des collections de la maison royale et de trésors ecclésiastiques, cette thèse ne remonte pas aux origines du département mais s’occupe de son destin à l’âge des musées, entre la Restauration, avec l’arrivée au département en 1819 de Désiré Raoul-Rochette (1789-1854) et la période qui suit la première guerre mondiale jusqu’à la mort d’Ernest Babelon (1854-1924). Elle cherche à comprendre, comment ce « parangon des cabinets d’amateurs de jadis » s’est développé, pris comme il l’était entre une tradition antiquaire aristocratique et les exigences de la modernité, républicaine et spécialiste. Elle aborde les différents aspects de la vie du département à l’intérieur du quadrilatère Richelieu. Tout d’abord, comme le portrait d’un lieu d’histoire d’un point de vue institutionnel et architectural qui permet de comprendre la place accordée historiquement à la culture matérielle au sein de la Bibliothèque nationale. Ensuite l’histoire du développement des collections et puis celle de leur valorisation muséographique et scientifique sont examinées au prisme de l’expansion du domaine de l’archéologie et de l’essor des sciences auxiliaires de l’histoire au XIXe siècle. / The Cabinet des médailles et antiques in the French National Library holds a particular place in the vast constellation of Parisian museums. Home to the so-called « bijoux savants » that founded western collecting culture since the Renaissance, it is at once a universal coin cabinet, one of the worlds foremost collections of cut stones and gems, but also a miscellaneous collection of antiquities representing all periods and places. As described in 1930 by one of its curators, it represents a « parangon of amateur cabinets from another time ». This thesis does not directly deal with its prestigious origins but tells one chapter of its long history, looking at how, from the period of the Restoration onwards (beginning with the direction of Désiré Raoul-Rochette in 1819) until the passing of Ernest Babelon in 1924, this cabinet of antiquarian culture and collections adapted and developed to the modern Republican museum age. The life of the department is first considered as a means of understanding the role of material culture and the place of the museum inside France’s national library in the nineteenth century. It then goes on to consider the development of the collections themselves and their scientific and museological exploitation in light of the rapidly expanding practice of archaeology and highly specialised auxiliary sciences of history.

People make a company. Their expertise and talents, efficiency and job performance determine the company‘s profitability and growth. The long-term retention of employees is of the utmost importance, as these employees have a wealth of knowledge about the company, its industry and the products or services being sold. Businesses have created plans to retain employees for a maximum period of time. These ideas include cash bonuses, phantom share schemes, and providing the employee with shares in the business. This study will look at such ideas in general, and specifically investigate the different ways of providing employees with shares in the business. There are different ways of providing the employee with shares in a business. This can include loans (including interest-free loans) to the employee from the employer, loans to the employee from a financial institution, employee share ownership plans, company share option plans and providing the employee with shares in the business through an employee share trust. Each of these methods attracts certain taxes such as income tax, capital gains tax and secondary tax on companies or dividend tax. The aim of this study is to use a case study approach, critically analysing an anonymous company providing its employees with shares in the company through an employee share trust, and will specifically investigate the different tax consequences of each transaction taking place in the trust AFRIKAANS : Werknemers is 'n maatskappy se belangrikste bate. 'n Maatskappy se winsgewendheid en groei word deur sy werknemers se kennis, doeltreffendheid en werksprestasie bepaal. Dit is vir 'n maatskappy van kritieke belang om sy werknemers vir so lank as moontlik te behou, aangesien hierdie werknemers oor kosbare kennis besit rakende die maatskappy, die bedryf waarin die maatskappy besigheid doen en die produkte of dienste wat die maatskappy bemark. Talle maatskappy het skemas bewerkstellig om hulle werknemers vir so lank as moontlik te behou. Dit behels onder andere kontantbonusse, fiktiewe aandeleskemas en die verkryging van aandele in die maatskappy deur die werknemer. Hierdie studie ondersoek sodanige skemas in die algemeen, en fokus spesifiek op werknemers wat aandele in 'n maatskappy bekom. Werknemers kan aandele in die maatskappy op verskillende wyses bekom. Hierdie wyses sluit in lenings (insluitend rentevrye lenings) van die maatskappy aan die werknemer, lenings aan die werknemer van 'n finansiële instelling, aandeleskemas, opsies om aandele in 'n maatskappy te koop, en die verskaffing van aandele aan die werknemer deur 'n werknemer-aandeletrust. Elkeen van hierdie opsies het spesifieke belastinggevolge, insluitend inkomstebelasting, kapitaalwinsbelasting, en sekondêre belasting op maatskappye of dividendbelasting. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n spesifieke gevallestudie van 'n annonieme maatskappye te ontleed, waar die maatskappy aandele aan sy werknemers deur 'n werknemer-aandeletrust verskaf het, en sal in detail na die belastinggevolge van elke aksie in die trust te kyk. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Fouche, C 2011, Taxation consequences of providing shares to employees through a trust, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03262012-153458 / > F12/4/187/gm / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

In this research report the estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are identified by determining the impact thereof and whether or not there are any differences with regard to the estate implications of a traditional marriage. The Civil Union Act came into effect to give legality to the relationship between homosexual couples by providing the option to conclude a marriage or civil partnership. Both of these institutions thus have the same legal consequences. According to Section 13 of the Civil Union Act the implications of the Marriage Act also apply to the Civil Union Act. The feasibility of this principle is not taken into account regarding estate implications. Since a marriage and civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act differs from a traditional marriage, it leads to uncertainty with regard to the application of this principle. This uncertainty and estate implications are the topic of this study. The total effect of the Civil Union Act is not discussed in the Civil Union Act, but rather consists of references to other legislation. Consequently the specific estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are discussed with specific focus on marriage regimes, maintenance, purchasing of household necessities, donations and tax benefits. Both the position before and after the Civil Union Act are considered. Firstly marriage regimes are discussed since it is the first step in identifying estate implications for the marriage or civil partnership. Maintenance is considered a direct result of a marriage and is referred to in many laws. It is therefore necessary to discuss the content of the legislation and whether or not it is compatible with the Civil Union Act. The buying of household necessities, donations and tax benefits has a unique effect on a marriage and the focus in this study is on the effect it has on a marriage and civil partnership entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act. The conclusion is that this research report will provide clarity on what exactly the estate implications are for parties who have married or concluded a civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In this research report the estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are identified by determining the impact thereof and whether or not there are any differences with regard to the estate implications of a traditional marriage. The Civil Union Act came into effect to give legality to the relationship between homosexual couples by providing the option to conclude a marriage or civil partnership. Both of these institutions thus have the same legal consequences. According to Section 13 of the Civil Union Act the implications of the Marriage Act also apply to the Civil Union Act. The feasibility of this principle is not taken into account regarding estate implications. Since a marriage and civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act differs from a traditional marriage, it leads to uncertainty with regard to the application of this principle. This uncertainty and estate implications are the topic of this study. The total effect of the Civil Union Act is not discussed in the Civil Union Act, but rather consists of references to other legislation. Consequently the specific estate implications for a marriage or civil partnership, entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act, are discussed with specific focus on marriage regimes, maintenance, purchasing of household necessities, donations and tax benefits. Both the position before and after the Civil Union Act are considered. Firstly marriage regimes are discussed since it is the first step in identifying estate implications for the marriage or civil partnership. Maintenance is considered a direct result of a marriage and is referred to in many laws. It is therefore necessary to discuss the content of the legislation and whether or not it is compatible with the Civil Union Act. The buying of household necessities, donations and tax benefits has a unique effect on a marriage and the focus in this study is on the effect it has on a marriage and civil partnership entered into in terms of the Civil Union Act. The conclusion is that this research report will provide clarity on what exactly the estate implications are for parties who have married or concluded a civil partnership in terms of the Civil Union Act. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014